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THE JOURNAL

OF THE

BltttSfl

^I'fljaeological Slssortation,

ESTABLISHED 1843,

ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROSECUTION OF RESEARCHES

INTO THE ARTS AND MONUMENTS OF THE

EARLY AND MIDDLE AGES.

VOL. L.— 1894.

/:^V^:

Hontion :

PRINTED FOR THE ASSOCIATION.

MDCCCXCIV.

LONDON
PKINTED AT THE BEDFORD PRESS 20 AND L'l, BEDFORDBURY W.C.

CONTENTS.

Preface .....

Prospectus ....

Rules of the Association .

List of Congresses

Officers and Council for the Session 1893-94

List of Associates

Local Members of Council

Honorary Correspondents

Honorary Foreign Members

List of Societies exclianging Publications

PAGE
VII

ill
vii
ix

xix

xxi
xxii

1. Inaugural Address delivered at the Wincliester Congress.

By the Right Hon. The Earl of Northbrook, G.C.S.L . 1

2. The History of the Cathedral Font. Winchester. By the Very

Rev. The Dean of Winchester, F.S.A. . . .6

3 Fonts of the Winchester Type. By J. Romilly Allen, Esq.,

F.S.A 17

4. Winchester and the Channel Islands. By S. W. Kershaw,

Esq., F.S.A 28

5. The Stadium on the Palatine. By J. Russell Forbes, Esq. 34

6. Merchants' Marks. By H. S. Cuming, Esq., V.P., F.S.A.Scot. 40

7. Account of the Discovery of Part of the Saxon Abbey Church

of Peterborough. By J. T. Irvine, Esq. . . 45

8. Notes on a Discovery of a small Stone Object at Oxford. By

Miss Swann . . . • • .57

9. A Belfry-Foundry. By Dr. Fryer . . . .60

10. Ecclesiastical Antiquities. By W. Oliver, Esq. . . 61

11. Notes on some New Seals of the King's Great Sessions of

Wales. By Allan Wyon, Esq., F.S.A. . . .67

12. In and About Leeds and Bronifield Parishes, Kent. By

Rev. J. Cave-Browne, M.A. . . . .93

13. A New Keltic Goddess : interesting Discovery at Lanches-

ter. By Rev. R. E. Hooppell, LL.D.
14 The Civil War in Berkshire, 1642-46. By W. Money, Esq.,

F.S.A. . . . . • • -110

105

IV CONTENTS.

PAGB

15. The "Black Book" of Southampton. By the Rev. R. H.

Cldttekbdck, M.A., F.S.A. . . . .125

It^ On some Prehistoric Flint Implements found on the South

Downs, near Chichester, By W. Haypkn, Esq. . . 181

17. Additional Notes upon the Great Seals of England. By

Allan Wyos, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S. . . .139

18. The Discovery of a Saxon Burial-place near Reading. By

Joseph Stevens, Esq., M.R.C.P.L. . . .150

19. Two Prehistoric Weapons recently found in Essex. By B.

WixsTONE, Esq., M.D. ..... 158

20. Notfis on Vitri6ed Forts. "By J. S. Phene, Y.P., F.S.A.,

LL.D. . . . . . . .193

21. The Vitrified Forts of the North of Scotland, and the

Theories as to their History. By Miss Russell . . 205

22. Notes of a Ramble in East Anglia. By T. Cann Hughes,

Esq., M.A. ...... 223

23. Notes on American Tumuli. By Dr. A. C. Fryer . . 232

24. The Origin of the Parish Church Buildings and Institutions

in Britain in the Seventh Century. By R. DuPPA Llotd,
Esq., F.R.HistS. . . . . .235

25. Plans of Discoveries lately made in the Nave of Repton

Church, Derbyshire. By J. T, Irvine, Esq. . . 248

26. Notes on a Roman Hippo- Sandal. By Stewart F. WELLS,Esq. 251

27. Hippo-Sandals. By C. R. B. Barrett, Esq. . . 254

28. The Story of the Quit-rent at Andover. By Rev. R. H.

Clutterbuck, M.A., F.S.A. .... 257

29. Notes on the Plague in Winchester. By W. H. Jacob, Esq. 267

30. Kirkham Priory and Warden Abbey. By C. H. Comptox,

Esq., V.P. . . . . .283

31. An ancient Record concerning St. Augustine's Abbey, Can-

terbury. By Rev. J. Cave-Browne, M.A. . . 295

32. Notes on the Font and Brasses in Adderley Church, Salop.

By C. Lynam, Esq. . . . . .303

33. Notes on Sepulchral Crosses and Slabs in the Island of Unst,

Shetland. By Lady Paget .... oOG

34. The Classical and Mediaeval Use of Fortification of Branches,

now known as the Zareeba. By Miss Russell . . 308

35. The Fleur-de-lis of the ancient French Monarchy. By

Mons. J. Th. de Raadt of Brussels . . , 318

36. Interesting Discoveries near Cardiff. By Dr. A. C. Fryer . 326

37. Amalgamated Fonts at Toller-Porcornm, or Great Toller,

Dorset. By Rev. G. B. Lewls, M.A. . . . 329

CONTENTS. V

FAOB

Proceedings of the Winchester Congress . . 72, 169

Proceedings of the Association , . . 55, 179, 324

Election of Associates . 55, 70, 179, 181, 192, 197, 324, 328

Presents to the Library . . . 55, 56, 63, 179, 181, 197

Annual General Meeting . . . . . .186

Hon. Treasurer's Keport ...... 188

Hon. Secretaries' Report ...... 188

Balance Sheet for the Year ending 31 Dec. 1893 . . 189

Electionof Officers for the Session 1894-5 . . .191

Antiquarian Intelligence : —

The Origins of Pictish Symholism. By the Eai-1 of South-

esk, K.T. ...... 87

Wher stead, Territorial and Manorial. By Rev. F. B. Zincke 89
Bygone Surrey, its History and Antiquities, d'C. By G.

Clinch and S. W. Kershaw, M.A. . . 90, 334

Antiqiiities of Llangollen. By Rev. H. T. Owen . . 91

The Gnrjeni Gate, Barking . . . . .91

Saga of Egll Skaliagrimson, Icelandic Family History of the

9th and 10th Centuries. Translated by Rev. W. 0. Green 198
Ji'ish Druids and Old Irish lieligions. By Jas. Bon wick,

Esq., F.R.G.S. . . . . .201

Stonehenge and its Earthworks. By Edgar Barclay, Esq. . 203
Dictionary of British Folk-Lore. Edited by G. S. Gomme,

Esq. Vol. I . . . . . .203

Lydd and its Church. By Thos. H. Oyler, Esq. . . 204

The Royal Charters of the City of Carlisle. By R. S. Fer-
guson, M.A., Chancellor of Carlisle . . . 277
History of Westmorland. By Chancellor R. S. Ferguson, M. A. 277
West Grinstead et les Caryll : etude historique et religieuse sur

le Comte de Sussex. Par Max de Trenqualeon . . 277

Preservation of Welsh National Records . . .279

The Euganeo-Venetian Inscriptions. By Sigr. F. Cordenons. 279
*S'^ Paul's Cathedral and old City Life. By Rev. W. S.

Simpson, D.D. . . . . . 280

History of Tong,Shropshire,its Church,etc. By G. Griffiths, Esq. 280
Gentleman's Magazine Librari/, Ecclesiology of the Magazine
from 1731 to 1868. ByF. A. Milne, Esq. ; edited by
G. S. Gomme, Esq. .... 280

Ancient Monu7nents of Govan Parish, Scotland . . 281

What mean these Stones ? By C. Maclagan, Esq. . . 332

The Early History of Hedon. By J. R. Boyle, Esq., F.S.A. 332
Child-Marriages, etc., in Diocese of Chester. ByF. J. Fur-
nival, Esq., M.A. . . . . . 333

Bygone Surret/. By G. Clinch, Esq., and S. W. Kershaw,

Esq., M.A. . . . . . .334

Index ........ 335

Index of Archseological Papers published in 1893.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

r.TST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAr.E
between pp. 8 and 9

9.
10.
IL
12.
13.
U.
15.
It'..
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
2o.
20.

27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

Fo!it at Winchester Cathedral

Font at Zedelghein, near Bruges, Belgium

Geometrical Patterns on Fonts of Winchester Type

The Palatine Stadium, from a Coin of Septimius Severus

Merchants' Marks .....

Peterborough Cathedral, Plan of Foundations of Saxon

Church .....
Ditto, Sections through Ancient Foundations
Small Stone Object found at Oxford
Seal of Charles II, Obverse .
Ditto, Reverse
Seal of George I, Obverse
Ditto, Reverse

The Curfew Gate, Barking .
Leeds Abbev, Kent (Kip's View)
Old House at Leeds, Kent

Cistern and Lavatory, Battle Hall, Leeds, Kent
Roman Altar found at Lanchester. Plate 1
Ditto. Plate 2 . . . .

Fifth Seal of Charles II, Obverse
Ditto, Reverse ....

Articles found in Saxon Burial-place near Reading. Plate 1
Ditto, Plate 2 .....

Bronze Weapon found at North Weald Bassett, Essex
Stone Instrument found at Epping Uplands
Inscription on the Leaden Pig recently found at ]\Iatlock
Repton Church, Derbyshire, Remains found during the Re

pairs in 1887 .....

Plan of Crypt of Repton Church
Hippo-Sandals .....

Canterbury Record, a.d. 1170

Font at Adderley, Salop ....
Details of the Adderley Font
Sepulchral Cross, Shetland. Plate 1
Ditto. Plate 2 .... .

Charles-le-Chauve from the ancient Psalter by Liutliaid
Sculptured Slab at Rotlnvell, Leeds .
Font at Toller-Porcorum, Dorset

20
30
48

100

104

106

108

146

147

152

150

159

103

183

248
250
252
298
303
304
306
307
320
328
330

PIIEFACE.

The Fiftieth Volume of the Journal of the
British Arch^ological Association for the year 1894
contains thirty-seven papers read at the Congress at
Winchester in the summer of 1893, or during the evening
meetings of the session 1893-4 in London, as well as the
proceedings of the Congress and evening meetings. The
Volume has been illustrated with many plates, some of
which have been contributed by the liberality of the
authors of the papers to which they appertain ; and by
this means the Association has been enabled to give a
more pictorial aspect to the Volume than would other-
wise have been possible.

The contents will be found, as usual, very miscel-
laneous and all-embracing, although the absence of any
very important or out-of-the-way discoveries and in-
vestigations, which characterised the previous year, is
still noticeable in this.

By the publication of this Volume the Association
completes its jubilee, a fashionable way of proclaiming
the shortness of life and the long duration of system.

VI II PREFACE.

Few nienibers, indeed, who stood up at Canterbury half
a century ago, have survived to celebrate this fiftieth
anniversary ; but the mental force, which then set the
machinery of the Association at work, has maintained
its collective energies in full vigour to the present day,
and, let us hope, will direct it for many a 3'ear to come,
in faithful obedience to the ancient philosopher's injunc-
tion that those M'ho hold the torch should take care to
hand it down to others in turn for profitable keeping.

W. i)E G. BiiiciJ.

31 December, 18iM.

18 9 4.

Iritisl :Hrrljnr0lo5irnl Issurinfioii.

The I3iut[sii ARCii^or,OGiCAL Association was founded in 1843, to In-
vestigate, preserve, and illustrate all ancient monuments of the history,
manners, customs, and arts of our forefathers, in furtherance of (ho
principles on which the Society of Antiquaries of London was esta-
blished ; and to aid the objects of that Institution by rendering avail-
able resources which had not been drawn upon, and which, indeed,
did not come within tlie scope of any antiquarian or literary society.
The moans by which the Association proposed to effect this object ai-e :

1. By liolding communication with Correspondents throughout tlie
kingdom, and with provincial Antiquarian Societies, as well as by
intercourse with similar Associations in foreign countries.

2. ]3y holding frequent and regular Meetings for the consideration
and discussion of communications made by the Associates, or received
from Correspondents.

3. By promoting careful observation and preservation of antiquities
discovered in the progress of public works, such as railways, sewers,
foundations of buildings, etc.

4. By encouraging individuals or associations in making researches
and excavations, and affording them suggestions and co-operation.

5. By opposing and preventing, as far as may be practicable, all
injuries with which Ancient National Monuments of every description
may from time to time be threatened.

G. By using every endeavour to spread abroad a correct taste for
ArchiEology, and a just appreciation of Monuments of Ancient Art, so
as ultimately to secure a general interest in their preservation.

7. By collecting accurate drawings, plans, and descriptions of
Ancient National JNIonuments, and, by moans of Correspondents, pre-
serving authentic memorials of all antiquities not later than 1750,
•which may from time to time be brought to light,

8. By establishing a Journal devoted exclusively to the objects of
the Association, as a means of spreading antiquarian information nnd
maintaining a constant communication with all persons interested in
such pursuits.

9. By holding Annual Congresses in different parts of the counti-y,
to examine into their special antiquities, to promote an interest in
them, and thereby conduce to their preservation.

Thirteen public Meetings are held from November to June, on the
first and third Wednesdays in the month, during the session, at eight
o'clock in the evening, for the reading and discussion of papers, and for
the inspection of all objects of antiquity forwarded to the Council. To
these j\Ieetings Associates have the privilege of introducing friends.

Persons desirous of becoming Associates, or of promoting in any wny
the objects of the Association, are requested to apply either personally
or by letter to the Secretaries ; or to the Sub-Treasurer, Samuel
Rayson, Esq., 32 Sackville Street, W., to whom subscriptions, by Post
Office Order or otherwise, crossed " Bank of Englui.d, W. Bianch",
should be transmitted.

189-1 (/

The paj-nieiit of Oxe GniXEA annually is I'equlretl of ilie Associates,
or Fifteen' Guineas as a Life Subscription, by which the Subscribers
are entitled to a copy of the quarterly Jo7irnal as published, and per-
mitted to acquire the publications of the Association at a reduced
price.

Associates are required to pay an entrance fee of One Guinea, except
Tvhcn the intending Associate is already a member of the Society of
Antiquaries, of tlie Royal Archfeological Institute, or of the Society of
Biblical Archeology, in wliicli case the entrance-fee is remitted. The
annual payments are due in advance.

Papers read before the Association should be transmitted to
the JCditor of the Association, 32, Sackville Street; if they are
accepted by the Council they will be printed in the volumes of the
tTournnl, and they will be considered to be the property of the Asso-
ciation. Every author is responsible for the statements contained
in his paper. The published Jojirnals may be had of the Treasurer and
other officers of the Association at the following prices : — Vol. I, out
of print. The other volumes, £1 : 1 each to Associates ; £1 : 11 : 6 to
the public, with the exception of certain volumes in excess of stoch,
which maj' be had b}' members at a reduced price on application to
tlie Honorary Secretaries. The special volumes of Transaci'IONS of
the Congresses held at Winciies'ieii and at Gloucester are charged to
the public, £1 : 11 : 0 ; to the Associates, £1 : 1.

In addition to the Jonrual, published every quarter, it has been
found necessary to publish occasionally another work entitled CoUec-
ftiinna ArchrpnJnrilcri. It embraces papers whose length is too great
tor a periodical jouT'ual, and such as require more extensive illus-
tration than can be given in an octavo form. It is, therefore, put
forth in quarto, uniform with the ArrJireohriia of the Society of Anti-
■quaries, and sold to the public at 7s. Gd. each Part, but may lie had by
the Associates at T).-?. (jSVe colnured vrajipcr of the qiiarterh/ Parts.)

An Index tor the first thirty A'ohimes of the Journal has been
prepared b}- Walter de Gray Birch, Esq., F.S.A., Honorary Secretary.
IVescnt price to Associates, 5.*. ; to the public, 7s. G(Z Another
Index, to volumes xxxi-xlii, the Collectanea Ai'chfeolofjica, and the two
extra vols, for the Winchester and Gloucester Congresses, also now
ready (uniform). Price to Associates, lO.v. (jd. ; to the public, 1~)S.

Public i\feetings held on Wednesday evenings, at No. 32, Sackville
Street, Piccadilly, at 8 o'clock precisely.

'I'lie i\IeetiMgs for Session 1893-1*4 ai-e as follows : — IMOo, Nov. 15 ;
Dec. 6. 1894, January 3, 17; Feb. 7, 21 ; ^larch 7, 21 ; April 4, 18;
Hay 2 (Annual General ^Meeting), 16 ; June G.

Visitors will be admitted by order from Associates ; or by writing
their names, and those of the members by whom they are introduced.
The Council ^Meetings are held at Sackville Street on the same day as
the Public greetings, at half-past 4 o'clock precisely.

PtULES OF THE ASSOCIATION.

The British Aucii.-eological Assoclvtiox sliall consist of Piitrons,
Associates, Local Members of Council, lloiioraiy Correspondents,
and Honorary Foreign Members.

1. The I'atrons, — a class confined to members of the royal

family or other illustrious persons.

2. The Associates shall consist of ladies or gentlemen elected

by the Council, and who, upon the payment of one guinea
entrance fee (except when the intending Associate is
already a Member of the Society of Antiquaries of London,
of the Eoyal Arclueological Institute, or of the Society of
I'iblical ArclKTCology), and a sum of not less than one guinea
annually, or fifteen guineas as a life-subscription, shall be-
come entitled to receive a copy of the quarterly Jourmd
published by the Association, to attend all meetings, vote in
the election of Officers and (^ouncil, and admit one visitor
to each of the ordinary meetings of the Association.
r>. The Local Members of Council shall consist of such of the
Associates elected from time to time by the Council, on the
nomination of two of its members, who shall promote the
views and objects of the Association in their various local-
ities, and report the discovery of antiquarian ol)jects to the
Council. There shall be no limit to their number, but in
their election the Council shall have regard to the extent
and importance of the various localities which they will
represent. The Local Members shall be entitled to attend
the meetings of the Council, to advise them, and report on
matters of arclueological interest which have come to their
notice; but they shall not take part in the general business
of the Council, or be entitled to vote on any subject.

4. The Honorary Correspondents, — a class embracing all inte-

rested in the investigation and preservation of antiquities ;
to be qualified f<n' election on the recommendation of the
President or Patron, or of two Members of the Council, or
of four Associates.

5. The Honorary Foreign ]\Iembers shall be confined to illus-

trious or learned foreigners who may have distinguished
themselves in antiquarian pursuits.

rt2

ADMrNI^TnATIOX.

To conduct the affairs of the Association there slmll be annually
elected a President, fifteen T ice-Presidents, a Treasuier, Sub-
Treasurer, two Honorary Secretaries, and eighteen otlier Asso-
ciates, all of whom shall constitute the Council, and two Auditors
without seats in the Council.

The past Presidents shall be ex officio Vice-Presidents for life,
with the sanu^ stad's and privileges as the elected A'ice-Presidents,
and take precedence in the order of service.

KLECTION or OFFICEltft AND COrXCIL.

1. The Piesident, Vice-Presidents, members of Council, and

OHicers, shall be elected at the Annual General jMeeting, to
be htdd on the first "Wednesday in jMay in eacli year. Sucli
election shall be conducted liy ballot, -which shall continue
open during at least one hour. A majority of votes shall
determine the election. Every Associate balloting shall
deliver his name to the Chairman, and afterwards put his
list, tilled up, into the balloting box. The presiding officer
shall nominate two Scrutators, who, with one or more of the
Secretaries, shall examine the lists and report thereon to
the General ]\Ieeting.

2. If any member of the Council, elected at the Annual General

Meeting, shall not have attended three meetings of the
Council, at least, during the current session, the Council
sliall, at tlieir meeting held next before the Annual Meet-
ing, l)y a majority of votes of the memliers present, recom-
mend whether it is desirable that sucli member shall be
eligil'le for re-election or not, and such recommendation
shall be submitted to the Annual Meeting on the ballot
[•apors.

CUAIKMAX OF I\IKKTIXGS.

1 . The President, when present, shall take the chair at all meet-

ings of tl!e Association. He shall regulate the discussions
and enforce the laws of the Association.

2. Tn tjie absence of the President, the chair shall be taken by

the Treasurer, or, in his aljsence, by tlie senior or only AMce-
President present, and willing to preside ; or in default, by
the senior elected Member of Council or some otlicer pre-
sent.

3. The Chairman shall, in addition to his own vote, have a cast-

ing vote when the suffrages are equal.

TH1<: TllEASUIJKll.

The Treasurer sliall hold the finances of the Association, dis-
charge all debts previously jn-eseuted to and approved of by the
Council, and shall make U[) his accounts to the olst of December
ill each year, and having had his accounts audited he shall lay
them before the Annual Meeting. Two-thirds of the life-subscrip-
tions received by him shall be invested in such security as the
Council may aj^prove.

THE SKCUETAUIKS.

The Secretaries shall attend all meetings of the Association,
transmit notices to the Memljers, and read the letters and papers
connnunicated to the Association. The notices of meetings of the
Council shall state the business to be transacted, including the
names of any candidates for the office of Vice-President or Mem-
bers of Council, but not the names of proposed Associates or Hono-
rary Correspondents.

THE COUNX'IL.

1. The Council shall superintend and regulate the proceedings

of the Association, and elect the Associates ; whose names,
when elected, are to be read over at the ordinary meetings.

2. The Council shall meet on the days on which the ordinary

meetings of the Association are held, or as often as the
business of the Association shall require, and five members
shall be a quorum.

3. An extraordinary meeting of the Council may be held at any

time by order of the President, or by a requisition signed
by five of its members, stating the purpose thereof, ad-
dressed to the Secretaries, who shall issue notices of such
meeting to every member.

4. The Council shall fill up any vacancy that may occur in any

of the ollices or among its own members, notice of proposed
election being given at tiie innnediately preceding Council
meeting.

5. Tlie Council shall submit a report of its proceedings to the

Annual Meeting.

PllOCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATIOX.

1. The ordinary meetings of the Association shall be held on the
third Wednesday in November, the first Wednesday in
December, the first and third Wednesdays in the months
from January to x4pril inclusive, the third Wednesday in
May, and the first Wednesday in June, at 8 o'clock in the
evening precisely, for the purpose of inspecting and con-
versing upon the various objects of antiquity transmitted
to the Association, and such other business as the Council
may appoint.

Tlie Annual Geiiei'iil j\Ieeling of iLe A.'j.sociatiou sliiill lie
lield on tlie tirst "NVedne.sday in ]May in each year, at 4.o0
P.xM. precisely, at -svliicli the l*resident, A^ice-rresidents, and
officers of the Association shall be elected, and such other
business shall be conducted as may be deemed advisable
for the ■svell-being of the Association ; but none of the rnles
of the Association shall be repealed or altered mdess
twenty-eight days' notice of intention to ])ropose such repeal
or alteration shall have been given to the ^Secretaries, and
tbey shall have notified tlie same to the Members of the
Council at tlieir meeting held next after receipt of the
notice.
2. An extraordinary general meeting of the Association may at
any time be convened by order of the President, or by a
requisition signed by twenty Associates, stating the object
of the proposed meeting, addressed to the Secretaries, who
shall issue notices accordingly, stating therein the object
for which the meeting is called.
3 A General Public Meeting or Congress shall be held annually
in sucli town or place in the United Kingdom, at such time
and for such period as shall be considered most advisable
by the Council, to which Associates, Correspondents, and
others, shall be admitted by ticket, upon the payment of
one guinea, which shall entitle the bearer, and also a lady,
to be i)resent at all meetings either for the reading of papers,
the exhibition of anticjuities, the holding of conversazioni,
or the making of excursions to examine any objects of anti-
(piarian interest.
4. The Ollieers having the management of the Congress shall
subnjit their accounts to the Council at their next meeting
after the Congress shall have been held, and a detailed
account of their personal expenses, accompanied by as
many vouchers as they can produce.

LIST OF COXGi; ESSES.

Congresses have been ali-eady held at

Under the Presidency of

1844 Canteubuiiy

1845 WlXCIIKSTKK

184G fJLOircESTEu

1847 ^^■AK\vICK

1848 WoitCESTEU

1849 cuesteii

1850 Mancuestei;& Lancasj

1851 Dekby .

1852 ;Nk\vauk

1853 rochesteu
185i Chepstow

1855 Isle of Wight

1856 BuiDGWATEPv AND ]5aX1

1857 Xouwicii

1858 Salisbuky

1859 Newbl'uy
18G0 Shkewsbcuy

1861 EXETEU .

1862 LeicestePv

1863 Leeds

1864 Ipswich .

1865 DuuiiAM

1866 Hastings

1867 Ludlow

1868 ClKEXCESTER

1869 St. Alban's

1870 IIeiieeokd

1871 ^veymol■th

1872 wolveuiiampio

1873 SlIElFIELD

1874 BitisTOL ,

1875 Evesham

1876 Bodmin and Penzance

Thi; Loi:i» A. 1). Convngham. K.C.U.,

F.K.S., r..s.A.

J. IIkvwuod, i:sq..:\i.p., f.k.s.,f.s.a-

8ir> Oswald Moslky, I'.t.. D.C.L.
The Duke of ZS'ewcastlk

TvALrn 1)i;i;nai., Esii., M.A.
' The Eaul of rEKiii and ^Ielfokt

The Eaisl of Albemahle, E.S.A.
The ]\Jai!Quess of Ailesbuuy
The Earl of Carnarvon, F.S.A.
Bkriah Botfikld, Esq.. F.K.S, F.S.A.
Sir Staffoud II. Xouihcote, Bt.
John Lee, Esq.. LL.D., F.K.S., F.S.A.
LoitD Houghton, :\I.A., D.C.L., F.S A.
(iKOKGE Tomline. Esq., jNFF., F.S.A.
The Duke of Cleveland
The Earl of Chichester
Sir C. II. House Bougiiton, Bt.
The Earl Bathurst
The Lord Lytton
CiiANDos Wren Hoskyns, Esq., M.P.
Sir W. Coles INIedlicoit. Bt., D.C.L.
The Earl of Dartmouth
The Duke of IS'orfolk, E.]\I.
KiRKMAN I). Hodgson, Esq., M.P.
The. ]\Iarquess of Hei;tford
The Earl of ^Iount-Epgcubml

Vlll

Coapreues have been already held at

Uuder the Presidency of

1S77 Ll.AXliOI.I.KN

187-S WisiiKiil

1870 Yakmoihi \ Nouwk i

1880 l)i:vi/i;s

1881 lliJKAi .Mai.vkkx

1882 I'l.VMoUTH

ls?<;j UovKit .

1884 iKMtY .

188.") BiiKiinoN

18SG Daui.incton AM) Hi.siiui

•

Alcki.anu

1887 LiVKUi'ouL

1888 Glasgow

1880 Lincoln .

1890 OxFOUD .

)

1891 YoitK

1892 Cakdhk .

1893 W1NCIIE6TEK

SiK Watkin "W. Wvnn, r.AiM., ]M.P.
TiiK EAi:r, t)i" Uakdwickk
J'liK Loiti) Wavknky, F.lv.S.
TiiK Eaiu. Mki.sox
LoiM) Ai.wYNK CoMiToN, L).D., Dkan

OK ^VoliCK.ST^■.K

The Duke ok So.mki!SIi;t, K.G.
The Eaiu, (Jkaxvili-e. K.(1.
'JiiK IJisiioi' OK St. David's
'J'lii: Dike ok N oh folk, E3I.

The Bisiioi' ok Dliuiam

SiK J. A, PicToN, F.S.A.

The IMakquess ok Bite, K.T., LL.D.

The Earl ok Winchii.sea and Not-
tingham

The Eakl ok Winchii.sea and Xot-

TlNlJHAM

The Makquess ok Rirox, K.G.

The B18H0P OF Leandakf

The Eakl of Noktiihkook, G.C.S.I.

181)4.
Till-: ANNUAL CONGRESS

\*II.L LE HELD THIS YEAU AT

MANCHESTER.

(Dt tailed Programme xvill he issued very soon.)

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR THE SF:SSI0N 189:3-4.

President.
THE RIGHT HOX. THE EARL OF NOllTHBROOK, G.C.S.L

Vice-Presidents.
Ex officio — TuE Duke of Nokfolk, K.G., E,I\L; The Makquess of Bute,
K.T.; The 31akquess of Kipon, K.G., G.C.S.I.; The Eakl of Hahd-
AvicKE ; The Eakl of Mount-Edgcumbe ; The EAiUi Nelson; The

EaUL OF WiNt'HILSEA AND NOTTINGHAM ; 'J HE LoRD BiSHOP OF LlAN-

DAFF, D.D., E.S.A.; The Lord Bishop of St. David's, D.D.; Sir
Charles II. Rouse Boughton, Bart.; James IIeywood, Esq., F.Il.S.,
F.S.A.

Colonel G. G. Adams, F.S.A.

Thomas Blashill, Esq., F.Z.S.

Cecil Brent, Esq., F.S.A.

Arthur Gates, P^sq.

C. U. Compton, Esq.

William Henry Cope, Esq., F.S.A.

II. SvER Cuming, Esq., F.S.A. Scot

llEv.S. M. Mayhew,xM.A., F.S.A. Scot.,

F.R.I. A.
J. S. Phenk, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,

F.G.S., F.R.G.S.
Rev.\V.SparrowSimpson.D.D.,F.S.A.
E. M. Thompson, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,

D.C.L.

Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., I George R. Wright, Esq., F.S.A.

LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.S.A. ' Allan WYuN,Esq.,F.S.A.,F.S.A.Scot.,

A. W. Franks, Esq., C.B., D. Litt.. F.R.G.S.
F.R.S., P.S.A. i

Honorary Treasurer.

Allan Wyon, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.R.G.S.,

2 Luiigham Chambers, W., and 7 Cannon Place, Hampstead Heath, N.W.

Sub-Treasurer.
Samuel Rayson, Esq., o-2 Sackville Street, W.

W.
E.

Honorary Secretaries.

de Gray Birch, Esq., F.S.A., British ^ruseum.
P. Loftus Brock, Esq., F.S.A., '27 Soho Square, W

Palaeographer.

^^\u.\'DE Thompson, Esq., F.S.A., D.C.L., LL.D,

Council.

J. Romilly Allen, Esq., F.S.A. Scot

A.I.C.E.
Algernon Brent, Esq., F.R.G.S.
The Rev. J. Cave-Browne, M.A.
J. Pakk Harrison, Esq., M.A,
Richard IIorsfall, Esq.
W. E. Hughes, E.sq.
A. G. Langdon, Esq.

Rich.\rd Lloyd, Esq., F.R.Hist.S.

J. T. iMouLD, Esq.

W. J. Nichols, Esq.

A. Oliver, Esq.

George Patrick, Esq.

W. 11. Rylands, Esq., F.S.A.

R. E. Way. Esq.

Benjamin Winstone. Esq., M.D.

Auditors.

Cecil T. Davis, Esq.

A. G. LangdoN; P^sq,

i5ritiofj iHrfljncologlral iHssoflalicm.

LIST OF ASSOCIATES.

18U4.

The past-Fiesidcuts marked * are ^leriintncnl Vice-Frfsideiils.

The letter L denotes Life-Memhers, and C, Cuwjress Meruhers
for the Year.

TUii:
RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF KORTHBROOK, CI.C.S.I.,

I'UESIUENT.
Date of Election .

L. 1857 Amhkrst of Hackney, Tue Right Hon. Lokd, F.S.A., Did-
lingtou Park, Brandon, Norfolk
1805 AiiMsiRONG, The Right Hon. Lord, Cmig.side, Rothburj
1854 Adams, Colonel G. G., F.S.A., Vice-Prcsideid, Acton Grecu
Lodge, Cliiswick

1800 Addison, Albert, Esq., Portsmouth

I.. 1871 Aldam, William, Esq., Fricklej Hall, Doucaster

I.. 1851 Alger, John, Esq., the Public Library, Auchterardcr, N.B.

1887 Allen, Dr. John

1878 Allen, J. Romilly, Esq., F.S.A.Scot., A.I.C.E., 20 Bloomsbury
Square, "NV.C.
L. 1857 Allen, W. E., Esq.

1890 American Geogra|)hlcal Society, Now Yoi'k (c irc of B. E. Ste-
vens, Esq., 4 Trafalgar Square, W .C)
18G0 Andrews, Charles, Esq., Earnham, Surrey
1H74 Army and Navy Club, St. James's Square, S.\V\
lbU3 Arnold, Edward, Esq., Stoneleigh House, Grove Jiuad, Clap-
bam Park, S.W.
1877 Ashby, Thomas, Esq., care of Apsley Sniitli, Esq., Kusthall,
Bath Road, Reading

1801 Aatley, the Rev. H. J. Dukinfield, M.A., Paiklicld, South-

lields, S.W.
1670 Athcmcum Club, Pali Mall, S.W.

1888 Bute, The Marqeess of, KJ\!., Vice-President * Moutit Stuiirf,

Isle of Bute, N.B.

1, 1ST (•!'" A.s.S(f('I.\TK>;. XI

L. LS')? Baik.man-, 'I'm; KiGiii llux. Ltii;i>, Cai-ltuu Clul), ,S.\V.

1872 J}AKi:it, liKV. PkEB. SlU TaLHOT K. B., J'>;irt., I{;iiistuil, Dlaiid-

ford
1S80 BoiLi-AU, Siu FlvANCia U. ]\r., B;u-t., Kftluringliam Piuk, ^Vy-

nioiidliaiu
L. 18G0 13ouoilTON, SlK <JiiAi;i,i':a Kousk, Bart., yice-Prcsldtnl,* Down

ton Hall, Ludlow

L. ISGO BltlDOMAX, HOX. AND IIkV. G E(>. T. OliJ-AXDO, M.A., Tho Hill!,

Wigaii
1.. 1871' J}liO\VN, Sui JoilX, Eiidclillo Hail, .Sluiruid
1.. 1878 Babingtoii, Charles C, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., RS.A., Brooksldc,

Cambridge

1885 Bag.ster, R., Esq., Paternoster Row, E.G.

1884 Baker, Ernest E., Esq., Westou-super-JMare
L. 187G Bayly, Robert, Esq., Terr Grove, Plymouth

1879 Beiisly, W. T., Esq., LL.D., Diocesan Registry, Norwich
L. 1859 Beynon, Richard, Esq., 17 Grosvenor Square, W.

1870 Birch, Rev. C. G. B., Brancastev Rectory, King's Lynn

1871 Birch, Walter de Gray, Esq., E.S.A., lion. Secretary, British

Mnseum, and 5 Chatsworth Road, Chvistcliuvcli Aveimej

Brondesbury, N,\V.
187- Birmingham Free Libraries, Birmingham
L. 188:2 Blakiston, Rev. R. IMilburn, E.S.A., Arundel Lodge, 41 Lans-

downe Road, Croydon
18G1 Blashill, Thomas, Esq,, F.Z.S,,T7ce-7V£'Si"(?fcai/, London County

Council, Spring Gardens, S.W.
18tJ5 ]31y, J. H., Esq,, Vauxhall, Great Yarmouth
1892 Bowen, Rev. David, B.A., Monkton, Pembroke

1872 Braid, Charles, Esq., Braidswood, Linden Park, Tunbridgc

Wells

1874 Bramble, Colonel J,R., F.S,A.,Cleeve House, Yatton, Somerset
L. 188G Bramley-Moore, Rev. W., 2G Russell Square, W.C.

1880 Bravender, Thomas B., Esq., care of Digby Master, Esq-,

47 Dyer Street, Cirencester
L. 1883 Brent, Algernon, Esq., F.R.G.S., 12 ]\Iandeville Place, W.
1853 Brent, Cecil, Esq., F.S-A., Vice-Presidcui, 37 Palace Grove,
Bronde}', Kent

1875 Brent, Francis, Esq., F.S.A., 6 Toihill Avenue, Plj-mouth
1890 Brighton Free Library, care of F. W. Madden, Esq., Church

Street, Bi-ighton
L. 1875 Brinton, John, Esq., Moor Hall, Stourport

1886 Broad, J., Esq., Ashford

18G1 Brock, E. P. Loftus, Esq., F.S.A., lion, Secrelanjj 27 Soho
Square, W.
L. 1874 Brooke, Thomas, Esq., F.S.A., Armitagc Bridge, Huddersfield
1883 Brown, T. Viney, Esq., Dover

1885 Brown, J., Esq.,C.B., Q.C., F.G.S., 54 Avenue Road, Regent's

Park, N.W.
185G Brushfield, T. N., Esq., M.D,, The Clifl; liudleigh Salterton,

Devon
1890 Bull, William, Esq., " Glenville", Bannister Park, South-

ampton
1880 Buhver, J R., Esq., Q.C, 2 Temple Gardens, E.G.

Xll LIST OF ASSOCIATES.

1888 Barnard, Robeit, ICsci-, o llill.sburougli, Plynioulli

1881 Bjsii, Edward, Esq., The Grove, Alveston, R.S.O., Glouces-
ter

1881 Bush, John, Esq., 10 Se. Augustine's Parade, Bristol

1892 Bush, Eobert C., Esq., 1 Winifred's Dale, Bath

1892 ]Jush, Thomas S,, Esq., Dale Cottage, Charlcombe, Bath
L. 1880 Butcher, W. H., Esq.

1893 Cardiff, The Free Library

1892 Carpenter, Evan, Esq., The Cottage, AUyre Road, l^^ast

Croydon
1888 Cart, Rev. Henry, The Vicarage, Oseney Streef, N.W.
1881 Gates, Arthur, Esq., Vice-Prtsvhnt, 7 Whitehall Yard, S.W.
1891 Cave-Browne, Rev. J., IM.A., Detiiiig Vicarage, Msiidstone
1881 Chaffey-Chaffey, R., Esq., East Stoke House, Stoke-sub-

Hamdon, Hminster
185-5 Ciiapinan, Thomas, E.sq., 37 Tregunter Road, West Brompton
1890 Christ's College Library. Cambridge

1886 Clark, C. J., Esq., 27 Woodstock Road, Bedford Park, Chis-
wick, W.
L. 1878 Cocks, Reginald Thistlethwayte, Esq., 43 Charing Cross, S.W.

18G9 Cokayne, Andreas Edwai'd, Esq., Bakewell, Derbyshire
L. 18G7 Cokayne, George Edw., Esq., F.S.A., Norroij King of Arms,
Heralds' College, E.G.
18GG Cole, T. H., Esq., .59 Cambridge Road, Hastings

1888 Collier, Rev. Carus Vale. B.A., Davington, Faversham, Kent
1893 Collier, Mrs., G Victoria Square, S.W.

1879 Colman, J. J., Esq., M.P., Carrow House, Norwich

187G Compton, C. H., Esq.,l7ce-P/est(/e»7, 13 The Chase, Clapliani

Common, S.W.
18G3 Cope, Wm. Henry, Esq., F.S. A., ViceFrcsident, 12 Gloucester

Road, Regent's Park, N.W.

1889 Goulard, Christopher L., Esq., Madford, Launceston
187G Cramer, F. L., Esq., Holbrook, Erpingiiam Road, Putney
1893 Crespi, Dr. Alfred J. H., Wim borne, Dorset

18G1 Creswtll, Rev. Samuel Francis, D.D., F.K.A.S., F.ILG.S.,

North Repps, S. 0 , Norfolk
1872 Curteis, Rev. Thomas S., F.S.A., Sevenoaks, Kent
1888 Curtis, Charles, Esq., 28 Baker Street, W.

L. 1872 Dartmouth, The Right Hon. the Fare of, Vice-VresUhut*
PatshuU, Wolverhampton
18.53 DuciE, Tin-; Right Hon. the Fake or, F.H.S., Toitworth
Court, FalHeld, Gloucestershire

1883 DiCKESOX, Sir Riciiai;1), Esplanade, Dover

1884 Davies, W. R., Esq.,

1878 Dawson, Edward B., Esq., LL.B., Aldclille Hall, Lancaster
I.. 1874 Durham, W., Esq., M.A., LL.M., 7G Lancaster Gate, W.
li^Oi Detroit Library, care of Mr. B. F. Stevens, 4 Trafalgar

Square, W.C.
1884 Dix, John W. S., Esq., Hampton Lodge, Durdham Down,
Bristol

Ll.^T OF AS.S0(JIATK8. Xlll

1891 Doiiiihl Colin Daiilop, Esq., F.S.A.Scot., 172 Sf. Vincent

Stl'ft't, OlMSgOW

]875 EnwARPS, Siu G. W., Sea Walls, Stoke Bisl.op, Bristol
1855 Evans, Siit John, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.,

F.S.A., Vice-FresliJent, Heniel Hempstead
1893 Klwell, W. R. a, Esq., St. Aubyn, Fulliam Park Gardens,

s.w.

I,. 1890 Ferguson, Professor John, 1:3 Newton Place, Glasgow, N.B.
).. 1879 Ferguson, Rii-hard S., Esq., Lowther Street, Carlisle
r,. 18G4 Fei-gnsoii, Robert, Esq., ]\lorton House, Carlisle
L. 1880 Fislier, S. T., Esq., The Grove, Streatham, S.W.

1857 Fitch, Robert, Esq., F.S.A., Woodlands, Heigham, Norwich
L. 1888 Fowler, John, Esq., 10 Kersland Street, Glasgow
1887 Fox, Robert, Esq., Vernon House, Ryde
1875 Franks,AugustusVV.,Esq,C.B.,Litt.D.,M.A.,F.R.S., P.S.A.,

Vice-President, British Museum, W.C.
1877 Fretton, W. G., Esq., F.S. A., Henrsall Terrace, Chapel Fields,

Coventry
1883 Fry, E. W., Esq., St. Martin's House, Dover
1880 Fryer, A. C, Esq., Ph.D., M.A., F.C.S., F.R.H.S., 13 Eaton

Crescent, Clifton, Bristol
1892 Fnller, George, E.sq., Crisp Lodge, 21 1 Romford Road, Strat-
ford, Essex

C 1894 Guildford, The Bishop of, The Precincts, Winchester

L. 1874 Gainsford, T. R., Esq., Whiteley Wood Hall, Sheffield

L. 1881 Gibson, Mrs. James, Castle Bree, Cambridge

1877 Glasgow, The Mitchell l^ibrary, 21 Miller Street, Glasgow

1888 Gourlay, Robert, Esq., Bank of Scotland, Glasgow

L. 1860 Greenhalgh, Thos., Esq., Thorneydike, Sarples, near Bolton

1893 Gribble, H. E., Esq., 38 Bedford Row, W.C.

L. 1891 Gurney, Richard H. J., Esq., Northrepps Hall, Norwich

L. 1889 Hawkeshukv, Loud, Cockglode, Ollerton, Newark

1858 Hammond, Ciiarles E., Esq., Newmarket

1852 Hannah, Robt., Esq., 82 Addison Road, W.

1864 Harkei', John, Esq., M.D., Hazel Grove, near Carnfoi th

L. 1890 Harnett, Mrs. F. R., St. Luke's, Maidenhead

1891 Harrison, J. Park, Esq., M.A., 22 Connaught Street, W.

L. 1891 Harvey, H. Fairfax, Esq., Wimborne, Dorset

1888 Harvey, James, Esq., Belgrave Villa, Tufnell Park Road, N.

1872 Hellier, Colonel T. B. Sliaw, 4th Dragoon Guards (care of
]\Iessi-s. Holt, Laurie, and Co., 17 Whitehall Place, S.W.)

L. 1844 Hey wood, James, Esq., F.R.S., F.S. A., Vice-Fresidenf* 20
Palace Gardens, Kensington, W.

1872 Hicklin, B., Esq., Holly Hou.se, Dorking, Surrey

Xl\' LIST OF ASSOCIATES.

1891 Hogg, F. G., I'^sq., TOl LoadcMiliall Strcef, E.G.

1880 Hooppell, Kev. H. E., :M.A., LL.D,, Bycrs Gi-ccn Rectory,

Speiniymoor
1870 Horner, W. S., Esq., 8 Aldgatc, E.
r,. 180:'. Horsfftll, Kielmrd, Esq., Halifax

L. ISTo Huild, Alfred E., Esq., F.S.A., 04 Pembroke Road, Clifton,
Bristol

1878 Hughes, H. R., Esq., Kitimcl Park, Abergele, North Wale.s
L. ISOO Hughes, T. Caun, Esq., M.A., Town Clerk's Office, Manchester

188-J Hughes, W. E., Esq., Essington Villa, 80 Alexandra Road,

St. John's Wood, N.W.
18-Jo Hull Subscription Libi-ary, Albion Street, Hull
L. 18GG Hunter, Edward, Esq., Junior Carlton Club, S.W.

18G3 Irvine, J. T., Esq., 21 St. Stephen's Terrace, Kirksfall, Leeds

1870 Jarvis, John 'W., Esq., Avon House, j\ranor Gardens, Hollo-
way, N.

1879 Jeniier, ]\liss Lucy A., Greenwood, Bishop's Waltham
L. 1875 Joseph, Major H., 4.") Aberdeen Park, Highbury, N.

L. 1807 Kerr, ]N[rs. Alexander, 19 "Warwick Road, Earl's Court,
S.W.
1888 King, the Rev. Herbert Poole, Stourton Rectory, Bath
I.. 1865 Kirchofer, Professor Theodor
f.. 1887 Kitching, John, Esq., Branksome Hall, Darlington

187-5 Lach-Szyrma, Rev. W. S., M. A., The Yicarase, Barkingside,

Ilford
1874 Lacy, C. J., Esq., 28 Belsize Park, N.W.
L. 1870 Lambert, Colonel George, F.S.A., 10 Coventry Street, W.
LS94 Lambert, Miss, 10 Coventry Street, W.
1888 Lang, James, Esq., 0 Ciown Gardens, Dowanliill, Glasgow,

N. B.
1888 Langdon, A. G., Esq., 17 Craven Street, Strand
L. 1891 Larkin, John, Esq., Delrow, Aldeidiam, Watford

1892 Lawrence, Basil E., Esq., LL.D., o Strathray Gardens, South

Uampstead, N.W.
1892 Laxton, AErs., Hartington House, Blonifield Terrace, Ux-
bridge Road, W.
r. 187.", Leader, J. D., Esq., F.S.A., Moor End, Shenield

18t;2 Le Keux, J. H., Esq., 64 Saddler Street, Durham
I,. 1881 Lewi.s, Mrs. S. S., Castle Broe, Cambridge
I.. 1881 Lewis, T. Hayter, Esq., F.S.A., 12 Kensington Gardens
Square, W.
186r5 Lilji-ary of the Corporation of London, Guildhall, E.G.
1891 Lin.lley, F. D., E.-q.

1891 Litei-ary and Philosophic Chib, 2S Berkeley Scpiare, Bristol
18S7 Lloyd, Richard Diippa, Esq., F. R.Hist.S., 2 Addison Cres-
cent, W.
1986 Long, Lieut. -Colonel. Woodlands, Congi-e.sbury R.S.O.

LIST OF ASSOCIATIOS. XV

r,. lS('>(i Long', ]\rrR. Caroline,

L. 18(]8 Lonttifc, S. If., Es'j. ,Trcmalon Houso, Grove Road, Clajiliain
Park, S.W.
1847 Lnxmoore, Coryndon H., Esq., F.S.A., 18 St. John'.s Wood

Park, N.W.
1865 Ljnam, C, E.sq., Stoke-upon-Trcnt

h. 1870 MouNT-EDGCUMr.K, TriK Rkuit Hon. the Eakl of, Vice-
President,'* Mount-Edgcumbc, Dcvonport
f;. 1874 Mai'PIN, Sir F. J., Bart., Tliornburj, Ranmoor, Slicfllold
I.. 1875 Mackeson, E., Esq., lo Hydo Park Square, W.

18S-2 McLano-liIin, Mnjor-Goneral Edward, P. A., 1 Stanley Gar-
dens', W.
187^) ]\Iancliesler Free Lil)rarles, ]\[nneliester
I,. 18(i:) ]\[arsliall, Arthur, Esq., lo Pelsizo Avenue, N.W.

1S(;2 Marshall, \V. G., Esq., 72 Bromfelde Road, Clapham, S.W.
L. ]84t ]\[ars]iall, Wm. Calder, Esq., R.A., 115 l':bury Street, S.W.
1884 ^Fatthew, E. P.., Esq., 20 Elsworthy Road, Primrose Hill,
N.W.
r„ 1870 Maude, Rev. Samnel, M.A., Needham Market,

ISOo :Mayhe\v, Rev. Samuel :\[Mrtin, M.A., F.S. A.Scot., F.R.I.A.,
Vire-FresiJeuf, St. Paul's Vicarage, Bermondsey ; 83 New
Kent Rond, S.E.
1872 Merriman, Robert William, Esq., Marlborough
I,. 1881 Methold, Frederick J., Esq., F.S.A., Thome Court, Shimp-
ling, Bnry St. E<lmnnd's
1803 Milligan, James, Esq., IG Foskett Road, Hurlingham Road,
Fulham, S.W.
Milner, Rev. John, 47 St. Qniiitin Avenue, W.
Money, Walter, Esq., P.S.A., Herborougli House, Newbury
Montgomry, A. S., Esq., Busch House, Isleworth
Morgan, A. C. F., Esq.,

]\Iorris, Howard C, Esq., 2 Walbrook, E.G.
Mould, J. T., Esq., 1 Onslow Crescent, South Kensington
Mulling.s, John, Esq., Cirencester

L. 1875 NoKFOLK, His Gracr the Duke of, E.M., FiW-/V^.s/Jc»/,*
Arundel Castle and St. James's Square, S.W.
1881 Nathan, Benjamin C, Esq., Lorano, Atkins Road, Clapham

Park, S.W'.
1884 Nesham, Rolert, Esq., Utrecht House, Clapham Park, S.W.
I.. 1875 New, Herbert, Esq., Green Hill, Evesham

1887 Newton, Colonel W., Hillside, Newark-on-Trent
188G Nichols, W. J., Esq., The AVarren, South Hill Park, Brondey,
Kent

1884 Oldham, :Mrs., 90 Lexham Gardens, S.W.
1880 Oliver, Andrew, Esq., 7 Bedford Row, W.C.
L. 1?^81 Oliver, Edward Ward, Esq., 10 Brechin Place, S .ulh Kens-
ington, S.W.

.1807

.1875

1881

1870

1884

1800

,1877

xvi LI.^T OF ASSOCIATES.

L. 18GG Pkf.k, Sill IIi:ni:y W., Baut., WimMcdon House, Wimbledon,
S.W.
1889 Paley, E. G., Esq., F.U.I. B.A., Laiic.istor

1892 Palfrey, P. P., Esq., 59 Gloucester Road, Regent's Park,

N.W.
1859 Patrick, George, Esq., Dalham Villa, Southfields, Wands-
worth, S.W.
1885 Payne, William, E.sq., Woodleigh, The Tiiicket, Southsea
186G Peabody Institute, Baltimore, U.S. (care of Mr. E. G. Allen,
Henrietta Street, Covent Garden)
L. 1884 Peacock, Thomas F., Esq., Feridea, High Road, Sidcnp

1880 Peckover, Algernon, Esq., E.S.A., Sibaldsholme, Wisbech
L. 186G Pemberton, R. L., Esq., Hawthorn Tower, Seahani

1893 Penton, E., E>q., F.G.S., 70 Gower Street, W.C., and Bench

House, Lyndlmrst
1885 Peter, Claude H., Esq., Toivn Cleric, Craigniore, Launceston
1871 Phene, J. S., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Vice.

Pi-esldent, 5 Carlton Terrace, Oakley Street, S.W.
1879 Phillip?, Rev. G. W., Pebworth Vicarage, Stratford-on-Avon
188G Phillips, H., Esq., 145 Walworth Road, S.E.

1882 Phillips, John H., Esq., Philosophical and Archaeological

Society, Scarborough
L. 1852 Pickersgill, Frederick R., Esq., R.A., Towers, Yarmouth, Isle

of Wight
r,. 1883 Pierce, Josiah, Esq., 12 Beaufort Gardens, S.W.

1881 Prankerd, Peter D., Esq., The Knoll, Sneyd Park, Bi-istnl
1858 Previte, Joseph W., Esq., Oak Lodge, Pond Road, Black-
heath

1887 Price, Mi.ss M. A., Hooper's Hill House, IMargate
18G7 Prichard, Rev. Hugh, Dinam, Gaerwen, Anglesey

1883 Probyn, IMnjor Clifford, 55 Grosvenor Street, W.

1889 Prosser, Miss, Mount Pleasant, West Hill, Putney Heath

1893 Quick, Robert, Esq., 35 Backlersbury, E.G.

L. 18G3 RiPON, The Most Hon', thb Marqukss of, K.G., G.C.S.I.,
9 Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
188G Rabson, Richard, Esq., B.A., Hope Cottage, 03 Springfield

Road, Preston Park, Brighton
1883 Radford, D., Esq., Mount Tavy, Tavistock
i>. 1>^70 Rayson, S., Esq., 32 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W.

1891 Reriaud, E. J., H2sq., High House, Old Swinford, Stourbridge

1882 Rendle, Mrs. Wm. Gibson, Irvine, Balliam Park Road, S.W.
1875 Reynolds, John, Esq., 5 All Saints' Road, Clifton, Bristol

L. 1848 Richards, Thomas, Esq., 47 Holland Road, Kensington, W.

L. 18GG Roe, Charles Fox, Esq., F.S.A. , Litchurch, Derby

I-. 1884 Roget, J. L., lOsq., 5 Randolph Crescent, Maida Hill, \Y.

L. 1878 Roper, W., juTi., JOsq., Lancaster

1«h2 Routledgc, Rev. Canon, M.A., St. ^fartin's, Canterbury

1877 Rowc, J. Brooking, Esq., F.S.A., Castle Barbican, Plympton

1^77 Hiissell, Miss, Ashiestiei, Galashiels, N.H.

LIST OF AS.SUCIATIvS. X\ll

]S8'.» Hiissell. Ili(! \{vv. Jiiiiu's ("., 1) i)., Diuilillau, Dunoon, N.I5.
187.') Ujliuids, W. Harry, I<Js([., F.S.A., o7 (jirwit lin.ssi'll .Sti'eet,\V.C.
L. 1881 Rjlauds, T. Cf., Esq., F.S.A., Hightiukls, Tliolwall, Clicshire

L. 1888 Stair, Tjik IJuiiir ][on-. 1111^: Eari> of, K.T., LL.D., Burganiy
Castle, Ayrshire
1802 Seward, Edwin, E.s(|., .^o Newport. Road, CardilF

1877 Sheraton, 11., E.s(|., 2 Hightiold lioad, Ituck Ferry, Birkcnliead
1885 Sibbald, J. (I., Esq., Admiralty, S.W.

1876 Sitnion, L., Esq., JJerlin (care of Asher and Co., lo Bedford
Street, Covenfc Garden)

1879 Simpkinson, Rev. J. N., i\LA., North Creake, Eakenliani, Nor-
folk
I.. 18G5 Simpson, Rev. \V. Sparrow, D.D., E.S.A., Vice- 1' res id ad, 0
Amen Court, E.C.

18S-J! Skipwith, Grey H., Esc]., 2o Arboretum Street, Noltingliam

1890 Smiles, Clement Locke, Esq., 1-5 Bedford Row, W.C.

1878 Smith, Worthington G., Esq., 121 High Street South, Dun-

stable, Beds.

188J; Smith, Jonathan, Esq , Go Rcdcliffe Gardens, S.W.

188G Soames, Captain R., Scaldwell, Northampton

1881 Soames, Rev. C, Mildenhall Rectory, Marlborough

1888 Sorley, Robert, Esq., 13(3 Argyle Street, Gla.sgow, N.B.

I8O0 Southport Free Liln-ary, Southport

1867 Stevens, Josepli, Esq., Hurstbourne, Alexandra Road, llL^ading

C ISO-i Stoplier, T., Esq., High Street, Winchester

1-. 1878 Strickland, Edward, Esq., Bristol

1892 Sykcs, Rev. Vv'. Slater, M.A., 50 Broomgrove Road, Sheilield

L. 1877 Talbot, C. H., Esq., Lacock Abbey, Chippenham

1875 Thompson, E. M., Esq., D.C.L., LL.D., F.S.A., Vi'-c-rresiJent,

Principal Librarian, British Museum, W.C.

1885 Thompson, John, Esq., 4o Wood Street, Peterborough

188G Tickjier, T. F., Esq., 7 Bishop Street, Coventry

1892 Tiltmau, A. Hessel, Esq., 70 Torrington Square, W.C.

1891 Touch, George Alexander, Esq!, 47 Goldhurst Terrace, N.W.
1875 Trappes-Lomax, Mrs. T. iiyrnand, Clayton Hall, Accrington

1879 Trcmlett, Rear-Admiral, Belle Vue, Tunbridge AVells

1874 Tuke, William ]\Iurray, Esq., Satiron Walden, Essex

1894 Turner, Geo. Hen., Esq., o5 Roslyn Hill, Hampstead, N.W.

L. 1878 Westminstek, His Gi;a<'e tul; Hukk of, K (j., Grosvenor

House, W.
1894 Winchester, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishoi' of, Farnham

Castle, Surrey
C 1894 Wi.xchesjeu, The Yi:i;Y Rev. the Dean of. The Deanery,

Winchester

1875 Weston, Sir Joseph, Dorset House, Clifton Down, Bristol
1845 Woods, Sir Albert, K.C.M.G., CO., F.S.A. , Gartn- Kinr/ of

Anns, Heralds' College, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.
18G0 Wacc, Henry T., Es<|., F.S.A., Brooklands, Abbey Foregalc,
Shrew sbury
1891 h

Xviii LIST OF ASSOL'IATKS.

L. lS7o Wake, IkrlKird, Kstj-

1880 Wallbrd, Mi-s.,

187-t Walker, E. Lake, Esq., 2'J Priuco's Gate, S.W.

18G8 AVallis, Alfred, Esq., F.R.S.L., Kegeiit's Park, Hcavitrcc.
Exeter

1881 Walmsley, Gilbert C, Esq., 50 Lord Street, Liverpool
1872 Ward, II., E.>^q., Kodbarton, Penkridge, Staflbrdshire
1891 Warrv, I). K., Esq., -J.-! Park Row, Greenwich, S.E.
1877 Waj,'K. E., Esq., 5G Mervau lload, Brixton, S.W.

1884 AVellby, John IL, Esq., 1 Sussex Place, llegeub's Park, N.W.

L. 1887 Westlake, N. H. J., Esq.,

1887 Wheeler, Mrs., Hooper's Hill House, Margate

1891 Williams, Charles J., Esq., 10 Trump Street, E.G.

1892 Williams, Edw. Jenkin, Escj., M.S.A., 15 Queen Street, Car-

diff
1675 Wilson, C. M., Esq., Waldershaigh, Bolsterstoue, near Shef-
field

1884 Wiustonc, B., Esq., M.D., 53 Russell Sciuare, W.C.
L. 1882 Wolfe, :\Iiss, High Broom, Crowborough, Sussex

L. 1881 Wood, C. P., Esq., M.A., Froyle Park, Alton, Hants.

1885 Wood, Humphrey, Esq., F.S.A., Chatham
I,. 18G3 Wood, Richard, Esq.,

L. 186-i Wood, 11. H., Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Penrhos House, Rugby
1894 Wooder, William X., Esq., o6 Cromwell Avenue, Highgato
1890 Woollcombe, Robt. Lloyd, Esq., LL.D., M.R.I. A., F.R.S.A.
(Ireland), 14 Waterloo Road, Dublin

1890 Worsfold, T. Cato, Esq., Addison Hou.se, Balhnm Hill, S.W.

L 1845 Wright, G. R., Esq., F.S.A.,Vice-Presidc)(t, Junior Athena)um
Club, W.
1859 Wyatt, Rev. C. P., U.K., Broughton Rectory, Banbury
1884 Wyon, Allan, Esq., F.S.A., F.S. A.Scot., F.R.G.S., Hon.
Treasurer and Vice President, 2 Laugham Chambers, Port-
land Place, W.

1891 YoKK, His Guaoc tuic ARCiiBisuor of, D.D., Bisliopstborpe,

York
187C Yorkshire Philnsuphical Society, York

XIX

Hocal iBembfrs of tlje Counfil.

Berkshire ^ ^^''- ^^""^y- ^^1' F-^- A., Herborough House, Newbury
\ Dr. J. Stevens, Ilurstbounie, Alexandra Koad, Reading

Bristol, City and ) ^ „ , , t^ - . „ o, . , , ^ , ^.,.„ t, .
County ( *'• i^eynolds, Esq., ;j All Saints' Road, Clifton, Bristol

r II. Sheraton, Esq., 2 Ilighfield Road, Rock Ferry, Birk-

CiiEsniRE -! enhead

(T. Cann Hughes, Esq., M.A., Town Clerk's Office,
Manchester

Cornwall Rev. AV. S. Lach-Szyrma, ]M.A.

DERBYPiiinE A. E. Cokayne, Esq., Bakewell

DyyQ^ I 1^- Brent, Esq., F.S.A., 6 Tothill Avenue, Plymouth

I Alfred Wallis, Esq., PMl.S.L., Regent's Park, Ileavi-

tree, Exeter

l)uRirv\r \ ^^^' ^^' Ilooppell, M.A., Byers Green, Spennynioor
( J. H. Le Keux, Esq., 64 Sadler Street, Durham

Olamorganshiue... Edwin Seward, Esq., f>5 Newport Road, Cardiff

^. ( J. Dalrymple Duncan, Esq., F.S.A., F.S. A.Scot.

l.LAf^GOW I yy (^ ^3j^^j^^ j^g^^ F.S.A., Scot.

Gloucestershire A. C. Fryer, Esq., Ph.D., M.A., F.C.S., F.R.H.S.,
13 Eaton Crescent, Clifton, Bristol

Hampshire W, Payne, Esq., The Thicket, Southsea

Kent Rev, Canon Routledge, M.A., St. Martin's, Canterbury

rrhe Right Hon. Lord Amherst of Hackney, F.S. A.,

MonvoLK -| Didlington Park, Brandon, Norfolk

(Rev. C. G. R. Birch, Brancaster Rectory, King's Lynn

NoRTiiAMrToN-siiiRK J. T. Irvine, Esq., 21 St. Stephen's Terrace, Kirk-
stall, Leeds

^; f Col. James R. Bramble, F.S. A., Cleeve IIouso.Yatton

NOMERsErsniRE ... -^ y^ j. B^^r, Esq , F.S. A., Weston-super-Mare

.^TAFrnitnsTiinr. ... C. Lyiiam, Esq., Stoke-upon -Trent ■
SruiiKV P.. llirkliii. Esq.. U..lly Ilrmsr. Dorkiiig

XX TToXol'.AlIY coIiPvK.SrOXOKXTS.

Wauwicksiuuk ... ^\■. ( ;. Frettuii, Ivsq., F.S..\., IlearsivU ToiTace, Coventry

WoRCESTEUSiiii;i;... II. New, Esq., (Ti'een Hill, Evesliam

YoiMCsiiiiiK ( J. P. Priteliett, Esq., 24 llioh Kow. Dnrlinptoii

Juhu H. riiillip.';, Esq., Philosophical and Archajolo
gical Society, Scarborough

j;)onorar|) Contspontirnts.

AHis, G., V,^Q., liail Gate, Lincoln

Jlarrett, R. B., Esq., Towyri, Sautes Roail, "Wandsworth

l^eck, E. W., Esq., 10 Constantine Road, N.W.

lilair, R., Es.]., South Shield.s

Peloe, E. M., jun., Esq., King's Lynn, Norfolk

IJodger, J. W., Esq., Oowgate, Peterborough

Bond, E. A., Esq., C.B.. F.S.A., Londou

Brown, Alderman C, The Folly House, Chester

<'anham, A. S., Esq., Crowland

Clarke, A. E., Esq., The Old Market, Wisbech

Clutterbuck, Rev. R. H., Penton Mewsey Rectory, Andovcr

Cole, H. D., Esq., ^^'inchester

Collier, Rev. C. V., Faversham, Kent

Curtis, J., Esq., Canterbury

Curtis, T. F., Esq., 07 Frith Street, Soho

Dallas, James, Esq., E.xeter iNIuseum, Exeter

Davis, Cecil T.. Esq., Public Library, Wandsworth, S.W.

Dawe, Ernest R., Esq., Hatfield Hall, Durham

Duke, Rev. T. K. IL, Stevington Vicarage, Bedford

Fairbank, Dr., F.S.A., fj!) Warrior Square, St. Leonard's

Forbes, Ur. J. Russell, 93 Via Babuino, Rome

Frater, Geo., Es(|., The Bank, Wrexham

Gardner, Alexander, Esq., Paisley

ILince, E. M., Esq., LL.D., School Board Offices, Liverpool

Irvine, W. Ferguson, Es(j., 13 Rumford Road. Liverj^ool
Jones, Lsaac ]\Iatthews, Esq., City Surveyor, Chester

Knocker, E. Wollaston, Esq., F.S.A., Castle Hill House, Dover
Lawrence, G. F.. Esq., 5r> High Street, Wandsworth. S.W.

Le P»oeuf, Rev. T. II , Crowland Vicarage, Lincolnshire

^Licmichael, J. IL. Esq., High Roothing, Essex

.Morris, Kcv. Canon Foxley, Witney Rectory, Oxon.

I*ayne, G.. E.>q., F.«.A., The Precincts, Rochester

Peacock, E., Esq., F.S.A., Hottesfcrd Manor, Brigg, Lincdnshire

Rimmer, A., Esq., Crooke House, Chester

Robinson, F. J , E.sq., Gosling's Bank, Fleet Street, E.C.

Rowbottom, G. H., Esq., Manchester and SaHord Bank, ^Manchester

Sanders, Rev. F., Iloylake, Birkenhead

Saunders, W. II., Esq., High Street, Portsmouth

Skey, Mrs. L. C, 3 Roman Road, Bedford Park. W.

Swann, IMiss, 141 Woodstock Road, Oxford

Sykes, Rev. Slater, 27 Havelock Road, Sheffitld

Wells, Stewart F., Esq., Milestone House, Denmark Hill

Williams, F. H., Esq., (Jhcster

Wilkinson, J. P., Esq., Citv Surveyor's Office, Manchester

Wood, J. M., Esq., 113 Balfour Road, IIighl)ury, N.

Wright, W. Aldis, Esfp, i\LA., Cambridge.

Wright, W. H. K., Es({., Tlie Free Library, Plymouth

Yates, G. C, Kstp. F.S.A., Swinton, Manchester

IIONUKAUY roUKUi.N .MIlMliERS. XXI

Ai'Lt'llot, M. L'Abbc', Limoges

Ardunt, JNlonsieiir ALiurico, Limoges

Bouteloii, Don Claudio, Seville

liover, Don Joii(|uin iNIaria, Minorca

lirassai, Professor Samuel, Klauseiiberg, Transylvania

Bnxgseh-Bey, IL, Gratz

Cara, Sigiior (Jaetano, Cagliari

Carrara, Professor, Spalatro

Cassaquy, Monsieur Poncin, Seraings-sur-Meuse, near Liege

Cesnola, General Luigi Palma di. New York

Chalon, M. Ptenier, President of the Ro>/cd ^^^tm^S7naiic Society of Behjiuriiy

Bru>sels
Coste, Monsieur, Marseilles

Courval, Le Vicomte de, au Chateau de Pinon^ near Cliavignon
Dassy, Monsieur, IMarseilles
Delisle,. Monsieur Leopold, lion. F.S.A., Paris
J)elgado, Don Antonio, Madrid
Durand, JNlonsieur Antoine, Calais
Dubosc, ]Monsieur, St.-Lo, Normandy
Dupont, Monsieur Gustave, Caen
Dupont, INIonsieur Lecointre, Hon. F'.S.A., Poitiers
Fillon, .Monsieur Benjamin, Fontenay-le-Comte
Forbes, Dr. J. Russell, Rome
Formaville, Monsieur H. de, Caen
(iestoso, Seiior Don Jose, Seville
Ilabel, Herr Schierstein, Biberich
Hefner von Alteneck, Herr von, Munich
Hildebrandt, Herr Hans, Stockholm
Jones, T. Rupert, Esq., F.R.S.
Klein, Professor, Mainz
Kohne, Baron Bernhard, St. Petersburg
lienoir. Monsieur Albert, Paris
Lindenschmidt, Dr. Ludwig, Mainz
]Mo\vat, Mons. Robert, Paris
Nilsson, Professor, Lund
Reichensperger, Monsieur, Treves
Richard, Monsieur Ad., Montpellier
De Rossi, Commendatore, Rome
Da Silva, Chevalier J., Lisbon
Spano, The Canon Giovanni, Cagliari
Stephens, Professor, Copenhagen
Vassallo, Dr. Cesare, Malta

:xxu LXoiiAXui: of tublicatioxs.

PUBLICATIONS EXCnANGED WITH

The Society of Antiquaries of London, Burlington House, London, W.

The Royal Archaeological Institute, Oxford Mansion, Oxford Street, W.

The Bristol and Gloucestershire Archfcological Society, the Museum, Glouces-
ter

The Cambridge Antiquariau Society. — Care of Dr. Ilardcastle, Downing Col-
lege, Cambridge

The Derbyshire Archseological and Natural History Society, Derby

The Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, Maidstone

The Somersetshire Society of Antiquaries, Taunton

The Sussex Archaeological Society, The Castle, Lewes

The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, National Museum, Queen Street, Edin-
burgh

Society d'Archeologie de Bruxelles, Rue de Palais, Brussels

The Society of Antiquaries, The Castle, Newcastle-on-Tyne

The Wiltshire Archaeological Society, Devizes

The Cambrian Archaeological Association, 4 Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.

The Powys-land Club, care of the Rev. W. V. Lloyd, Haslebech Rectory,
Northampton

The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 7 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin

The Royal Dublin Society, Kildare Street, Dublin

The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S. America.

The Library, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington D. C, U.S. America

And sent to —
The University Libraries (4). — Care of G. W. Eccles, Esq., 9G Great Russell

Street, W.C.

The Copyright Office, British Museum.

THE JOURNAL

Briti^l) avcljacological association.

MAECH 1894.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS DELIVERED AT
THE WINCHESTER CONGRESS

llV THK i;i(HlT HON. THE EARL OF NORTHBROOK, G.C.S.I.,
L0);T)-LIEUTENANT of HAMPSHIRE, ETC.

Whi^n I was lionoured by being asked to be President
of this Congress I said that, not professing to be an
archaeologist, I considered myself very unworthy of the
distinction, and I oidy consented to accept the honour
because it was thought I might be of some service to
the Association. I was afterwards somewhat alarmed
at being told that it was usual for the President to
deliver what is called an " inaugural address", but I was
comforted by finding that at the last meeting held in
this city, in 1845, the Marquis of Northampton, who
was then President, confined himself to a ver}^ few
remarks, and left to the Dean of Westminster, the late
Samuel Wilberforce, the duty of recommending the
objects of the Association to public support. We have
here to-night an ecclesiastical dignitary still more closely
connected with us than Dean Wilberforce then was —
I mean, of course, the Dean of Winchester, who has not
only carefully studied the history of our Cathedral and
dealt with its flibric with admirable judgment and good
taste, but has given us an excellent history of Win-
chester, and is superintending the issue of the volumes
of the Hampshire Record Society, which wall throw
nuich additional light on the antiquities of the county
and city. As the Dean is about to read a paper to-

1894 1

2 IXAUGVRAL ADDRESS.

nio-ht, I have asked him to be so kind as to supplement
Hiy brief observations with, some general remarks. He
has kindly assented, and I am sure the arrangement
\\\\] be as agreeable to you as it is to myself.

Only a few years ago it was necessary that the study
of antiquities 'should be advocated by distinguished
scientific and literary men, objections answered, and
public support solicited. All this is now changed; archseo-
logy has become a popular study — a pastime, I might
almost say — and the observation of a clever wiiter, not
a hundred years ago, that " constant residence soon de-
stroys all sensibility to objects of local enthusiasm", would
be absolutely out of place here. We in Hampshire have
our Field Club, which has already issued several num-
bers of its Proceedings. Our county newspapers have their
" Notes and Queries"; one of them. The Ohserver, has
issued six handy and interesting volumes of these notes,
published during the last twelve years, and another has
followed the example by the publication of two similar
volumes. Everything around us betokens a keen and
intelligent interest in antiquarian research, and much
has been done of late years to illustrate the history and
antiquities of our county. We have, indeed, up to the
present time no grand and complete county history con-
taining such details as may be found in the classical
county histories of England ; but last year a short history
of Hampshire was written by Mr. Shore, which gives,
among other valuable matter, a learned and complete
account of early times. Canon Benham has written a
history of the diocese, Mr. Wise an account of the New
Forest, Miss F)ramston and Miss Leroy their TUstorw
Winchester and City of Memories^ the Dean his History
of Winchester.

Histories have also been published of Southampton
and Basingstoke, as well as of many of our villages, such
as St. Mary Bourne, Winchfield, Swarraton, Northing-
ton, Ashe, and W^yke. Canon Moberly has written a
life of William of Wykeham, Mr. Kirby last year collected
most valuable materials for the history of the College,
and Canon Humbert has given us an account of St. Cross.
Mr. Godwin has made a study of the Civil War in Hamp-
shire ; accounts of Bramsbill, The Vyne, and Strathfield-

INAUGITTJAL ADDIJESS. 3

saye, have been pnljlished under the auspices of then-
owners ; and Lord Selborne lias contributed a vahiable
chapter upon the antiquities of Selborne to the last
edition of our favourite Hampshire classic, Gilbert White.
Lastly, Mr. Gilbert of Southampton has produced, in his
Bibliotheca Ilantoneims, a very useful list of the publica-
tions concerning the county.

No one can deny that Winchester presents an unri-
valled field for antiquarian research, and is admirably
suited to be the place of meeting of such an Association
as this. The SOOtli anniversary of our Cathedral, the
700th anniversary of the establishment of our munici-
pality, and the 500th anniversary of the College of St.
Mary, have successively been celebrated here in a manner
M-orthy of their historical importance, not unaccompanied
by those banquets which have been popular in Winches-
ter since the days of St. Dunstan.

I may be allowed, I hope, to take this opportunity of
congratulating the authorities of the College and the city
upon the successful proceedings of last week. It was a
rare privilege "Omnibus Wiccamicis", as well as to out-
siders, to be allowed to assist at such an assembly of dis-
tinguished men met to do honour to the Foundation of
William of Wykeham. I hardly know when the Arch-
bishops of Canterbury and Yoi'k have ever before been
present together on a public occasion in Winchester,
unless at the coronation of Edward the Confessor.

I leave it to others to dwell upon the antiquities of our
city ; but I must be permitted to observe that we citizens
are proud of belonging to " the most historical of English
cities", and in the reflection that here has been the origin
and source of the language, of the laws, of the literature,
of the commerce, and of the navy of England. Although
Winchester is no longer the favoured residence of kings,
" her ancient buildings" (to use the eloquent language of
our Dean), " her many customs and usages of the past,
her tranquil l^eauty and pleasant neighbourhood, give to
the venerable city a right to the undying aftection of all
whose lot has fallen to them in such pleasant places."
Moreover, while our municipal institutions go back to the
remotest past, in no other city of England has municipal
government been better conducted in the present, or

4 INAriil'llAL ADDKE«S.

have the chief magistrates, of whom you, Mr. Mayor, are
so worthy a representative, more constantly commanded
the confidence and respect of their fellow-citizens.

Ladies and gentlemen, while the study of anti(|uities
has the advantage of causing us to reflect that

" Tlie glories of our birth ami stale
Are shadows, not substantial things",

T venture to think that one of the main advantages of
vour researches is to bring prominently for\A'ard the
merits of those Hampshire worthies who passed their
lives "toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing", in the places which
vou visit, and whose records you are so careful to preserve.
In carr3'ing out the programme of the Association
there will be ample opportunity for such reflections. At
Hurslev you svill see the church built by John Keble
from the profits oVllw Christian Year. When the beauties
of Romsey Abbey are pointed out to you, you must re-
member that hard by is Broadlands. the home of Lord
Palmerston, the most popular of English Prime Ministers
of modern times, whose long life was devoted to the ser-
vice of his country. To-morrow you are to make an ex-
cursion in the more immediate neighbourhood of Win-
chester. Part of your road has been described by William
Cobbett in graphic language, which I am sure I may be
excused for (poting : " We went to King's Worthy, that
is about two miles on the road from Winchester to Lon-
don, and then, tui-ning short to our left, came up upon
the downs to the north of Winchester Ilace-Course. Here,
looking back at the city and at the fine valley above and
below it, and at the many smaller valleys tliat run down
from the high ridges into that gieat and fertile valley, I
could not help admiring the taste of the ancient kings
who made this city a chief ])lace of their residence. 'I'here
are not many finer spots in England. Here are liill, dell,
water, meadows, woods, cornfields, downs, and all of them
very fine and very beautifully disposed." You will see
Sparsholt, the birthplace of Sir Herbert Stewart ; you
will jiass near the valley of the 'J'est, where lies Laver-
stoke, the seat of our able and respected Chairman of
(^)uarter Sessions, Mr. Melville Portal, whose eldest son,
Jiaymond Portal, the heau ideal of a gallant soldier, has

iNAliaURAL ADDRESS. 5

just lost his life in the nohlest of all causes, the suppres-
sion of the slave-trade of Central Africa. At Stratton
you must not forget that the memory of Rachel Lady
liussell haunts the heech-avenues where she walked in
her happy days ; while on your way back to Winchester
you will see Headbourne Worthy, where the learned
Joseph Bingham wrote his Orifjines Ecdesiastiae. These
few names present themselves within the narrow limits
of two excursions, and must only be taken as a sample of
what you would find elsewhere in the county of 8outh-
anipton.

Perhaps such remarks as these can hardly be strictly
brought within the province of archaeology, but at least
the connection is close ; and we welcome you to a city
and a county which afford not only material subjects of
the highest interest for your investigations, but the me-
morials of men and women whose lives we honour, whose
memory we cherish, and whose example we strive to
follow.

THE HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL FONT,
WINCHESTER.

BY THE VERY KEY. THE DEAN OF ^VINCHESTEK, F.S.A.
(Read Au'just \sl, 1893, durbvj the Winchstcr Con'jress.)

Thkue is, strictly speaking, no evidence as to the history
of this font. It is a singular piece, which has long exer-
cised tlie ingenuity of antiquaries ; many have heen the
conjectures and suggestions respecting it. In the absence
of direct proof, documentary or other, I fear that after all
my paper can only deal with the probabilities of the case,
and the conclusions drawn cannot boast of scientific cer-
tainty.

I have been so fortunate as to receive most generous
help from Miss Swann of Walton Manor, Oxford, the
niece and heiress of that learned archa3ologist, Professor
Westwood. Acting on his suggestion. Miss Swann had
collected materials for a monograph on the group of fonts
of which ours is the most remarkable example. The Pro-
fessor's death obliged her to lay aside, for a time at least,
her projected work ; and with a liberality for which I
cannot be too grateful, she has allowed me to see and use
her papers and drawings : these have given me the clue
to the origin of the font, and have enabled me to work
out the subject. It is not too much to say that without
her help this paper could not have been written.

As we have no documentary evidence, we must fall
back on such data as the font itself supplies. These
may be enumerated under the following heads: — (l), the
material of which it is made ; (2), the shape and form of
it; (3), the subjects carved on it; (4), details of the
sculpture; (5), comparison with other fonts belonging to
the same group.

As to this last point, let me say at once that M. Paul
Saintenoy published last year his Prolegomenes a Vetude
d(i rafjiliation des formes des fonts haptismaux, and has
provided us with a good list of these remarkable works
of art.

(1.) What is the stone of which the Winchester font is
made ? It is clear that if we can trace it to the quarry

THE CATHEDRAL FOXT, WINCHESTER. 7

we shall have made a long step towards the solution of
our problem. The material is a very dark stone, almost
black, with a bluish tinge about it. It is very hard and
close-grained. It used to be called " basaltic". This, how-
ever, is a mistake. There is no basaltic character about
it. It has also been pronounced, by a competent geolo-
gist, to be slate-stone from Derbyshire. The dangerous
man worked at a fracture with his knife, and before I
could interfere with him, succeeded in detaching a small
piece about the size of a child's tinger-nail. He discovered
evidence of lamination in it, and concluded that it was
" a hard black slate". Another scientific person applied
the test of acid to the Southampton font, and seeing
effervescence, declared it to be " a very hard limestone-
rock". Others call it "a black marble"; and as geologists
define marble as "any kind of limestone which will readily
take a polish", and our font is susceptible of a high polish,
the last two suggestions may be regarded as one and the
same.

I asked Messrs. Farmer and Brindley on the point,
and their kind reply was that "Mr. Brindley" (who is one
of our chief authorities on stones) "thinks it probably is
one of the picked beds of hlack marble which are found
in Ireland and Belgium." " He does not think it at all
likely that the material is slate"; and referring to the
point of lamination, he adds that " a great deal of the old
paving of London, usually called slate, comes from the
thin beds of black marble found in Belgium, which are
somewhat laminated."

Finally, I ventured to apply a little acetic acid to one
of the unrubbed portions of the surface (where it could
do no harm), with the result that a slight effervescence
at once took place. The bubbles which came up and burst
may be safely taken as having proved that there is lime
in the stone.

We may, therefore, lay it down as certain that it is a
black or bluish-black marble. Now beds of this kind of
marble are still being won from the quarries at Tournay
in Hainauit. These quarries lie in the hills along the
course of the river Scheldt, which is navigable for craft
of a fair size all the w^ay from Tournay to Ghent, and
thence to the sea below Antwerp.

8 HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL FONT,

(2.) As to tl\e form of tlie font, Avliich is the i^eiieial
shape of the group, it consists of a nearly square block of
stone supported on a massive central column, with four
smaller disengao-ed columns at the angles.

(3.) The subjects carved on it will help us materially
towards the approximate date. On the spandrils of the
top are carved symbolic subjects; on two sides, leaves
and flowers, or grapes ; on the other two sides, two doves
drinking out of a vase, from which issues a cross, — sub-
jects denoting baptism. These, and the medallions on
the east and north faces, tend to give an impression of
high antiquity to the font, and are clearly traditional,
indicating that at the place where the stone was worked
certain well-defined types of symbols were in use. This
symbolism agrees perfectly well with the development of
sculptural art at Tournay, where, we are told by M. L.
Cloquet (in his admirable guide-book, Tournai et le Toiir-
iiaisis, p. 41) the carved work of the twelfth century is
remarkable for " des sculptures toutes conventionelles et
plus ou moins bizarres dans leiir myster'ieux symholisriwJ^

The bas-reliefs on the west and south faces of our font
are far more helpful. Bishop Milner, over a century ago,
pointed out that they depict the miracles of St. Nico-
las of M^n-a ; but it did not occur to him to connect this
discovery, as he might well have done, with the date of
the work. It so happens that the subject of St. Nicolas
limits the jjeriod somewhat closely, and shows that the
old view as to the very high antiquity of the font is un-
tenable.

In 1087 Italian merchants trading with the East
brought over to Bari, on the South Adriatic coast of Italy,
beside their ordinary merchandise, the bones of St. Nico-
las. Bari received the holy visitor with great devotion,
and the Cathedral became at once a noted thaumaturgic
centre. As it lay in the world's highway, the Saint's
fame spread rapidly across Europe, and he at once became
the fashion as a popular subject of legend and of art, the
kinsman of legend. Churches also in considerable num-
bers were dedicated to him in the West in the twelfth
and following centuries. In England alone there are
three hundred and sixty-two churches of St. Nicolas.
Presently this enthusiasm for the Saint found place in

"'■2*^

roNT AT zi;Di:r.(:m.M. m;au iuu'(;i.s, hki.imim.

rONT AT WIN( III STIR CATHlcriRAr..

WINCHESTKR. 9

literature, and we find the story of the raising of the
three youths (one of the subjects portrayed on our font)
taken as the groundwork of a "Mystery" written by an
EiigUsh Benedictine monk, named Hilary, in tlie year
1125.^ Wace also, the Anglo-Norman poet (who flourished
about the middle of the twelfth century), composed a
Life of St. Nicolas in old French and old English. Tlie
tale thus having spread with evident signs of popularity,
it is natural that attempts to express the incidents of it
in stone should speedily follow ; and one of these efforts
we find on our font. We may say with some confidence
that this development of the- legend cannot have been
earlier than the middle of the twelfth century, and there
is good ground for thinking tha,t it does not belong to a
later time than the year 1200.

(4.) I have already hinted that our font was carved in
Hainault. Now Count Robert of Flanders, with his Bel-
gian followers, returned from Crusade at the very end
of the eleventh century. They, no doubt, brought with
them details as to the wonder-worker of Bari ; and this
may also be a date-indication.

Another point in the proof is this : the architecture on
our font and on that at Zedelghem is the " florid Bo-
mance" ("le Boman fleure"), which flourished in the transi-
tion between the severer Norman and the"ogival Gothic"
which followed it. This also points to the twelfth century.

On the Zedelo'hem font (on which there are distinct
post-Norman architectural features) a knight stands at
each angle, bearing a shield emblazoned with a coat of
arms; and these emblazonments did not come into use till
after the first Crusade, at the beirinnino- of the twelfth
century. The Norman gentleman, with hawk in hand,
who stands on the south face of the Winchester font, also
l)elongs to about the same period.

The mitre worn by St. Nicolas provides us with by far
the best evidence of date. Mabillon points out that the
mitre, as part of a bishop's official dress, was not recog-
nised till the very end of the eleventh century. It sprang
out of a flat kind of cap, and was at first very low. In
the earliest examples extant (as that of Bishop Ulger of

^ Hilar a Versus ei ludi. Lut. Paris. Techeiier, 1888. — Origities latines
du thedtre moderne. Paris, 1849. — -Molanus de imacjinihus, cum iiotis
Paquot, p. 388.

10 HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL FONT,

Angers, a.d. 1149) the mitre is depressed in the middle,
over the brows, and rises into two low horns over the
ears. This is the "mitra corniculata". After a time fashion
changed, and the mitre was Avorn with one peak directly
over the nose, and the lowest part over the ears. This
change shows itself in the latter half of the twelfth cen-
tury, and is the mark of transition from the low to the
hio'h mitre, from the "corniculata" to the " bifida"; and
the tall mitre is found in use at the very beginning of the
thirteenth century. On our font, though the carving
leaves a little doubt on the point, it will, I think, be
generally agreed that the three mitres all have the blunt
point over the nose, and therefore belong to the close of
the twelfth century. We are thus brought, in another
way, to the same point.

If it is urged that the sculpture wears too archaic a
look for that period, we may reply that the hardness of
the material helps largely to give this look of age to the
work ; and also, that in the district in which the font
was carved, certain art-traditions may have still been
strong ; also, that forms of art and symbols of an archaic
character may have been introduced there by the Cru-
saders.

(5.) We may now pass on to consider the school or
class of fonts, and see whether we can extract any useful
hints from others of the series. They are all made of the
same black marble, and all present marked similarities of
subject and workmanship.

Of this stone are made the following fonts, which form
the group of which ours is the most interesting example :

I. Ill Belgium . • (1) Zedelghem, near Bruges

„ . . (2) Tcrmonde (or Dendermoiide), not far

from Ghent
II. In Northern France (-i) Noirou leVineaux, near Laou

„ , . (I) St. Just in the " Oi.se", on the Railway

between Aiiiien.s and Pari.s
III. lu England . . (5) Winchester Cathedral \

(G) East Meon VHauts^

(7) St. jNIichael's, Soutliampton i
(«) St. Mary Bourne )

^ It appears that the original font in Komsey Abbey Church, Hants,
was al.so one of this series. When that Church was unfortunately
" restored", about half a century ago, the old font, being in a bad state,
was broken up and thrown away.

Wr.\(;EII']STER. 11

III. In En";laiul . . (U) Lincoln Ciitliodral I , . , , .

,r . . (10) Thornton Curtis ^ l^'"^"!"-'"^"^

. (11) Sh Peter's, Ipswich, Sufiblk

111 tlie tiist place, the dispersion of these black fonts —
two in Northern France, two in Belgium, and several
near the sea in England — seems to indicate a point
neither English nor French but Belgian for their origin ;
and with this the evidence of the Tournay quarries agrees.
This dark limestone-marble is a rare stone, and is known
to have been early exported to England from that place.
It still exists as pavement in the streets of London.

Through the kindness of Miss Swann I have here a
careful drawing of the font at Zedelghem, near Bruges,
from which we see clearly how close is the relation be-
tween it and ours at Winchester. (See Plates.) We see
at once how correct is M. Saintenoy when he says that
"Les fonts baptismaux de Lincoln et de Winchester ont la
meme origine beige et tournaisienne. Pour ceux de Win-
chester, c'est incontestable"; and again, " Les fonts de

Winchester presentent avec ceux de Zedelghem et

de Termonde des analogies telles qu'il n'est pas possible
de douter de leur origine commune. C'est frappant."

Let us for a moment compare the two, Winchester and
Zedelghem. It will be seen that they are not mere
copies of one another, but independent works ; carved,
however, at the same time and by tlie same hand. In
the Zedelghem font all the four short columns at the
angles are carved with spiral ribs or twists : so are two
of the Winchester columns. It looks as if the other two
had been replaced at some time by two plain and un-
carved pillars. The large central column is identical in
both. The line-ornament on the bases is the same,
though the Zedelghem font has also interesting heads at
the four angles, which have no parallel with us. The
bas-reliefs olfer the nearest resemblance. Both portray
St. Nicolas ; both treat his legend in the same way,
though with interesting variations of detail and arrange-
ment. The two ships, with those in them, are almost iden-
tical in shape, rigging, and ornament, with the same heads
of beasts at bow and stern. But while the Zedelghem
ship shows no steering gear, ours has a very interesting
and modern-looking rudder, over the tiller of w^iich the

12 HISTORY OF TEE CATHEDRAL FONT,

steersman has his arm. The ships seem to nidlcate that
the carver had Ijefore hhn some drawing or model ot a
sliip which lie, in tlie inland town, copied with exacti-
tude ; hut, being unfamiliar with shipping, in one case
forgot the rudder. The king's son, at the bottom of the
sea, is seen on both fonts. At Zedelghem he throws his
arms out ; at Winchester he clasps the fatal cup of gold.
There are strong resemblances between the building-
shown on both fonts ; they are said to be meant for the
cathedral church at Myra in Lycia. The legend of the
three young men is very similarly treated, though the
arrang-ement of the hgures is different. The executioner
with his axe, and the female figure beliind him, have
most minute resemblances in dress. The Zedelghem font
places this incident in a remarkable, late Norman archi-
tectural setting, which is altogether wanting from our
font. And lastly, the dowering of the three poor virgins,
thougli differently treated, is on both. The conclusion is
irresistible, — the tw^o fonts came out of the same work-
shop, and were probably both carved by the same hand.

There is a similar striking resemblance between the
font at St. Michael's, Southampton, and that at Dender-
moncle, not far from Ghent, the ornamentation of the
two being almost identical.

(5.) Where were these fonts, so remarkable and so in-
teresting a group, carved ? Everj^thing points to one
spot — Tournay in Hainault. The stone can certainly be
traced to the beds of dark, calcareous marble still quar-
ried along the banks of the Scheldt, above and below
Tournay. The lines of distribution agree with Tournay
as a centre ; and the artistic and commercial history of
that city strongly confirms our contention.

At Tournay there was a very remarkable early school
of stone carving, the influence of which can be traced far
and wide. ''' Les monuments de Tournay" (says a writer
in the Message)' des Sciences, etc., de la Behj'ique, the Bel-
gian arch;eological journal) " sont les incunables de I'ar-
cheologie de I'ouest de I'Europe. lis sont a la Gaule
septentrionale et a la Germanie ce que sont les monu-
ments de Byzance a I'empire de I'Orient." And M. Clo-
quet {Touruai et le Toiirnaisis, p. 37) tells us that as
early as the eleventh century there was well established

WlNCHESTEIt. 13

at Touriiay "a scliool of art wliicli taua^ht the Lombard
style, and became renowned far and wide."

Tlie new clioir of Tounmy Cathedral was beo-un in the
bluestone of the district in the year 1110, and M-as not
completed till eighty years later. The transepts were
built about the same time, and remain, though the choir
has g'iven place to a fine specimen of later architecture.
The Cathedral, a noble structure with five Romanesque
towers, shows everywhere that in the twelfth and thir-
teenth centuries Tournay had a very vigorous school of
sculptors in the hard stone of the district. Their work
takes mainly the form of hassi relievi, executed in a some-
what naive and simple style. The decoration of doorways
and tympana, etc. (mainly twelfth century work), pre-
sents many points of artistic similarity to the carvings
on our font.

There is yet another way in which we can with much
probability attach our font to Tournay : the point has
already been touched on in this paper. This is, the dis-
tribution of Tournay work, and the way by which it
leached England.

The chief period of vigorous art-life at Tournay may
be said to begin from a.d. 114G, when Pope Eugenius III
reconstituted the bishopric, disconnecting the city and
territory from the diocese of Noyon in France. The place
had a full share of those troubles which were inevitable to
a city standing on the very frontier-line between France
and the Provinces. This precarious position, however,
was favourable to the distribution of Tournaisian art.

The Scheldt at Tourna}'^, a considerable river, navi-
gable for small sliips, was the roadway by which the
bulky products of the marble quarries were transported
north and south. Tliere are many proofs of the extension
of 'I'ournay art and architecture : wherever works of skill
and delicacy were needed, Tournay men were sent for,
and the Tournay artisans seem to have liked to travel
with their own materials. 'J'his is strikingly illus-
trated at Bruges, where even the streets were paved
with the black stone from the quarries ; and where, a
little later than our period, the Tournay brothers Van
Boghem came with their skill and their marble to build
the apsidal chapels of the Church of St. Saviour. A cer-

14 HISTORY OF THE CATllEDHA 1. FONT,

tain type of window, not uncommon nt Brno-es, was Rtyled
" la fenetre tournaisienne"'.

The stone was hi'onght from the Scheldt to Ghent, and
carried thence by road or canal in different directions.
Thus the blue marble fonts were distributed, one at Den-
dermonde eastward, the other at Zedelghem ^^•est^vard,
from Ghent ; and from Ghent down the Scheldt to the
sea went those fonts which were destined for England.
One such shi|)ment we can trace to the Lincolnshire coast
(probal)ly some point on the Wash), whence it was for-
warded inland by water. In this way the font at Thorn-
ton Curtis (not far fi'om the coast) and that in Lincoln
Cathedral, both of them specimens of this twelfth cen-
tury" art in Tournay stone, arrived on our coasts. An-
other shipment took a more southerly line, and reached
Southampton, along the trade-route followed by the
Venetian galleys. This consignment of fonts w-as pro-
bably bought in the lump by one of the Bishops of Win-
chester, for there are four of the series in Hampshire, all
placed in churches closely connected with the Bishop, viz.,
the cathedral church, and the three twelfth century
churches of St. Michael (Southampton), East Meon, and
St. Mary Bourne, all in the Bisliop's gift.

Commercial relations between Belgium and Etigland
had been much quickened by the first Crusade. It had
infused new qualities into art ; new subjects became
popular, new fashions of work arose. Our earlier Norman
architecture had been severe, almost devoid of ornament.
Li the twelfth century much elaborate carving was intro-
duced, as different from the finer art of the Early Eng-
lish (or First Pointed) churches as it was from the rude
sculpture of the earlier Norman.

If it be urged against Tournay that these fonts are not
now found there and in the Tournaisis, there is an easy
reply. Tliere is hardly a church in the district which
has not been rebuilt in modern times.

We cannot tell whether these Tournay fonts in Hamp-
shire were wrought to order, or wdiether they w^ere
brought round, after the manner of the commerce of that
day, by itinerant merchants. They were very bulky for
the average trader. But we may venture to guess at the
name of the person who gave these four fonts. It can

WINCHESTER, 15

only be a guess, I have shown that it apparently was
one of the Bishops of Winchester. Now between 1150
and 1200 there were only three Bishops of Winchester :
Henry of Blois, a,d. 1129-71; Richard Toclive, 1174-88;
and Godfrey Lucy, 1189-1204, Of these, Godfrey Lucy
may be omitted, as we know that he was a modern man,
devoted to the new "Early English" style then coming in.
He would not have cared for these archaic-looking pieces
of sculpture. It lies, then, between Henry of Blois and
Richard Toclive. Toclive left behind him St. Mary Magda-
lene Hospital, which (though now unliappily swept away)
is known to have been profusely ornamented in the late
Norman style of art ; and the shape and position of the
mitres on our fonts point to a time late in the twelfth
century. So that the donor may well have been Richard
of Ilchester, 1 174-88. On the other hand, Henry of Blois
is known to have been a very munificent lover of foreign
art. He collected things ancient and modern ; he en-
riched his churches, notably the Cathedral. "Nemo... in
rebus ecclesiasticis augendis vel decorandis sollicitior,"^
We must, therefore, conclude that either this splendid
Prelate, King Stephen's brother, or his successor. Bishop
Richard, has the credit of having recognised the beauty
of these black stone fonts, and of having placed them in
our midst.

To sum up this lengthy paper. Our black marble font
is of Belgian origin, coming from the Tournay quarries.
It was carved at Tournay somewhere between the years
1150 and 1200, probably "^bet ween 1170-1200. It has its
twin-brother at Zedelghem, near Bruges ; and we owe it,
with the others of the group, either to Henry of Blois or
Richard (Toclive) of Ilchestei-.

Few fonts have done so little work. In monastic days
baptisms were naturally a matter of no great interest
to the Benedictines in charge of the Cathedral Church.
They had no use for it themselves, and would scarcely
have allowed the common folk of the city to have their
babes christened in it ; while, on the other hand, great
personages, as we see in the account of the baptism of
Prince Arthur in 1486, did not condescend to make use
of it. Since the Reformation it has been used by a few

^ Wiurhestpr Annah, s. a. 1171.

10 CATHEDRAL F«)NT. WINCHESTER.

families living in or connected with the Close ; even so,
the use of it has been very I'ai'e. During the ten years I
have been here there have been only fifteen baptisms.
It is, therefore, doubtful whethei- before this present font
the Cathedral had one at all. At the west end of the
nave, against the last pier on the north side, where the
holv \vater-stou]» stood, may still be seen the base-stone
of a small font of early date. The displaced earlier font,
if there was one at all, may have been put here after-
wards, and used as the holy water-basin.

The subject of these blue marble fonts is one of consi-
derable interest, which would well repay further investiga-
tion. I had intended to visit Tournay and the other places
in Belgium in Mhich these fonts are still to be found ;
but extreme pressure of work and lack of time made it
impossible for me to carry out my wish. We shall, I feel
sure, hear from Mr. Komilly Allen much that will throw
light on the subject, when he approaches it from the side
of the art dis|)layed ; and I hope that this visit of the
British Archaeological Association will have had tlie eftect
of clearing up, if not completely, at least in great part,
the puzzles wln'ch have so long surrounded that well-
known " crux antiquariorum", the font of Winchester
Cathedral,

FONTS OF TITE WINCHESTER TYIM^:.

|;Y J. KOMILI.Y AIJ.KX, KSQ., F.S.A.SCOT.
{Iliad -2/1:1 Aiiijii.st IS!);?.)

The font in Winchester Cathedral forms one of a group
of specimens of twelfth century ecclesiastical art, possess-
ing certain characteristics in common, hy means of wliicli
they can be immediately recognised as belonging to a
type quite distinct from any other. As the Winchester
font is the most important member of the group, I pro-
pose that it shall give its name to the type.

Fonts of the Winchester type exist at the following-
places in England: — Winchester Cathedral, East Meon,
St. Mary Bourne, Southampton (St. Michael's), Ipswich
(St. Peter's), Lincoln Cathedral, Thornton Curtis.

The geographical distribution of this type of font
shows that it is more common in Hampshire than else-
where, and that the remaining examples are found only
in the counties of Suffolk and Lincolnshire, on the eastern
side of England.

Fonts of a similar kind are known to exist on the (Con-
tinent, at Zedelghem^ and Termonde'' in Belgium, and at
Vermand'^ and Montdidier.'* These have been compared
with the English group by M. Paul Saintenoy, the Secre-
tary of the Brussels Archaeological Society, in his Prole-
r/oinencs a V etude de rajfi'liation des formes des Fonts Bap-
tismaux.

The fonts at Winchester and Zedelghem, near Bruges,
are perhaps the most nearly allied, both as regards their
form and the subjects of the hgure-sculpture.

The object of the present paper is to institute a com-
parison between the different fonts of the Winchester

^ Jrul/etin da Comite Arc]teol(>[/i<ine chc Diocese de Bruges, premier
Caln'er, p. 12. Bruges, 1854. Du Ciiumont, Abe'cedaire d'ArchtuAugie.

- Fiiul Saintenoy, Fonts Baptismaux, PI. 9.

^ E. Floury, AntiquiU's et Monuments da De'parfement de I'Aisne, p. 27^.

* De Caumonfc, Caurs d'Antiqniies Mouumentides, Atlufi, Pt. 6, PI. 87,
1841 ; and Viollct-le- Due's Didumnairi' /'aisonne d'Architectuye, vol. v,
p. 53G.

1S91. 2

18 ruNTS OF THE WINCHESTER TYPE.

type, in Englaiul, as regards tlieir form, dimensions, archi-
tectural features, ornamental details, and figure-sculpture.
Tliere is scarcely any variation in the form and general
outline of these fonts, which consist of three parts, namely,
(1), the hoirh round on the inside, and square on the out-
side ; (2), the .stem, composed of five supporting columns
of circular cross-section,— the larger one being under the
centre of the bowl, and the four smaller ones under the
projecting corners ; and (3), the base, which is square, like
the bowl.

I think that we shall all be ready to admit that this
form is an extremely beautiful one ; and a word or two
as to how it was developed may not be out of place here.
The simi)lest kind of font is a single block of stone hol-
lowed out so as to form a receptacle for the water required
for the rite of baptism, and resting on the ground. This
primitive shape may have been suggested by a wooden
tub, or by a stone \vell-head, like those to be seen at
Venice. In order to raise the top of a font of tliis descrij)-
tion to the level at which the officiating priest would not
need to stoop down, either a single block of great size
would have to be used, or a smaller block would have to
be placed on a pedestal. In this way the bowl, the stem,
and the base were differentiated architecturally. A
greater contrast, and therefore a better aesthetic effect,
is produced by making the stem of a different shape from
the bowd ; i.e., a square bowl on a round stem would look
better than a scpiare bowl on a square stem. The limits
of the several architectural parts of the fonts are also de-
fined by making the stem of less diameter than the bowl
or the base. Mow, wdien this is done, and a square bowl
is placed on a round stem, the corners will be found to
project unduly : hence the necessity for the disengaged
shafts at the four angles.^

In fonts of the Winchester type the bow 1 and the capi-
tals of the supporting columns are formed out of one
stone, each of the columns are se])arate stones, and the

1 The font at Castlcmartin, in Pembrukesliire, sliows another way
of solviiif,' the problem. The bowl is scjuare at the top, but hemisphe-
rical below, each of the four sides being semioircular ; so that tht?
.sharp corners arc g(jt rid of altof^'etlier, instead of being supported by
small columns.

FONTS OF TilK WINCHESTER TYPE.

Ji)

bases of tlie columns are all carved on one square block
at the bottom.

The chief dimensions of the fonts are as follow :

Diam. of

Dinm. of

Depth of

Height

Dinm.

Bowl

Total

outside.

inside.

outside.

inside.

Columns

Heifjht.

Base.

Ft. In.

Ft In.

Winchester

3 3

2 4

1 Gi

1 3

1 6

3 2

E. Meon

3 4

2 9

1 9

1 0

0 10

3 3

3 4

St. Mary Bourne

3 7

I 5

1 3

Southampton

3 4

2 6

I 7

1 4

3 0

3 2

Ipswich

3 6J

2 9

1 7

1 0

Lincoln .

3 6

1 7

1 1

3 6

3 9

Thornton Curtis

It appears that the font at St. Mary Bourne is the
largest of the group. The average diameter of the square
bowls, outside, is 3 ft. 6 in.; that at St. Mary Bourne ex-
ceeding this dimension by 1 in., those at Ipswich and
Lincoln being exactly that size, and those at East Meon
and Southampton being just 2 in. under it.

The capitals of the large central columns of these fonts
are either of plain, rounded section, as at Lincoln, Thorn-
ton Curtis, and Winchester, or have a double moulding

of the same shape, with a square moulding between, as at
Ipswich. The capitals of the large central columns have
somewhat the appearance of the bottom of a hemisphei'i-
cal bowl, and thus give an outward suggestion of the
round shape of the receptacle for the water within. In
the case of the font at St. Mary Bourne the ca])ital is
ornamented with mouldings running diagonally, like the
strands of rope in a cable.

The capitals of the four disengaged shafts at the cor-
ners are ornamented either with parallel strlations, as at
Ipswich and Lincoln, or with conventional leaves, as at
East Meon, St. ]\lary Bourne.

The bases of both the large and small columns ring the
changes of the same designs as those found on the capitals.

20 FuNTs (»F Tni; winciikstki; T^ im:.

The laro-e central columns at Winchester, Southamp-
ton, and Lincoln are ornamented with horizontal mould-
ings of different sections; and the small, disengaged
shafts are i)lain in most instances ; but at Winchester
they have a cahle-moulding.

The small shafts are not vertical, being inclined in-
Avards at the top. This slight batter gives an appearance
of stability and strength to the whole.

The ornamental features of the fonts are elaborated
Avith the same care as the architectural details. The por-
tions decorated are the four rectangular panels forming
the vertical sides of the square bowl, and the horizontal
surfice of the top, bounded by a square and the inscribed
circle.

The sculpture consists of figure-subjects taken from
Scripture and the lives of Saints, symbolical birds and
beasts, fabulous creatures, and conventional foliage, offer-
ing quite a mine of wealth to the student of Christian art.

The figure-subjects on two of the sides of the font at
East Meon are purely Scriptural. The scenes are taken
from the o])ening chapters of the Book of Genesis, and
are arranged from right to left, beginning on the north
side, and continuing on the east side, the subjects being
as follows : —

On the North Si(Ie.^i\.) The creation of Adam; a
group of two figures ; tlie Almighty on the right, repre-
sented as Christ with the cruciferous nimbus, placing His
right hand on Adam's left shoulder. Adam is on the left,
holding up the right hand, and hiding his nakedness
with the other.

(2.) The creation of Eve ; a group of three figures ; the
Almighty standing on the right, and Adam lying down
on the left, with Eve coming out of his side. The Almighty
is placing His right hand on Eve's left shoulder in the
same way as He places it on Adam's shoulder in the pre-
ceding scene.

(3.) The Temptation of Adam and Eve; a group of
two figm-es, a tree, and serpent ; the Tree of Life in the
centre, with the serpent coiled round it. On the right.
Eve receiving the aj)ple from the serpent with the right
hand, and covering her nakedness with a fig-leaf held in
the left hand ; and on the left, Adam raising the apple

FONTS OF TIIF: W" INC11ESTF:K TVl'F. 21

to his mouth with tlie left hand, and liidiMo- liis naked-
ness witli a tio- leaf held in the other.

0// the hast Side. — (l.) The Expulsion fi-om Paradise;
a grou)) of three fig'ures and a buildino- ; the angel stand-
ing with a di'awn sword in front of the gates of Paradise
(which are conventionally treated as a Byzantine archi-
tectural composition), driving Adam and Eve before him,
who are still hiding their nakedness with tig-leaves held
in the right hand,

(2.) The Curse after tlie Fall ; a gi'oup of three figures.
On the right, the angel showing Adam, who is on the
left, how to dig witli a spade ; beyond, on the left, Eve
with a distaff and spindle. Adam and Eve are repre-
sented wearing clothes in this last scene.

The details of the costumes, buildings, spinning and
digging implements, are all shown with the most minute
care, and are well worthy of study. The ornamental
border of the cloak worn by the Almighty, in the scene
of the Creation of Adam, corresponds almost exactly with
that on the robe of St. Michael on a twelfth century
sepulchral slab in Ely Cathedral.^ This slab is also of the
same kind of hard, black marble of which the fonts of
the Winchester type are made ; so that it is possible that
the Ely slab may belong to the same school of design.

The only other Scriptural (or rather semi-Scriptural)
subjects wdiich occur upon the group of fonts we are now
considering, are the symbols of the four Evangelists.

Upon the west side of the font at St. Michael's, South-
ampton, are three circular medallions : the first, on the
left, containing the eagle of St. John ; the second, in the
centre, the winged lion of St. Mark; and the third, on
the right, the angel of St. Mattliew. All the figui'es have
the nimbus, and the eagle holds a book, so that there is
no doubt as to the meaning of the scu;[)tures.

The winged lion of St. Mark is extremely grotesque in
appearance, and, except for the nimbus, could not be dis-
tinguished from the monstrous creatures in the medal-
lions on the three remaining sides of the font; thus
affording us a very good object lesson on the danger of
jumping to the conclusion that because these beasts seem
so uncouth to our modern eyes, therefore they cannot

1 J. R. Allen's "Eai-ly CInistian Symbolism", p. 272.

22 FONTS OF THE WIXCHF.STER TYPE.

liavebeen used to symbolise the most sacred things. Tlie
same lesson is to be learnt from the sculptured friezes on
the font in Lincoln Cathedral., where, amongst the most
incongruous surroundings, are to be seen the winged bull
of St. Luke and the winged lion of St. Mark facing each
other, find with books beneath their feet. In this case
the nimbus is absent altogether.

Fi-om Scriptural subjects we descend to legends of
Saints upon the Winchester font. The first wild guess
at the meaning of the sculptures on the Winchester font
was made b}' Gough in the Vetusta Mouumeuta (voL ii),
who did not hesitate to say that he saw in them epi-
sodes from the life of BIrinus, the apostle of the West
Saxons, and Bishop of Winchester and Dorchester a. d.
635-50. It was left for Milner, in his Hi story of Win-
chester (1798), to give what I am inclined to think is the
true explanation, namely that the scenes are taken from
the life of St. Nicholas of Myra, and are as follow : —

On the West Side. — (].) The story of the cliildless noble-
man who made a vow that he would present a gold cup
to St. Nicholas if a son and heir was born to him, repre-
sented in two scenes, — (a). At the right end of the panel
a ship containing three figures, the captain at the helm,
the nobleman at the prow (holding up both hands in
astonishment), and between them a figure with a youth-
ful or clean-shaven face, contrasting with those of the
other two, who wear beards. The rudder and the prow
of the vessel terminate at the top in beasts' heads, and
the mast is surmounted by a cross. Below the rudder,
on the left, is the nobleman's son, who has fallen over-
board, and is lying horizontally in the water, with the
cup in his riglit liand.

(b.) At the left end of the jmnel, the nobleman's son,
still holding the cup, being restored to life by St. Nicho-
las, wdio wears the vestments of a bishop, and holds a
crozier in his left hand.

(2.) The story of the wicked hotel-keeper who, when
provisions were scarce, used to steal little children, and,
after nmrdering them, served up their dismembered re-
mains as food for his guests ; represented in two scenes :
(''0, to the right of St. Nicliolas and the nobleman's son
with the cu[), the wicked host holding an axe in his hand.

FONTS OF THE WINCH KSTKU TVI'E. 23

over tlio lieads of the three students appearing out o\' the
saltin^--tuh, and arranged vertically, one Ijelow the other.
Behind the right slioulderof the wicked host is to be seen
the equally detestable hostess, and partner in his crimes.

(/>.) St. Nicholas restoring the three students to life.'

On the South Side. — The stoiy of St. Nicholas saving
the three daughters of a poor nobleman from leading a
life of shame, re[)resented in one scene. At the right end
of the panel is a very elaborate church ornamented with
arcades of round-headed arches, and having a door with
wrought iron straps and keyhole-|)late. St. Nicholas,
liabited as a bishop, stands in front of the church, and
the poor nobleman, wdio is kneeling at his feet, receives
a purse of gold from St. Nicholas with the left hand, and
conveys it^ with the right hand to his daughter. The
two other daughters are standing close to the first, holding
each other's hands sympathetically ; and at the extreme
left end of the panel is to be seen the bridegroom with a
hawk resting on his wrist, ready to marry one of the ladies
that St. Nicholas' generosit}^ has provided with a suitable
dowry.

The pattern on the borders of the rol>es worn by St.
Nicholas and the bridegroom corresponds with that on
the East ]\Ieon font and the sepulchral slab at Ely Cathe-
dral, already referred to.

Subjects taken from the lives of Saints are extremely
rare in Norman sculpture, the only examples that I know
of being on the fonts at Cotham in Yorkshire, and St.
Nicholas Church, Brighton. On the former is sculptured
St. Margaret and the Dragon, and the martyrdom of St.
Lawrence ; and on the latter, the story of the Devil re-
venging himself on St. Nicholas for destroying the image
of the cursed Diana, by appearing to some mariners in a
ship, in the guise of a woman (the evil and foul Diana),
and giving them a vessel containing inflammable oil, to
convey to the shrine of St. Nicholas.

^ These two subjects are liable to be confused with the story of
St. Nicholas' iuterlerence to prevent the execution of the three inno-
cent men who were oi'dered to be put to death by tlie Prefect of Myra
in the time of Constantine.

2 Two separate purses are shown, in the same way as in the scene
of tlic Temptation of Adam and Eve two apples are represented in
order to convey the idea of an action taking place continuously.

24 FONTS OF TIIF. WTNCHFSTER TYPE.

It would be interesting to collect together all the dif-
ferent Instances of representations of scenes from the life
of St. Nicholas (more especially the early ones), with a
view of comparing together the various ways of treating
each scene. It is very doubtful whetlier any such repre-
sentations could be found of earlier date than the twelfth
century. In ecclesiastical sculpture of this period sub-
jects from the life of St. Nicholas occur on a slab built
into the walls of the Church of St. Nicholas at Bari in
Italy, and on the font at Zedelghem, near Bruges. Mi'.
W. de Gray Birch, in his Early Drmvinas and Illuniino.-
tions in the British Museum, gives a large number of refer-
ences to MSS. containing illuminations of St. Nicholas,
but there are only one of the twelfth century (Eg., 1 1 89)
and two of the thirteenth (A.dd. 21,926 and Add.'28,748).
Mr. Birch also points out in his paper on "The Legendary
Life of St. Nicholas", in the Journal of the AssuciatioTi
(vols, xlii, p. 185, and xliv, p. 222, Plate), the existence
of a stained glass window of the fifteenth century at
Hillesden Church, Buckinghamshire, with a series of the
miracles of St. Nicholas.

The remaining symbolic subjects on the group of fonts
of the Winchester type we have to consider, consist of
birds, beasts, and mythical creatures. These are found,
in some cases, on the up|)er horizontal surface of the
bowl, filling two out of the four spandrils between the
round basin and the square sides, and in others on the
v^ertical sides. On the fonts at Lincoln Cathedral and
Thornton Curtis each side forms a single panel contain-
ing a row of three or four creatures ; on the font at St.
Peter's, Ipswich, three creatures are arranged on each
side, bub with a small column between ; on the fonts at
AVinchester Cathedral and St. Michael's, Southam})ton,
they are enclosed within circular medallions, three on
each side ; and on the fonts at St. Mary Bourne and East
Meon they form a narrow frieze above an arcade of round
arches.

The following is an analysis of the various hi ids, beasts,
etc., which are sculptured on the fonts : —

/iird.'i. singly ..... Winclioster

in pairs, with necks bent over . . AVincliester

in pairs, pecking iit biincli of grapes . Winclioster

FONTS OF THE \ViNCilE.STi:i{ 'IW'E. 2o

( Wiiicliestcr
liinh, in pairs, drinking from a vase . .< East Moon

( St. Mary Bourne
,. a \y.\\v of, facing each other . . . East Meou

Beasts, witli tail curved u[)\vavds above back, and J Winchester
head turned backwards . . . { Southampton

„ with tnil curved dovvnwnids, between legs,

and he:id turned backwards . . Southampton

,, with tail curved downwards, between legs,

and head looking forwards . . Lincoln

,, with tail curved downwards, between legs,

and Lead shown full face . . . Ipswich
, , , C Southampton

Winged heasis | Uuoo\n

Griffin . . • . • . . • ,• Lincoln

Grlfm-lilce creature loith tail teniiiiKitiinj in serpcuVn

head ..... Lincoln

Brngons ...... East ]\!eon

Hares {?) ■ • • • • • -^^ast Meon

It would be quite impossible to explain the symbolism
of all these creatures without exceeding the limits allowed
for the present paper. I must, therefore, be content
merely to point out the fact that such things were con-
sidered by the mediaeval sculptor suitable for the adorn-
ment of one of the most sacred portions of an ecclesiasti-
cal building-, and to be placed side by side with sulijects
taken from Scripture and from the lives of Saints, shows
that these creatures, however grotesque they may appear
to us, were really intended to symbolise Christian truths
of the deepest import. There is ample proof that such
was tlie case by the large number of early treatises on
zoology niordlise, known as mediaival Bestiaries, still in
existence.

How little distinction was drawn between the symbolism
founded on Scripture and that founded on the animal
creation is shown by the apparently incongruous way in
which the symbols of the four Evangelists are jumbled up
with griffins and other strange creatures on the fonts at
Lincoln and Southampton. The Agnus Dei also occurs
amongst the surroundings, equally out of keeping, on the
tympana and other details of Norman doorways.

A pair of doves drinking from a vase is not an uncom-
mon symbol in Byzantine ait ; but except on these fonts,
the only other instance I know of. where it occurs in
England, is on a sepulchral slab at Bisho})ston in Sussex.

FONTS or THE WINCHESTER TYPE.

The only remaining |)ortion of tlie decorative features
of the fonts to be noticed is the conventional foliage.
This is found only in one case, at St. Mary Bourne, on
the sides of the bowl ; and in all the others on the
upper horizontal face, forming a circular wreath round
the basin, and filling in two or four of the spandrils. At
St. Peter's, Ipswich, the basin is surrounded by a plain,
moulded band ; and at Lincoln Cathedral by a moulded
band with ornamental rosettes at intervals. The foliage
is of the usual kind which characterises Norman sculp-
ture ; but there is none of that elaborate interlacing of
stems that is to be seen in much of the English work of
the twelfth century. The foliage on the font at St. Maiy
Bourne is particularly bold and effective, and seems to be
intended for a highly conventionalised vine. It is very
like the foliage on the font at Montdidier in France. At
East Meon the fleur-de-lys is introduced above the arcad-
ing on the side.

Some of the details of the fonts of the Winchester type
are rather of the nature of architectural enrichment than
pure decoration ; such, for instance, as the arcades at
PZast Meon and St. Mary Bourne, and the columns be-
tween the beasts at St. Peter's, Ipswich. Some of the
pillars of the arcading are ornamented with mouldings
running spirally.

A variety of geometrical patterns occur in different
parts of the designs sculptured on the fonts, such as the
following.

K>!o;o;<^

The material of which the fonts are made is extremely
hard, and ca])able of showing the finest lines, which the
sculptor lias taken advantage of to ])ut an extraordinaiy
amount of finish into the details of his work ; reminding

FONTS OF THE WINCHESTER TVIMC. 27

one of the Assyrian bas-reliefs, in tliis respect, more than
anything else. Thus the texture of the plumnge of the
birds, the hairy skins of the beasts, the tresses of the
women, and the beards of the men, are all indicated con-
scientiously by arrangements of fine lines. The vertical
folds of the drapery of the tigures are also treated in a
peculiar manner by running an incised line along the
edge of each fold where it turns over,

I hope that I have now succeeded in showing that the
group of fonts of what I have ventured to call the Win-
chester type possess certain art-characteristics in com-
mon, by which they are allied to each other, and at the
same time separated veiy distinctly from other ex;imj)les
of Norman sculpture in England. Any one wlio has hud
the advantage of perusing ]\I. Paul Saintenoy's valuable
work on fonts will at once recognise the truth of his
statement, that the type is a foreign one. This has been
noticed by other writers ; but I do not think that any
one has remarked upon the similarity of the art of these
fonts to that of the twelfth century sepulchral slabs at
Ely Cathedral and Bridlington Priory in Yorkshire. Now
that attention has been called to the matter perhaps
other instances may become known of works belonging
to the same school of design.

In conclusion, it is my pleasant duty to acknowledge
the very kind help I have received, whilst preparing this
paper, from the Very Pev. the Dean of Winchester, the
Pev. Precentor Venables, M. Paul Sainteno}'^, and Miss
En nil a Swann.

WINCHESTER AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS.

HY 8. W. KKIiSHAW, ESQ., F.S.A.
{Read Auytist 1893.)

Thk study of the territorial changes of the difterent dio
ceses is one of the most interesting- phases of Church
antiquarian history, and we cannot but examine any old
map, or read some monkish chronicler, ^vithout noticing
this alteration from early years downwards. The diocese
of Lincoln formerly extended from that county as far as
a remote parish in Buckinghamshire, near the Middlesex
border, while that of Salisbury stretched into Berkshire,
including Reading, Newbury, and Windsor, now under
Oxford.

In Sarum diocese was once a bishopric called Hams-
bury (a town near Marlborough), and the Bishops were
called " Episcopi Sunningensis", and had an estate at
Sonning in Berks (whence the name), and quite recently
the Prelates of Salisbury had a residence there. This
little see of Ramsbury (within the larger one of Sarum)
included, in the tenth century, such portions of Wilts
and Berks as were at that time in the territory of the
West Saxons; and during the one hundred and sixty
years' existence of this unique Wiltshire episcopate, it
numbered among its Bisho[)s thiee who afterwards became
Archbishops of Canterbuiy, viz., Odo, Sii'ic, and Elfric.

The fact that parts of Sarum diocese, once in Hamp-
shire, are now in that of Winchester, brings the intei-est
very close home to us ; and as we consider the varying
fortunes of the Channel Isles, their further relations with
an ancient French and English diocese is fully illustrated.
From having formed part of Normandy, which was united
to England under Henry I, these Islands have had an in-
dependent history, maintaining tlieir own peculiar local
rights and privileges under whatever see they were
placed. When the Islands were i-emoved iVom the dio-
cese of DoP (the metropolis of all Bi-etagne), they were

' Instances of the clnnoed lioiiiutiries of the sees miglit be (juotcd
all e.\enii)lif}-iii^' tlie rehitions of Cliurch property.

WINClll'.STEK AND TDK rllANNKL ISLANDS. 29

placed uiulei' Coutances, wliere they remained for several
liuudi-ed years, and the consecration of many Island
cbvirclies was performed by the Bishops of Coutances in
the presence of many dignitaries, whose names were regis-
tered in a document called Lc Livre Noir.

Fiom 14!)G-1)J), during the episcopate of Bishop Blyth
(Sarum),they were in that diocese, as shown by a Bull of
Alexander VI, dated 149G, a copy of which is ])reserved
among tbe Lambeth MSS. (No. 585).^ The Register of
Bishop Langtoir of Winchester also contains this Bull (a
transcript), from which it appears that at the same time
Calais was annexed to the see of Canterbuiy.

The piesent notes do not claim research among the
Winchester archives, which are so rich in ecclesiastical
lore, but are taken from other and hitherto unexamined
sources, viz., the documents at the Bodleian, Cambridge,
and Lambeth Libraries, affording a fresh insight into the
ecclesiastical government of tbe Islands, and adding
another link to that chain of history which recognises the
ancient see of Winchester as its fountain-beach

In 1568 tbe union of tbe Channel Isles to Wincbester
took place ; those Isles so graphically described by the
late Victor Hugo as " ces morceaux de la France, tombes
dans la mer, et raraasses par I'Angleterre"; and from tlie
above period their chief interest develops. The copy of
tbe instrument of union, dated 11 March 15G8, I'ecites,
among other tbings, tbat the " Bishop of Winchester,
being constituted ' Ordinary' in the said Isles, and his
successors, shall from time to time execute tbat cbarge,
and upon pi-esentment irom the (Queen's Majestie shall
institute, induct, and authorise to deans, ministei's, and
curates, and schoolmasters, sucb as of his good discretion
may be tbought fit to execute those charges according to
tbe language, country, quality, and disposition of the
people there." Ecclesiastical causes were to be deter-

^ "Hi.stoiia qua)lntn de St;iiu occlesiastico Tiisuliirum Gnci-nsc}- et
Jersey." ("l^ulla Alixaiidri VI tiuhjicicns dicla.s Jiisulas sedi oprsco-
pali iSari.sburlensi.")

^ I'>isliop Laiiji^toit will lie I'enienibcrod as Bishop of SL David's, tlieii
of Salisbury, next iMasttr of Sf. Julian's Hospital, Southampton, here-
after notici'd. He was a supporter of the "new leariiin<,'", and Avas
appointed to succeed Archbishop ]\Iortoii of Canterbury, but died before
his elevation.

30 WINCH E>Ti:n

mined by commission, and not to be sent to England,
according to tlie ancient usage of the Isles.

The long connection of Jersey and Guernsey with
France had naturally tended to make their constitution
more Norman than English, and peculiar customs of law
and tenure exist and still linger, and have been exhaust-
ively treated in an able work entitled L'Ancioi Coutumede
Novmandie ,e(}.\iei\ byW. L deGruchy (published in 1881).

The ecclesiastical annals of the Islands begin to be more
extended after their union with the see of Winchester,
both as regards the Anglican and the "French Keformed
Church", which latter has a long history of its own, re-
nuirino- an individual and leno-thened dissertation.

In Elizabeth's reign " La Keforme" may be said to have
taken firm ground by initiating a "Discipline" and Con-
sistory of its own. The Queen permitted to the strangers
the use of St. Helier's Church, though she did not approve
of the services elsewhere. During her reign the islanders
were prospeious. The nol:)le Castle of Elizabeth (named
after the Queen) was then erected, and Sark was given
to Philip de Carteret as a reward for his meritorious
services. James I ordered the re-establishment of "Forms
of Prayer" after the English Church, with certain qualiti-
cations that might suit the po])ular feeling. This action
seems to have been taken in consequence of the growing
spread of the Peformed docti'ines, which were naturally
at vnriance with the too rijxid exaction of established
usage and precedents.

With both communities the Bishops of Winchester
have played a prominent part, acting as referees in con-
junction with the Governors, Bailiffs, and Jurats of tlie
Islands ; and among those who claimed such distinction
may be named Bishops Montague, Mews, Trelawney,
Iloadly, and others.

'J'he Deans of Jersey exercised spiritual jurisdiction and
held ecclesiastical courts, and the right of appeal, after
judgment, was reserved to the Bishops of Winchester ;
and in the case of vacancy, to the Archbishops of Canter-
bury, Among the Deans (after the Ileform.ation) ha,ve
Ijeen the well-known names of Bandinel, Le Breton, Du-
))ie, and others. Under Dean Bandinel the ecclesiastical
jurisdiction, which had lapsed, was restored to the sj)iri-

AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. 31

tual courts, and the "Canons of Conformity" ratified 1)v
James I.^

These Canons had not been re-enacted without trouble
in ecclesiastical quarters. Archbishop Abbot, to palliate
the grievances, revived the office and autliority of the
Dean, and ordered that the Book of Common Prayer
should be printed in French, and used in the foreign
churches. The first Dean under this new scheme, Dr.
Bandinel, was authorised to exercise this jurisdiction.

Hishop Home was instrumental, with Lord Burleigh,
in gaining for the Walloons the " Domus Dei" at South-
simpton, which to this day retains its French service, and
carries us back to the time when it was known as ** The
(Jhapel of St. Julian". It was in this edifice that Phili|)
of Spain, on his landing at Southampton, offered up
thanksgiving for his safe voyage to England, and after-
wards proceeded to Winchester for the royfil marriage.
The Registers of this Frencli church (published by the
Huguenot Society of London(18D0),and edited by the late
Mr. Marett Godfray), are replete with genealogical lore,
and include man}^ Jersey or Guernsey names in the lists
of baptisms, marriages, and several occurrences of local
importance."

The Governors of the Islands have also had much in-
fluence on its Church affairs. At the instigation of the
Duke of Somerset, one of the earliest, the French transla-
tion of the Book of Common Prayer was made in 1553,
and the jjhrase, "pour k\s lies de sa ma(jeste\iippeiXYed on
the title-page. The work is very rai'e, and was issued
by order of Edward VI.

Sir Amias Paulet and Sir Walter Raleigh held the
post in P^lizabeth's reign, and Lord Carew in the time of
James I ; and though their rule was generally impartial,
that of a succeeding Governor, Sir John Peyton, was
marked by severe measures on those who would not con-
form to the " Canons and Constitutions".^

The Deans of the Islands have at times harshly exer-

^ Lambeth MS. 744, " Government of the Churches in the Isles of
Jersey and Guernsey" (in French).

2 There ;ire also valuable papers in the Ti'ansactions of the Huguenot
Society, referring to tliis church and settlement.

•^ " Letters against the New Canons for t!ie Island of Guernsey", etc.
(Lambeth .MS. 92!), fo. 19-3^.)

32 WlNCllKSTKR.

cised tlieir rule, especially Jean de Saiiniarez in 1(173;
and in some cases appeals were rio-litiully made to the
Bishops of Winchester, and occasionally to the Arch-
bishops of C*anterhurv. The existence of the two separate
i-eligions in the Isles could not fail at times to cause ten-
sion, wliicli \v{is overcome accordino- to the temper and
thought of those both in clerical and civil authority.

The framework of the ecclesiastical government centred
in what was called "The Canons and Constitutions",
which were revised and adopted from those used in the
English Church, for the special wants of the Islands.
Those of 1G03 were arranged by Archbishop Abbot of
Canterbury and Bishop Montague of Winchester. They
were printed in French in 1624, and reprinted in 1(361,
on the accession of (Jharles II. After the English tenure
of the Islands several circumstances contributed to give
them a closer association with our country, one of which
was that Charles I arranged that three endowments, in
Exeter, Jesus, and Pembroke Colleges, Oxford, be made
for scholars from Jersey and Guernsey. Tlie muniHcent
Bishop Morley, of Winchester, also gave three scholar-
ships in Pembroke College for islanders.

Charles II sent forth a declaration of loyalty for Jersey,
and also authorised the use of the revised "Canons and
Constitutions".

The interval of the Civil War had caused a reactionary
feeling in the Islands. The Liturgy was discontinued,
and less desire to be governed by too stringent measures,
which were naturally alien to the members of the Re-
formed Church of France. This feeling was intensified
by the subsequent arrival of hundreds, who, driven from
the cruel persecutions under Louis XIV in 1685, naturally
sought those shores \vhich were nearest their native
land.

The efi'ect of " The New Canons", designed in the year
1700 by Bishop Mews of Winchester, for Guernsey, which
had always retained more of the Calvinistic sentiment
than the other Islands, brought down disap[)roval, and
letters directed against them are preserved among the
Lambeth MSS. So far had this feeling reached that one
Monsieur Picot, Minister of Toi'teval in Guernsey, ad-
dres.sed William III on the subject, and was followed by

AND THE CIIAXXKI. ISLANDS. 38

a ,slo-iied petition iVoiii the iiiluibitaiits to the I>isho|) ot"
Winchester (Dr. Mews), and finally by an appeal to Arch-
bishop Tenison.'

The existence, side by side, of the English with that
of the foreign Reformed Church, forms a striking episode
in these ecclesiastical annals, and called into play many
incidents which disclosed more fully political undercur-
rents and the complexity of State correspondence.

The constitution of the refugee churches is an essay in
itself, and may be best studied in the recent learned work
of Baron F. de Schickler, Les Eglises cht Refuge (1892).
Many scattered documents, however, relate to the inter-
nal government of the Island, as MS. DD (xi, 43), Uni-
versity Library, Cambridge ; a paper book entitled Re-
gisfres des Actes et Colloque.'^ cles Eglises de ll.'^le de
Jersoj (1577-1G14); and in the Lambeth Collection are
two MSS., viz., 470, " Discipline ecclesiastique des Lsles
de Jersey et Guernsey"; and No. 744, " The Government
of the Churches in Lsles of Jersey and Guernsey" (in
French), dedicated to James L

The antiquarian sociecies of Jersey and Guernsey have
published serviceable matter in their Bulletins touching
the Colloques and Actes, while the Ilev. G. E, Lee of
Guernsey has made learned researches on the Discipline
des Isles de la Manche and the Actes du Consistoive de
St. Andre (IG 15-55). On the general antiquity and his-
torical survey of the Isles, the work by M. Dupont, His-
toire du Cotentin (Caen, 1889), is most valuable, while
the Kev. Philip Falle's account of Jersey (published in
1694) has long been known. The earlier work of Peter
Heylin (the biographer of Archbishop Laud), A Surve}/ of
Two Islands (publisiied in 1(556), revealed the state of
Church government and the desire for conformity.

These notes may have thrown some side-lights on the
connection of the Channel Islands first with Normandy,
and then with the ancient see in that fair Cathedral city
of Winchester, whose long historical fame and treasured
archives claim a first place in any researches of the past.

^ This Primate on several occiisions showed liis warm svmpatliv with
the refufjees by his eRbrts in 1G06, on bt'half of the Weavers' ("om-
pany at Canterbury, to [)roniote their tnide, nnd notably in his further
ance of the Royal 13oniity fioiu Williain and Mary, to aid the distressed
fugitives from Fi'ance.

1&94 3

THE STADIUM ON THE PALATINE.

BY J. RUSSKI.L FORBES, ESQ.
[Read nth Dec. 1893.)

In commemoration of the silver wedding of their Majesties
the King and Queen of Italy, the excavation of the Sta-
dium on^ the Palatine Hill was completed. The work
was commenced in 1868 by the Baron Visconti, continued
in 1871 and 1878 by Signor Rosa, and completed under
Sio-nor Martini, the Minister of Public Instruction, April
22nd, by Prof. Gatti.

A stadium was a place devoted to foot-races, and took
its name from a static, or measure of 125 paces, or 625
Koman feet (Pliny, ii, 23, 21), equal to 606 ft. 9 in. in
English measurement. It v/as, however, sometimes used
for other sports besides racing.

The Palatine Stadium was erected by the Emperor
Domitian, as well as tlie Odeum, or concert hall, on its
south-east side. Not only have we the direct statement
of Suetonius (Dom.,y) for this, but many brick-stamps of
Domitian and his freed men have been found here, and
have been built into the wall on the right, just before
reaching the Odeum.

T . FL.Wl . .\Vi; . L . CI.ON[. T . F[..\VI . II Klt.MKTIS.

CN . DO.MITI . A.M.\Nl)I . V.VIEA . QVJ . FKC.

I^lai'cellinus mentions the Stadium and Odeum (xvi,
ID, 14) as amongst the most beautiful buildings of the
city, admired by Constantius during his visit to Home in
357. The Stadium was most jtrobably dedicated by
iJomitian when he celebrated the Secular games, in the
year 841 of the city (a.d. 88), and instituted the Capi-
toline games. " Young girls ran laces in tlie Stadium, at
which he presided in his sandals, dies.sed in a purple robe
m:ide after the Grecian fashion, and wearing upon liis
head a golden crown bearing the ethgies of Jupiter, Juno,
and Minerva. The |)iiest of.hipitei- and the College of
Priests were seated l)y his side in similar dress, excepting

TriK STADIUM ON Till': I'ALATI XK. .35

only that their crowns had also his own image on them."
(Suetonius, Dom., iv.)

It is a curious fact that this Stadium is not a stade
long. It measures 525 Roman feet, or 100 ft. short of a
stade. It is 509 English feet long by 158 ft. wide, and
has been restored and altered several times since its erec-
tion by Domitian. Originally it appears to have had a
colonnade down each side, of CipolHno marble, the capi-
tals being of the composite order, beautifully worked.
One only of these exists. It is of great value architectu-
rally, as the volutes show the oi'igin of the Ionic capital,
the ram's horn. We know of no other capital which
actually shows it, though the fact is well known.

It seems that extensive restorations were carried out
here by Hadrian, as brick-stamps of his, bearing the name
and third consulship of L. Julius Ursus Servianus (a.d.
134), have been found in the eai'lier and present excava-
tions. The Emperor Commodus built his palace on the
south-east side of the Stadium, from which it had a mag-
nificent entrance with coffer- vaulting ; and it was here
probably that he gave the games in which he took the
characters of Hercules and of an Amazon. This latter
subject is represented in fresco on the wall of one of the
rooms. Just before his murder a fire destroyed many of
the edifices on the Palatine. ( Dio Cassius, Ixx, 11, 24.)
Amongst the edifices thus destroyed we must reckon the
Stadium, for the architectural evidence shows that it was
entirely rebuilt by Septimius Severus, who also restored
and added to the adjoining palace of Commodus.

Amongst the Doric capitals found in the recent exca-
vations is one inscribed

tp:ktvllo , cos

SKVX I) L V (7 S . KVNT . P . L. V)

Unfortunately the pronomen of the C^onsul is not given.
The letters of the second line are quarry or builders'
marks There were three Consuls of this name, Cornutus
Tertullius in a.d. 98 (Pliny, Paneg.), Sulpicius Tertyllus
in A.D. 158 (insci-i]->tion in the Capitoline Museum), and
Scapula Tei'tullus in a.d. 195 {CorJ. Jusfiu., ix, 1, I). The
first named was not Consul till after the death of Domi-
tian, the second sp?lt his name with a ?/. not u ; so the

3="

THK STADIUM < »X THE PALATINE.

above inscnption cannot refer to either of these, hut to
the thh'(h ^\■ho was Consul under Se))thnius Severus. The
fact also that the brick-engaged columns were coated with
Portasanta marble points to the time of Severus, for it
was a favourite decorative marble in his time. In addi-
tion to tliis evidence we have a gold coin of Septimius
Severus, strack in his third consulship (a.d. 202), when
his colleague was Caracalla, then serving his first consul-
ship (Si)a7tianus Severus, xvi), wliich was probably the
date of the rededication of the Stadium, which is repre-
sented on the coin. (See Donaldson, p. 290.)

Tlio Palatine Stadium, from a Coin of Sejjtimius Severus.

The coin rejjresents two views of the Stadium (both
interiors), a view of the arcades, and a vlew^ of the arena,
the arcades being below. At each end is a lofty arch
representing the arcades at each extremity ; between
tliese are a series of two rows of arches, one above the
other, representing the lower and upper arcades that sur-
rounded the Stadium in two stories. Four arches in tw^o
rows are seen, then a lofty arch, then tin-ee arches in two
rows. The lofty arch, not quite in the centre, represents
the Odeum, which actually is not in the centre of the

Till". STADIUM ON TIIK I'ALATIXK. 37

side of the Stadium. The rows of four arches eacli sliow
the [)art between the curved end and tlie Odeum, which
is the longest, the rows of three arches each showing the
other part. The upper part of the coin sliows the arena
of the Stadium, or the o[)en part wliere the games took
place. At the curved end the Emperor is seated in the
imperial box. Kemains of the imperial box can be seen
at the curved end, with a coffer- v-aul ting. A series of
scenes appear to be going on in front of the Emperor, —
wrestling, dancing, and boxing. The two lofty arches at
the end probably are intended to show the termination
of the arcade on each side of the Stadium, or the arcade
at the end. It should be noted that the arches spi-ing
direct from tlie capitals of the columns, and that the
capitals are Doric.

We will now proceed to desci'ibe the Stadium as rebuilt
by Septimius Severus, a.nd as seen by the light of the
recent excavations. The edifice runs south-west and
north-east, and is enclosed witlnn lofty brick walls which
were partly coated with marble, and partly frescoed. The
wall at the south-west end is slightly curved. This con-
tained the imperial box. The wall at the north-east end
is straioht, and has ao-ainst it six chambers with mosaic
coffer- vaultings. The building is 169 yds. 2 ft. long by
52 yds. 2 ft. wide. All round the Stadium, 22 ft. out
from the wall, are brick piers, thirty-eight on each side,
nine at each end, counting the corner ones twice. The
space between each pier is 7 ft. 7 in. ; and the depth of
the pier, including the marble coating, is the same ; the
width of the piers being 5 ft. These brick piers have
eno'ao-ed columns fticino- towards the arena, and were
faced with slabs of Portasanta marble. They have Tonic
bases veneered with white marble, and Doric white
marble capitals. The floor between the piers was white
marble, and there was a marble balustrading between the
piers, to keep people out of tlie arena. Tlien there was
a slope of white marble, 5 ft. G in. wide, down to a marble
gutter to drain off the arena, and the eaves of the portico
or arcade. These piers had arches of white marble from
one to the other, and supported the coffer-roof of the
portico, which sprang from scpiare piers against the wall
behind, thus fornjing an ai"cade-portico all imuihI the

38 THE STADIUM ON THE PALATINE.

arena. Above this was another arcade-portico, forming
a o-allerv for the spectators. Just sufficient remains to
indicate it.

Out from the south wall 51 ft., or 23 ft. from the piers
of the arcade, is a meta, shaj^ed like the letter D, 19 ft.
across, the straight line being 30 ft. long. It appears to
have been a fountain, but we cannot trace how the water
was supplied. There is a similar meta at the north-east
end. i'hei-e is no sjyina, or wall, between the metce, as in
a circus ; but it would seem that when they had races,
two lines of jjosts were put up, and ropes drawn between
the metiv, thus forming a cour.se. Three of the stone
bases, with square socket-holes for inserting the posts,
exist at the south-west end. There is a space of 36 ft. 6 in.
between tlie gutter and the posts, which was the width
of the course.

Upon the base of the third side-jner from the north-
east end, on the left, are cut the letters Q v P. Some
clianges ^vere made later on at the north-east end, the
spaces between some of the piers being walled up. On
tlie marble dado to our right of the third pier from the
left, are cut c a i. These letters are also cut on the base
of the existing fourth and fifth engaged columns, but the
letters are more spread out. They are probably masons'
marks.

The wall aloncr the north-west side originallv had
openings in it, giving access to the Stadmm from the
Palace of Domitian, etc. These openings were blocked
up by Severus ; but one has now been re-opened between
the fifth and sixth piers at the south-west end, to continue
the excavations to the Palace of Augustus. The entries
to the Palace of C'om modus, and to the corridor at tlie
back of tlie Odeum, on the south-east side, were also
blocked up. At the end of this side is a flight of steps
that led to the up[)er arcade. The arcade at the north-
east end has its cofi'er-vaulting decorated with mosaics :
most probably the whole arcade was so decorated.

In 302 Diocletian and Maximian paid a visit to Rome,
and celebrated one of the last triumphs {Eutro, ix, 27).
Diocletian during this visit turned the Stadium into a
Hippodrome by building an oval wall in the south-west
lialf, and raising the level of the arena. The other half

TUP. STAPTTM ON THE PA 1-A 1 I N K. 39

of tlie Stadium was tiiriied into stables ; and it was pro-
bably at this time that the chano-es referred to above
took place at this end.

In 500 Kino- Theodoric resided on the Palatine, and
during his six months' visit made many needful restora-
tions,'and took steps to protect the moiniments. It was
probably at this period that the two pedestals were
brouoht from the Atrium Vestpe to be used as supports
for the gates of the Hippodrome. One of these retains
only a few letters ; but the other records the virtues of
the high vestal virgin, Cpelia (Jlaudiana (a.d. 257), who
ruled the order over thirty years. The following brick-
stamp of Theodoric (a.d. 500) was found here —

OFKS.li.F.MAUCI. IIIPrODK0MI-:.Tin-:0D0UIC.REGNANTK.I)X.THKOI)i;HlCO.

I'KLIX.UOMA.

This Hippodrome of Diocletian was the scene of the
murder, as distinguished from the martyrdom, of St.
Sebastian. In his acts we read that " he stood above the
steps of Heliogabalus, and on the entering of the Empe-

i-ors he cryed out Then they ordered him to be led

to the Hippodrome of Diocletian, on the Palatine, and
there beat him for some time with clubs till his spirit
fled. Then they took his body by night, and threw it
into the Cloaca Maxima."

Chrysippus, the old Stoic philosopher of Cilicia, says,
'■ he who runs a race ought to make exertions, and
struggle as much as he can to be victor ; but he ought
by no means to trip up, or push with his hand, the per-
son with whom he is contesting. Thus in life it is not
unjust tliat each should seek tor himself what may per-
tain to his advantage, but it is not just that he should
take from another" (quoted by Cicero, Off., iii, 10, 42).
Another celebrated Cilician, and whose feet trod the
Palatine Hill, uses similar language in writing from Ephe-
sus to the Corinthians (I, ix, 24).

MERCHANTS' MATIKS.

I!V II. SYEII CUMING, ESQ., V.l'., F.S.A.SCOT.
(Head ITith Nov. 1S93.)

Mk. Cecil T. Davis, in his interesting })aper on Mer-
chants Marks, calls attention to the fact that our Journal
records tew examples of this curious class of insignia ;
but if the examples be few in number they are not devoid
of value, as they embi'ace a good variety of designs. In
our second volume, p. 114, is a review of Si Display of
Heralclnj, by our late Associate, William Newton, where
are given fourteen cuts of merchants' marks, some Eng-
lishj some foreign, and ranging in date from the dawn
of the fifteenth to the first quarter of the sixteenth
century. And in tlie same volume, p. 348, is a notice of
a petition from the Isle of Wight, dated 1539, on which
the trade marks of the petitioners appear.

Merchants' marks accompanied by the names of tlie
owners are by no means common, liut our Journal gives
three examples. In vol. iv, p. 144, is described a brass
seal, i'ound at Ixworth in SuHblk, in which the cogni-
zance is surrounded by the letjend s. HENRIK tribks.
In vol. xiv, |). 343, description is given of a brass seal
of the fifteenth centuiy, bearing a shield charged with a
T, surmounted by a wheel or globe supporting a cross,
from one side of which projects two arm-like streamers ;
and on the vero-e the words s. 'J'omki I'ori lond. And
in vol. XX, p. 197, another brass signet of the fifteenth
century is noted, which was exhumed on the site of the
Steelyard, U])|)er Thames Stieet, which bears the cross
with streamers, and the inscription, s. hildehhadi de

YSl'IJQKOI).

A seal with merchant's mark was found in 1840, at
Funtley Abbey, near Tichfield, Hants, and is thus de-
scribed in our Journal, vol. xxiii, p. 204 : " The device
is a cross with a small circle about its centre, the
letter w on the upper part of the stem of the cross,
above which the stem terminates in a crosslet, and the
letter H cjn the lower part of the stem.'

merchants' marks. 41

A niercliant's seal of lead, to aflix to a package, was
found ill 18GG, between the wall-stones of Chester, and
iy described in ouv JouriKd, vol, xxiii, p. 213. On one
side is a shield charged with a cross humcttee, the upper
Hull) dividing two roses (?). On the rev. the letters
W.I..6.K. 'y\i\H h(i/la has a double perforation from edge
to e(]f!;e, to admit the cord employed in securing it to the
bale of goods. It is probably not older than the six-
teenth century, though the form of shield might pass
for the fifteenth century. The Thames at London has
yielded u|) a large number of leaden seals of this descrip-
tion, my own cabinet containing over forty examples
appertaining to Italy, France, the Netherlands, Russia,
etc., but they display the insignia of countries rather
than tliose of persons.

But to return to our vol. xiv, p. 343. Here will be
seen a notice of an early fifteenth century seal, bearing a
heater-shaped shield charged with a circle enclosing a
St. Andrew's cross, and surmounted by a cross with two
streamers flying from the side of the shaft, and dividing
the letters t. n., the whole within an octangular beaded
frame. In the same volume and page with the fore-
going is described a silver seal of the middle of the seven-
teenth century, bearing a heart charged with the letters
s. D., and surmounted by a cross, and the oft-repeated
4-shaped Hgure. This seal is of peculiar interest, as its
histor}'- is well known. It was made for Solomon Drach,
a Jew merchant, of Frankfort-on-the-Maine, and is still,
I believe, in the ])ossession of his descendants, who have
long resided in London. It is worthy of note that the
4-shaj)ed device is still found in use in Germany, for I
have an envelope of a letter fro'u Frankfort, secured with
a circular seal, bearing a cross surmounted by a 4, as in
the Dracli signet, but the base terminates in a triple
knot, the group dividing the initials b. t. Though in use
in 18()7, this seal has a very seventeenth century look
about it.

In the O'ciit. May., Oct. 1784, p. 734, is given the
oval signet of a seventeenth century thumb-ring of brass,
found in Berkshire, which exhibits the 4 device, the long
stem of which rises from a heart, and across the field are
the initials H. p. c. And the same magazine for February

42 MKHC HANTS ^rAIJlC^.

1790, p. 11(3, gives a round seal in wliich tlie 4 rises
from a \v. and lias tlie letter s on its shaft. 1 will just
mention that I have over a dozen leaden cloth seals,
recovered from the mud of the Thames in 1845, which
display the 4-shaped figure surmoiniting various initials,
and wliich may be compared with the examples given by
Mr, Davis in p. 54.

In the Gent. Mag., March 171)3, p. 225, is an engrav-
ing of a rondel of painted glass of the sixteenth century,
in which a shield is seen hanging on a tree, and charged
with a merchant's mark, the 4 being placed upside down;
a singular variety of this mysterious symbol, which is
rendered so lamiliar to us by its adoption as a mark by
printers in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, and by
its forming a portion of the water-mark on the early
foolscap ])ai)er, and of the badge of our East India
Company ; and which is also renundful of the first letter
of one of the secret alphabets employed by the tribunals
of free judges of Westphalia.

Both the seals and signet-rings of merchants were
generally of brass, but the Drach relic shows that the
wealthy class sometimes had signets of silver ; and in
the Gent. Mag., March 1793, p. 227, is engraved the
mark from a signet ring of the fifteenth century, which
is of gold, and found in digging a grave in the church at
Llantwit Major, South Wales. The perpendicular shaft
stands on a double X, has a circle with cross half-way
up, and a cruciferous bar declining from the top, like
that seen in J\Ir Davis's fig. 13.

Merchants' marks are at times found sculptured on
buildings and pieces of furniture. On an arch in the
kitchen of St. Mary's Hall, Coventry, is carved an angel
holding a shield charged with a merchant's mark, much
like Mr. Davis's third example, assigned to the year 1440,
but with the addition of letters i. B. A representation
of it is given in the Gent. Mag, Dec. 1793, p. 11 03.
And in the same magazine for March 1788, p. 224, is an
engraving of a carved chinniey-piece, discovered in a man-
sion at Salisbury, in which is a shield charged with the
4-shaped device, standing on legs, which may be compared
with those of Mr. Davis, iig. 15. Mr. Davis speaks of
the oak mantelpiccp in Sir .lolm Spender's house in

/v'

^C'G

SIlillCHAXTS MARKS.

merchants' iSIAKKS. 43

C^inoiibuiy being carved with liis mark ; and in our vol.
xiv, p. 352, mention is nifide of tlie merchant's mark of
llobert Veysy being carved on a c!d>inet belonging to
Mr. J. CMarke of Easton. And in the (ient. M<(f/., Feb.
171)0, J), lid, is a copy of a piece of carved oak from
Coventry, representing a shield charged with a cruci-
formed merchant's mark, with the letters of the owner's
name curiously disposed— r. balk (Thomas Bayly), who
was Mavor of (\)ventry in ItHG. In our Journal, vol.
ix, ]). J 18, PI. 16, are repi'esented merchants' marks
which were incised on the wall of the crypt of Gerard's
Hall, three of them exhibiting tlie 4-shaped device.

Mr. Davis gives instances of the merchant's mark
being impaled with tlie personal coat of ai'ms, of wdiich
we have probably an example on the convex surface
of the bowl of a silver Apostle spoon described in our
Journcd, xxiv, p. 395. Here we see two shields sus-
pended by a strap across a billet, the dexter one charged,
some suppose with baron and fennne, a half-eagle, and
wool comb, and above the escutcheon the initials (;. H.
The second shield is a lozenge, charged with the balf-
eagle, impaling the letters at in combination, and above
the lozenge are the initials A. c. G. The monogram at
must be a merchant's mark, and it is singular to find
such a cognizance inijjaling family arms. Was at a wool
merchant, and the comb the emblem of his trade ? This
spoon is of German fabric of the time of our Elizabeth,
and bears an effigy of St. Andrew on the top of the
handle.^ The letters at crossing each other occur as ;i
charge in a shield in South wold Church, Suffolk ; and
the same initials in combination are seen in the Fairfold
glass, both dating circa 1500.

I would now bring to notice an exceedingly rare and
cmious seal or stamp which was discovered in 18G6, on
the site of Gooch & Cousen's w\areliouse, London Wall.
It consists of a truncated cone of wood, full 4r, in. in
height ; and | in. below the apex it is bored through to
admit a cord. The base of the cone is more ovate than
round, being nearly J^by 1-| in. ; and on it is deeply cut
the device, w hich may be described as a cross with an

^ Another example of the impalement of a mercliant's mark with
personal arms is given in tlie Grn'.. M"'/-, Jan. 1801, [i. 'Jo, fijr. ■'^>>

44 MERCHANTS MARKS,

arm or pennon declinino- from its top, in tlie manner
seen in No. 18 which ilhistrates Mr. Davis's ])aper. From
tlie end of the horizontal limb of the cross rises a some-
Avhat crooked bar, wliich may be regarded as having the
same signitication as the device seen in figures G and 12
of ^Ir. Davis's plate, and between this bar and the per-
pendicular shaft of the cross is a roundisb depression.
There is a simplicity about tbe wbole get-up of this
object which warrants the belief that it cannot be later
than the first half of the fifteenth century. But now
comes the question, What was its purpose, and how w^as
it employed ? That this is a merchant's or trader's stamp
there cannot be a doubt. The great depth of the cutting
almost forbids the idea of its application on wax. Was
it then employed with ink or some viscid fluid, or was it
impressed on clay or dough, and used like the wooden
butter-prints of the present day i Mr. Davis has shown
that, as early as the thirteenth century, bakers were
compelled to employ a signum " for each sort of bread".
Can this be a baker's signum, the knob at the side of the
cross indicating the quality of the breads This is a query
I must leave others more learned than myself to decide.
Now that Mr. Davis has brought the subject of mer-
chants' marks prominently before us, and I have in a
humble way attempted to follow^ in his wake, we may
hope to hear more of a matter which is at once replete
with interest to the archteologist, the herald, and tlie
genealogist. It is only by gathering and classifying a
large number of tliese ancient trade badges that we can
arrive at any certain knowledge respectnig the origin of
the designs they display. We may conjecture that the
cruciferous staff with its streamers may be intended for
the flag so often upheld by the Agnus Dei, but it is far
more likely to be the mast of a shi[) with its fiying
pennon. And is the fancy too wild for entertainment
that astrological and talismanic lore may shed a light
upon the impoit of the 2-shaped figure and the cross-
bearing circle, both of which are significant of the ])lanet
Jupiter, whose protecting power was so earnestly invoked
in the Middle Ages ? Are the resemblances mere chance
and accident, or the intentions of cunning artists ? Deep
study ^^ ill alone reveal the truth.

ACCOUNT OF THE DISCOVERY

OF PART OF THR

SAXON ABBEY CHUPtCH OF PETERBOROUOIT.

]!Y J. T. 1 1; VINE, KSQ.
illcad C. ])rr. 18'.i;{.)

These remains came to lialit tliroiioli the followincf clr-
ciimstances. Tlie state of the laiitein-tower bad in 1882
become so very dangerous as to render it evident consi-
derable rebuilding was both an immediate and imperative
necessity. The Chapter, however, then hoped it would not
require extension beyond removal and reconstruction of
the crossings, eastern pillars,^ and fractured lantern over.
Such removal rendered it, however, evident that the state
of tlie western ones could scarcely be M^ith safety trusted
to support the rebuilt work, and J. L. Pearson, Esq.,R.A.,
the Chapter Architect, was therefore I'equested to survey
and report to the Cha[)ter on their actual condition, and
the state of their foundations. For such purpose, on Sept.
25, 1883, Mr. Pearson had small excavations made round
them, and under the centre of the west arch from cross-
ing to nave; (for here all Norman foundations, however
poor their construction or materials may be, are yet
everywhere carried across the openings as" sleeper- walls'.)

Mr. Pearson's survey commenced by an excavation at
the north-east angle of the north-west pier. This opened
part of the passage to that vault which Gunton, in his
history of the Cathedral, mentions as existing on this
north side.

The evidence given by the openings made at the angles

^ Entries of the hisfory of the south-east pilLir of crossing : — ];V.I2,
"In Repar' eccl'ie cath'is ib'ni xvjiJ xiijs. jJ." (Richard Howhuid
Bishop, Thomas Neville Dean.)

1593, " In reparacionib' ecclo'ie ib'in ac in colomp'na magna ju.xta
choru' nieremio ct ferro munienda xlvij£ iiijs. i.xJ."

1702-3,'' Mr. Evans, a bill of'Expcnce about y" surveying y' ])illar i'th
Church 0£ \Qs. lit?." Pi'obably at this time the triforiuni arches nr.\t
the jiier were built up.

4(5 SAXOX AP.BKY (IirUCTT

of tliis pillar,^ and below tlie west arch, coi-responded
M-itli that befoi'e gained tVoni the excavations on the sites
of the eastern piers, in proving that such ground, prior
to the Norman structures erection, had been merely
open churchyard. When an opening was, however, made
near the norlh-west angle of the south-west pier in nave,
pre-Norman walling appeared for the first time. West-
wards it ran on into the nave, and east into the crossing,
there deeply cut down into by the Norman sleeper-
wall crossing it at right angles. Its line was but a
short space north from the sleeper-wall under the south
arcade of the nave, stone rubbish filling up the space
between. The sleeper-wall formed through the hollow
trough of the Saxon structure was here faced up with
older ashlar procured from those buildings the fire of
1116 destroyed.

The opening at the south-west corner of the same pil-
lar, when the modern paving was removed, and an addi-
tional 5 in. of rubbish, laid bare that old pavement
whereon the stalls rested previous to the change of the
site of the choir by Dean Lockyer in IT'M, with the
burial-slab of Sub-Prior Francis; and again, at some
depth below, ^^hat first was taken to be a layer of stone-
dust

The sinking near to its south-east angle disclosed,
close to the surface, a strong but shallow foundation
across the south transept-arch; being, in fact, that of the
stone screen seen existing behind the stalls in the plate
of the choir in Bridge's County History ; of this a small
fragment remained at the base of the south-east pillar,
up to its removal for rel)uilding. The sleeper-wall here
became the north boundary of the excavation. Still
lower down, at right angles to which a second wall of
Saxon date appeared, looking to be, as it actually was,
the east return- wall of that first found in the nave.

^ The viinlt and passage Gunton mentions were eventually cleared
out, and found to be work mueli later than of Norman times. Leaden
pipes entered the passage from tiie west, probably a water supply.
'J'hese passed west through the north nave-aisle, and weie afterwards
found to enter the nave through a cutting made through the sleepei--
wall below the second arch west from the crossing on the norlh
side. The pipes, perhaps, went to St. Chad's Well in" Laurel Court"
or Cloister Ciarth.

or i'KrEi;Bc)K(ji(jii. 4 7

Eastwards, stone cotMns and hurials appeai-ed. Aluiio-
its west side (jiikI ;i pared of the wall itself) was
opened a stone seat, its toj) surface and fi-ont rovered
with hard, grey, Saxon plastering. In front and Ijelow
Avhich the white layer seen AAestwards was again reached,
and now found to he the plaster-flooring of that space
these Saxon walls enclosed. This fioor-level agreed in
both excavations, and more careful search revealed ic in
the narrow space first opened, in parts thickly covered
with burnt wood-aslies. The stone seat here was*^ wanting.

The removal of this south-west crossing pillar mani-
fested that such pier and the sleeper-walls were merely
begun on the surface of the Saxon plaster-fiooring, which,
though sunk down and crushed by the enormous weight,
yet so remained that its crushed surface could be
Avashed to find wdiether painting or incising had existed,
neither of which appeared. Among the loose materials
on it lay a tile of Norman date, with incised ornament ;
others, of two ])atterns, were found (see later on) ; pos-
sibly additions by Abbot Ernulph, prior to 1114.

On this floor, among the Iragments of rough limestone,
one stone, on removal, was found to liave on its lower
surface the impress of a man's hand, as if it had been
first laid spread out open on the thick wood-ashes on the
floor, and then impressed on the flat side of the stone,
as a rude memorial of the Saxon structure's fate. This
stone was unfortunately left outside, and the rain washed
the impress ofl'. Under none of the four pillars was anv
sort of foundation-stone found.

The necessary removal of all materials above the lime-
stone rock over that space required for the concrete
blocks to support the rebuilt ])illars, exposed the north-
east angle of the Saxon structure, whose nortli wall, re-
taining much of its hard, grey plaster-coating, became
on that side a boundary to tlie niass.^

This removal of so much of the old Saxon flooring
brought to light, from beneath it, that fine fragment ot"
string ornamented with interlacing work (its top and

^ The vault, over tlu; re-mains of the Saxon cliiirch enables the visitor
to pass round ami sluily on two sides the character of the square
blocks of concrete under the south-west pillar of the erossin<r, a speci-
men of those on which the tower is resting at present.

48 SAXON ABliHV (IIUKCH

bottom surfaces plain), wliicli is now built up into tlie
soutb-west pillar ; and a bol y water basin of stone, bav-
ing one side straight, the other three-fourths round.
Still more singular, it evidenced the fact that stones were
among the materials of this Saxon walling which had
belonged to a still earlier structure, for they yet retained
patcbes of like bard, grey plaster received whilst the wall-
stones of an earlier building.

The stone seat along the west or inside face of this
east wall seemed to suggest doubts of its being part of
the church ; though tlie burials to north, and stone
coffins and burials eastward, proved such space to be
formerly church yard. Of the " great stones" described
as " requiring several yoke of oxen to draw them" no
trace appeared below ground.

Other small excavations made at a later period, to
enable Mr. J. L. Pearson to report further on the con-
dition of the foundations of soutli transept, opened a
continuation, as it seemed, of the above east wall passing
outwards in the same line under the Norman gable wall,
and (externally) discovered it to return westwards to the
cloister. The interest of these Saxon remains induced
the Reverend Dean Perowne (now Lord Bishop of Wor-
cester) to decide that, as soon as conveniently it could be
effected, the whole should be uncovered, to see whether
they were parts of the early Abbey Church or no. When,
tlierefore, the reconstructed central tower permitted of
the removal from its arches of the great timbers used for
shoring and centering, such search became practicable,
and the order for it was given.

After careful consideration, it seemed probable, should
the fragments laid open belong to the Saxon Abbey
Church, that the extreme width obtained must represent
transept widths, as it was so considerable. If so, its
small chancel must therefore, of necessity, be found lying
between that frufjment to east of the south-west crossing
pier, and a somewhat similar amount cut off, commencing
from tlie wall discovered outside the south transept gable.
An average of such probable quantities suggested where
the walls of its choir might be found ; that northirards ]uHt
south of the present line of the nave wall of the soutli aisle;
and the line of the south trail of its choir at the jwint

<^vl^-

^' .J ■•\y

PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.

PLAN-Shnwing the F.,u.Mlution.s of the Sax^n Chuivl, aii.l other roeont
•liscuveiie.s.

./. T. frn'if, (frit.

OF PKTERBOROUGLf. 49

wliereabout a nearly equal amount would reach extenderl
from outside the ))re,seHt south gable wall. At those
points, therefore, labourers were set to dig down to the
level of the Saxon floor. The first, placed at the supposed
point of north wall of choir, [)assed down through broken
stones, lime core, etc , reaching merely the floor plaster.
The second struck the expected south angle of choir wall
exactly. Thus ])roving the position of the first to have
been a little too far south. He, therefore, sank again
further north and opened the wall, there standing one
foot high, retaining on its surface the hard grey plaster
coating. Iloughly speaking, its line was with that of
the south wall of nave, and not, as supposed, to south
of it.

It was next sought to discover whether the wall found
first (in nave) was that of a north aisle, or the gable of
a transept ; for if the last, it would terminate at a point
tolerably capable of being approximated to ; or if other-
wise, continue westwards. About such point an opening
was therefore made, and the ending found with distinct
remains of its return as a west wall southwards ; thus was
the width of the transept determined. Some large stones
appearing in its north edge that might be steps, the
excavation was then extended eastwards, back over this
wall, to discover whether any door existed ; but there was
none ; the stones being those of the lower course of its
square plinths left in from the churchyard earth covering
them. According to usual Saxon custom, the floor inside
was lower than the ground outside, hence inwardly the
wall remained about three courses high, keeping con-
siderable remains of its plastering.

The next endeavour, was discovery of whether the
choir terminated in an apse, or was square-ended. Its
side walls were followed eastward, to the west face of
the sleeper wall, under the pillars of arcade, in front of
the chapels of this transept ; on approaching which a
narrow strip of the flooring was found raised to a height
of about two low steps above the ordinary level.

Excavations were made iu both the chapels of St.
Benedict and St. Oswald, where, had an apse existed, it
would have been found. But in both cases the stone
coffins and their lids (that might fairly be described as

1894 4

50 RAXON ABBEY C'lUrX'II

pavino- the ancient gTound level of the monks' cemetery^)
])i-esente(.l with their ends near the slee})er ^val^s eastern
lace a toleiahly straight line ; proving that such sleeper
wall hy its greater width covered and hid the square-
ended narrow east wall of the Saxon choir.

There remained, therefore, only to ascertain information
relative to the Saxon gahle and walls external to south
transept, so far as the works of underpinning extended :
this first along gable wall ; then under the end of music-
room, and for a distance in the cloister of 10 ft. G in.

from the ano-le of that structure northwards.

> ••11

The Saxon east wall of south transept niside tlie

modern one was uncovered, exposing near its centre a

mass of masonry, intended to support the reredos of its

altar. This had been an addition to the Saxon church,

for the older plasterino- remained alono- the wall behind

the added masonry. The Norman gable was here placed

so close inside the Saxon one that the vertical face of its

external ashlar becomes also the very vertical face of the

internal plastering of the other.

1'he excavations made outside the Norman gable
proved its foundation to be simply placed on the sur-
face of the Saxon plaster floor (which indeed is the case
wheresoever the older church extends).

The i'ew courses of quoins of the south-east angle of
the pie-Norman transept (left below^ ground) are all
large stones, in some of which are " lewis holes". These
were probably brought fiom Iloman luiildings at " The
( ^astles"; that Iloman town lying between Alwalton
and Water Newton. This anole is under those two
other fragments above ground of the east walls of the
slype (of Xorman and Early -Knglisli styles). A little
further west of which, the east wall of that of the Saxon
age was also exposed ; the south wall of which, there is
i-eason to believe, is underground, not far off.

The Saxon gable extended quite up to the present
cloister, under the end wall of the nuisic-room (or
chapel of "the Ostrey"). witli which it returns north-
wards. Such early transition Norman wall resting on,

^ At Peterborougli. In no c;isc was any stone ccfllu foniul in con-
nection witli Saxon interments ; only niiJiiuniental slabs. All those
btone coffins seen appeared to belong to the Xorman period.

t-tfvtr^TOAi £ fi-o <

UKM.VIXS OF WEST WALL OF SAXON SOUTH
TliAXsEPT.

AVEST WALL OF SOUTH TRANSEPT, SHOAVINO FOUXDATIOX
AS SET OX SAXOX FLOOU.

PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL.

SKfTTOXS TTIliri-r;T{ ANTIKNT KO U XD A T I (> N S.

\:^.

OF I'KTKRBOROITCII. 51

and projecting over it, westwards, al)ont 3j in. Two
or three of the Saxon ashlar courses below remain, and
at the point where the excavation ended at 6 ft. 10^ in.
north from the south-west angle of the music-room,
their top surface was but 1 ft. Oj in. below that of the
gravel walk.

The ancient plaster surface of floor here (still tliickly
covered by burnt w^ood ashes) is G ft. 8i in. below the
top line of the Norman plinth seen inside south end of
this room, and from this last to surface of limestone rock,
7 ft. 61 in., the surface of stone has been wrought.

No mark of monument or interment was anywhere
seen over so much of the Saxon flooring as was uncovered,
but an interment made prior to its building was seen
below the south-west angle of the Saxon transept.

The remains of wrought stones from the Saxon Abbey
Church found were of no great number ;' though some
were architecturally interesting, from presenting that
groping after mouldings, and, at times, slight trace of
approach to Norman feeling, which fi-equently is found
just prior to the Conquest.

No trace of any Roman structure existing on this site
came to lio-ht." Thouo-h durino' the removal of the lower
foundation of the north-east pillar of crossing, a frag-
ment, covered with leaf carving, was found. It belonged
to the lower part of the attached pillar of a Koman temple,
and during the removal of part of that sleeper wall under

^ The Norman foundations, formed of small stones, have at the ohl
around-level an edging or outline of two. or at times even three, courses
of old ashlar, derived from the monastic buildings destroyed in lllG ;
iVom which courses almost all the fragments of interest brought to
light were obtained. The site of the new church moved north and
east. Its parts seem to be always double those of the early church :
parts of about 6 ft. governing its design.

■■ During the underpinning of the west wall of the north transept a
remarkable ditch was laid open, its line just outside of the wall of the
north aisle of the nave. In it alone the Norman foundation reached
the rock into which the ditch was cut, the Norman foundation hero
resting on rows of herring-bone stones filling in its hoDow. From
this ditch was obtained the greater part of the fragments of wedge-
.shaped bricks (to over one hundred) recovered. It may probably mai-k
the boundary of that Medeshamstede destroyed in 870. It was again
seen when the apparatus-room, north of the nave, was excavated in
1893, and at least furnished then a fi'Psh and moi-e neai-ly perfect
specimen.

52 RAXoN Ai'.i'.RV CHrnciT

the arch Into south transept to foim the vaulted passage
round the Saxon remains, one of its facing stones was
found to retain the fragment of an inscription probably
derived from the same temple ; a further i'ragment of
which stone came out from below the gable of nortb
transept. These, with two fragments of Roman brick and
a bit of stone plinth found high up in the lantern's walls,
were of that age tlie only items. Probably all came from
the site of the Roman town called " The Castles", be-
yond Alwalton ; property of the Monastery at an earh^
period.

(Jf the Saxon remains were : one arm of a cross and
other small fragment w'ith interlacing ornament. Remains
of arch, imposts, and two jambs not unlikely of the
period of (that Abbot of many Abbeys) Leofric, who is
said to have led South Peterborough's contingent to the
I'ed field of Senlac. A tympanum from over a square-
headed door. Plinths of another. A fine specimen of a
"long stone" from a vertical jnlaster strip. Two frag-
ments of an ordinarj^ mid-wall slab, having round the
outside of opening a half-round roll, one piece of which
retained also the holes for the metal fastenings of its
wooden shutter. Two fragments of rudely-pillared jamb
stones or responds of an arch (difficult to have been,
understood had not jambs of similar plan remained to
the choir arch of Wittering (its daughter church). Two
bases, one square, one round, which if not Saxon must be
very late Roman. Several double shafts of no very great
length, roughly shaped, and then coated with a very
thin coat of the finest and hardest Saxon plaster to a
smooth round surface, perhaps from the cloister, but
neither caps nor bases were recovered. A piece of what
the Saxon mason no doubt thought was a classic archi-
trave round an arch. Part of the end of an ornamentally
perforated mid-wall light slab, similar to those remain-
ing in the upper lights of Barnack Tower, and the only
other specimen yet known in England. Fragments of
moulded strings. The north-east angle of a very early
monumental slab, perhaps that of a Saxon Abbot. Its
moulding was very much in accord with those of the
above strings. Some of the fragments found retained
traces of the fire of 1 1 1 6.

OF i>eti<:rborotu;h. 53

The remarkably beautiful Saxon monuments found
inside the north transept of the present church are
here omitted, as being only in the churchyard of the
Saxon church. Tliere is in the west wall of vault over
the Saxon remains, very near the south gable, and quite
close to the masonry of altar found there, a small recess,
on the floor, which marks the spot whereon one of the
early tiles before mentioned was found lying in its
original position on the Saxon floor. Its surface was
terribly burnt from the fierceness of the fire which de-
stroyed the church. It was hoped to have it here
retained, but it was eventually removed to prevent the
visitors from carr3'ing it ofl".

Some frao-ments of tiles with ornament in relief were
found below the south-east angle of south transept.
Similar tiles did, some years ago, remain in the floor of
the north transept at St. Alban's Abbey. Among the
stone rubbish filling in the Saxon choir were found two
large blocks of Barnack stone.

The sum of the discoveries is briefly thus : —

1st. The choir of the Saxon Abbey Church, about 23 ft.
3 in. wide inside its walls. Thickness of walls, 2 ft. 8 in.
A distinct line of junction appeared to exist between its
south wall and the east one of south transept.

2nd. Its two transepts were found. Length of north
one from inside of choir wall to inside north gable, 31 ft.
85 in. Width inside north transept, from west to east,
34 ft. 8 in.; from choir to south transept-gable, 31 ft. 8 in.,
and east wall of Saxon work, 2 ft. 8| in. Width across
transepts, 91 ft. lH in. Ke-used stones from a former
church were seen present in the walls of both transepts.
No opportunity occurred to lay open any part of its nave,
or nave-aisles, if they exist. The Saxon Chronicle states
that its tower was " gehalgod" in roSi).

The whole of the Saxon walling, so far as it existed
inside the present church, was excavated and vaulted
over. So that it is now possible to follow it completely
round from the north-west angle of its north transept —
round its choir and south transept, and thence up to the
gable wall of the south transept of the Norman church.

The floor of the vault is that of the old Saxon Abbey
Church of 1U6(;.

54 SAXON ABBEY CiU'RclI UF I 'IT Kit BOROUGH.

It is but just to say that the Chapter and Committee
would not have been able to connect tlie portion in nave
with that of what was found in the transept, had not
the generosity of Mr, John Thompson, of Peterborough,
made them the gift of that part below the crossing by
which the connection is complete, and the interest to
visitors so much increased : — remains wherein the famous
Hereward, the Saxon leader, must have kept his vigil
the night previous to his knighthood.

i;i)rocfctiiiig5 of tl)r ^iSisociatiou.

WicDNKSHAY, ;3i;i) Jan. lXi>4.

0. H. COMI'I'ON', E;^(i., Y.P., IN THE ClIAIR.

]\ri{S. Bi-AXCiiK FHANL'iis CoLi.iKH, G Victoria Square, S.W,, was duly
elected a member.

Thanks were ordered by tiie Council to be returned to the respective
donors of the following presents : — •

To the Sociefij, for " Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural
Sciences," vol. v. Part II, Jan. 1885— Jan, 1889.
,, ,, for " Somersetsliire Archteological and Natural History

Society Proceedings, 1893."
„ „ for " Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections," vol. xxxiv.

To the Edilnr, for " Rsvue Universitaire," No. 2 (second year), Feb.
1893.

Rcar-Admirid Tremlett sent for exhibition a series of drawings of
the remarkable tumulus known as Mont St. Michael, Carnac, Mor-
bihan. It is wlioUy artificial, and it consists of two sepulchral cham-
bers opening one from the other, the first being 2.4 metres on the
north side, and 2 metres on the south, by 1.5 metre at junction
with the small chamber, the width at the east, where the entrance is
placed, being 1.80 metre. It is formed of rough stones and roofed
with stone slabs of great thickness. The whole of the mound is formed
of a mass of rough stones whicli covers the chamber. There is then a
thick covering of clay which is impervious to wet. Above this is a
layer of loose stones and earth, which forms the present surface. The
enormous size of the mound can be judged from the fact that on a
level platform which forms the summit there is a small ancient church,
consisting of a nave, chancel, and western bell-cot. There is also a
cross, and at the west end of the platform the remains of a semaphore
station. The drawings sl.>.owed the mode of construction of the
chambers. One showed a primitive necklace, and another various
implements of febrolitc and jade, which were found in the chambers
with traces of cremated bodies.

56 PROCEEDINGS OF TTIE ASSOCIATION.

The Chairnian exhibited a boldly painted blue delft tile, which had
been used for wall decoration, i-emoved from au old house recently
demolished, in London.

Mr. Loftus Brock, F.S.A., Hon. Sncretary, described a series of
ancient Jewish lamps, which had recently been found at Jerusalem,
or its environs, by the operatives of the London Society for Promoting
Christianity among the Jews. They are variously ornamented with
raised lines, dots, and pellets; one having a series of palm leaves.
They date, most probably, before the Christian era.

Mr. C. Brown, Deputy Mayor of Chester, sent a description of an
ancient crypt on his property in Watergate Street, Chester. It is
vaulted, of Norman date, and is now being cleared out and repaired ;
a new entrance being in course of construction. A more detailed
description is promised when the works are completed.

Mr. E. P. L. Brock, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, read a paper by Mr. F. H.
Williams, on the "Water Crypte in Crypte Court, Watergate Street,
Chester," which will, it is hoped, be printed hereafter.

Mr. W. de Gray Birch, F.S.A., Hon. ^S'f^c, read a paper on the " Lan-
chester Altar", by Dr. R. E. Jlooppell, which was illustrated with
several photographs. It is hoped it will be printed hereafter.

Wkdnesday, 17ih January.
C. H. CoMPTOX, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The election of the following Honorary Corresponding Member was
announced : J. P. Wilkinson, Esq., City Surveyor's Office, Man-
chester.

The following presents were acknowledged, and thanks returned to
the donors : —

To the Smithsonian Institution, for " Bibliography of the Salishan
Languages." By J. C. Pilling; and "Ninth Annual Report of
the Bureau of Ethnology," for 1887-8. By J. W. Powell,
Director. 1892.

To the Author, for " Llantwit Major." By Dr. A. C. Fryer. 1893.

To the Society, for "Arch^ologia Cambrensis." Fifth Series, No. 41.
Jan. 1894.

I'd ike Author, for " Notes on the Surname of Francus, etc., in Scot-
land." By A. D. Weld French. 1893.

To the Society, for " Archeeologia Cantiana," vol. xx. London. 1893.

Miss Swann favoured the nueting with the following communi-
cation : —

iO'.

PROCKKDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 57

NOTKS OX A I)lSCOVp:ilY OF A SMALL STONE OliJKCT
AT OXl'OKD.

Ill digging the foundations for tlie New City Buildings in Oxford,
tlie workmen liave come upon an interesting little vessel. This object
(see tl lust ration) was found about 20 feet below the surface of the
ground, under the old office of the Town Clerk, south of the vaulted
cellar of Cnap Hall. It is in shape and appearance like a miniature
font, but it has no drain-hole ; there are remains of some oily sub-
stance still discernible in the basin. The measurements are as
follows: — Total heiglit, 11 inches; square bowl, 5^ by 5^ inches;
depth of bowl, 2| inches. It originally stood on five shafts, the centre
one, two-and-a-half of the outer ones, and half the bowl remains. The
centre shaft is cylindrical, and quite plain, and it and the half bowl
are in one piece. One of the outer shafts is carved with a rectano-ular
pattern, which forms a diamond in the centre of it. The second outer
shaft and the portion of the third which still remains are alike
ornamented with a spiral pattern. The four sides of the base are all
similar, and have a succession of crosses carved on them. Round
the basin, and also at the square edge of the vessel, is a raised mould-
ing, which shows traces of the cable pattern. On the face of the
bowl is a beaded moulded arch, and the moulding is continued over the
pillars, but I cannot discover any traces of cable work in this.

The part of Oxford in which this vessel was found was originally
the Jews' quarter, and known as Jewry. For the illustration I am
indebted to Mr. Herbert Hurst, who first drew my attention to the
discovery.

Mr. J. W. Bodger sent two cards of Roman objects Avhich have
been discovered at Peterborough, which he described as follows:

"No. 1. Mount containing a pair of bronze bangles, of twisted wire
and hook fastening, taken from the arms of a female skeleton ; and
coin of Alexander Severus. Obv., imp. c. m. avr. sev. alexand. arg.
Bust laureated and draped to the right. Jiev., p.m. tr. p. hi. cos. p.p.
Jupiter standing to the left, holding a mantle on the right arm, and
holding a branch and a sceptre. These were found in Peterborough,
August 1594, together with a vase, two vase necks, and broken
pottery, with two skeletons, one a male the other female, buried side
by side, and with heads to west and feet to east.

"No. 2. Mount containing Roman bone needle, two pins, and two
styles, also 1st brass of Antoninus Pius. Obi)., antonixvs avg. pivs
PP. TR. p. cos. III. His head laureated to the right. 7?ey., Italy seated
to the left on a globe with stars, holding a cornucopia and a sceptre.
ITALIA in exergue, and ?.c, in the field. These were found December

58 I'liUCKLDINUS UF THE ASSOCI A'I'IOX.

1603, near Peterborough, togetlier witli a lovely red tliiitiib-uare
vase.

"No. 3. Tetradraclini of Ela;/ahalus, struck at Anfciucli. On the
olv., head of the Emperor and his name, etc., ATT . K . .AI . A . AXTll-
NEINOC . CEB .(AvToy.paTUp . KuiSap . Mapzo: . Aupri'/.io; . AvTWi-s/i'Oj 'iLiSa.ij-
To;). On the rev., eagle and legend, AIIMAPX . ES . Til A TOC . TO . U
[Arifxapy^r/.r,; , E^onffia; . \jz:aro: . ro . IJ. ; i.e., Pontifex Maximus Con-
sul 11).^

" No. 4. Roman 'Jnd bra.ss coin of Augustus or Claudius, re-
stamped witli a small standing figure, and again restamped with r.i;.,
there being s.C. on obverse ; both found in Peterborough, and regard,
ing which I shall be glad to receive information, as name, etc."

^Ir. Oliver described a series of beautiful lamps, of Roman date,
mostly fountl in Syria. Amongst them was a handsome example in
bronze, in perfect condition. He also exhibited a rubbing of the
brass of Prior John Campudene, lo82, from the Hospital of iSt, Cross,
Winchester.

Mr. J. T. Irvine sent for exhibition some sketches of a remarkable
Norman door at Leathley Chui-ch, covered with ironwork of very
curious patterns. It appears to have been the south door, but it now
forms the entrance from the western tower into the nave of the
church, although it has been in its present position for about three
centuries. Mr. Irvine sent a sketch of an early Norman tombstone
slab, which has recently been found at Peterborough Cathedral, in
excavating for the new engine-room for the organ. It has a plain
incised cross, roughly worked : its base standing on another cross of
small tbrm.

Mr. R. Earle Way laid before the meeting a large number of anti-
quities which have recently been excavated on the site of the open
court of the old Marshalsea Prison, Southwark, known as the Tennis
Court, now being covered with buildings. The progress of the woi'ks
revealed the former existence of an ancient watercourse, many cases
of piling being met with, in a mass of black mud. A boat-hook (pro-
duced) was found among the piles, together with several objects of
Roman date.

The principal objects found consisted of pewter spoons of six-
teenth century date, of varying form, and eacli having the maker's
mark, of which a list, it is hoped, will appear in a future Journal. The
coins include: — Constantinus I, 292 a.d. ; Cliarles I ; Tavern tokens :
<' The Ship," without Temple Bar, Kill), W.M.S. ; " The Three Log-
gerheads," Robt. Cornelius, St. Tubs St. (Tooley St.), IGG-j, u. D.C,

^Ir. T. Cann Hughes, Local Member of Council for Cheshire, ren-
dered the following I'eport of antiquarian discoveries : —

*' 1. In Watergate Street, Chester, behind the shop of Mr. Coventry,

PI{(»('Ki:i)ING8 OF THE ASSOC! ATK >X. 59

balccr, imuiciliiittlj opposito to Holy Trinity (.'Imi-cli, lias been dis-
covered ti-aces of a building fronting the street, sometliing of tlie same
nature as (hat found in White Kriarn, in May 1884. It is presumed
that the present discovery is conlirniatory of the views expressed by
the Rev. W. S, Lach-Szyrraa, at Liverpool, in 1887. The excavation
has been inspected by Rev. Canon Morris, Archdeacon Barker, and
other persons, and careful drawint^s and photographs have been
taken on behalf of the Chester Society.

"2. In the i-epaii-s of the north wall of the ci(y, consequent on the
fall of Peniberton's Parlour (as before reported by me), an interesting
discovery has been made. It is a tombstone commemorating Q. Doini-
tius Optatus of the Claudian tribe, born at Virunum in Styiia. The
inscription is imperfect. It was found 30 yards west of Pemberton's
Parlour. The discovery is due to the watchfulness of our Honorary
Correspondent, Mr. J. Matthews Jones.

" 3. There have recently been found at various points in the city of
^lanchester, the old wooden water-pipes through wliich the city was
in its earlier days supplied. These are preserved in the Police Depart-
ment, at the Town Hall."

A paper on the " Parishes of Leeds and Bromfield " was then read
by the Rev. J. Cave-Jirowne, M.A., which it is hoped will appear in a
fnture Journal.

The second paper, on " Reminiscences of Visits to Segontium", by
^\\\ Harry Sheraton, Local Member of Council for Cheshire, was then
read by Mr. Loftus Brock, F.S.A., in the author's absence. It was
illustrated by photographs of the objects referred to, including the
Roman wall of the camp, and the recently uncovered ancient timber
roof of the chureii.

pEJiivUAKY 7ru, 181.M-,
Ali.ax AVyon, Esq., F.S.A., V.P,, in the Chair,

It was announced that Mr. Cecil Davis had been elected Auditor
for the current year, in place of Mr. Macmichael, whose absence from
town prevented him from attending to the duties of the office.

Mr. Loftus Brock, P.S.A., lion. Sec, reported that an invitation had
been received from the Lord Mayor of Manchester, to hold the con-
gress this year in that city, and that it had been unanimously accepted
by the Council.

The Rev. G. B. Lewis sent for exhibition some photographs of the
curious font in the church at Toller Porcorum, Dorset. It consists of
two portions, the lower one, of Portland stone, being circular on a
base, and ornamented with early volutes, one of which ends in a

GO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCTATIOX.

ram's head. The upper portion is octagonal, of red sandstone, of
fifteenth century date, with small punels filled with foliajj^e.

Mv. Cecil Davis exhibited some prehistoric implements of hard stone,
which had recently been found near Auckland, New Zealand. They
are formed with much precision, and have none of the uneven appear-
ance of many European examples.

The following note was tlien read : — -

A BELFKY-FOUXDRV.
IfV Di;. FRYRR.

The general method of casting bells has varied little from centui'y
to century. A core of brickwork covered with soft clay is moulded
to the intended form of the inner surface of the bell, by means of a
curved compass called a crook, and in a similar way the form of the
outer surface is moulded, on the inside of the outer mould or cope.
The cope is fitted over the core, with a hole left at the top for the
escape of the air, and the metal in a state of fusion is admitted to fill
the space intervening between the cope and tiie core.

It was in Norman times that the art of casting bells in sequence of
sound appears to have been practised. In the reign of Henry III,
Walter of Odington, a monk of Evesham, gave careful directions for
the production of a tunable ring. Sandre of Gloucester was a noted
founder, and before the close of the fourteenth century to the time of
the Reformation, excellent bells were produced at York, Norwich,
Bury St. Edmund's, Leicester, and other places.

It is interesting to note that bells were fabricated at the base of
church towers as late as the year 1718. The bells in Llantrisant
Church, Glamorganshire, are marked E. E. 1718 and the figure of a
bell; and it appears that seven bells were cast in this town at that
date. The furnace was built against the south wall of the tower, while
the moulds were arranged against the north wall. -Mr. John Storrie
writes to the Western Mail, saying : — " The largest bell was cast last,
the core being left in silu ; it was built in the orthodox manner on the
rock on which the church is built, fully stiengthoned with an iron
skeleton, and with the oi'dinary gas-vent from the inside. Only small
fragments of the mould of this bell were found, but these showed that
it had been cast, for the loam, sand, charcoal dressing, stopping cla}',
and other necessaries in bell casting were all lying about. The pit
after use had been simply filled in and paved over, and the matter
lost sight of, and all remembrance of the casting had died out in the
town." The Vicar has pointed out that the registers only date from
1720, as if to show that, after a period of apathy, a new departure in
Church matters had taken place about the time when the bells were
cast.

rilOCP^EDINGS OF TIIK ASSOCIATION. 61

This was followed by an extended discussion with respect to tlie
piactice of bell founding close to the church for wbicli the bells were
I'cquired. Mr. Loftus Brock instanced some places in Kent where the
bells are known to have been founded either in or close to the church-
yard, or on the village green. Mr. Earlo Way instanced the tradition
which exists in a village near Tiverton, where it is believed that the
church bells were cast in the field still known as the Church Bell
Field, and a depression in the ground is supposed, with much appear-
ance of truth, to mark the spot.

A paper was then read on

KCCLESIASTK 'AL ANTIQUITIKS.
BY W. OLIVER, ESQ.

The crucifixes show various points of diffei'ence in the position of the
head, the hands, and the feet. To take the head first, the earlier
examples show the head lying on the shoulder, then three with the
head slightly elevated, and three with the head sunk on the chest of
the figure.

The earliest examples show the crown of thorns placed round the
liead ; this is wanting in those of a later period. The reason for this
beino- that they were generally separate from the other part. An
extremely fine crucifix at St. Patrick's Church, Soho Square, shows
the crown made of vei-y fine twisted wire, possibly silver, but now much
tarnished. The hands of the examples show differences in the position;
some have both hands open at full length, in others they are closed, the
knuckles upwards. One shows both the two first fingers extended,
and another oidy the two first fingers of the right hand is in this
position. The feet are either separate or placed the one upon the
other. One example shows the hands twisted over the head; one pre-
cisely similar is in the Mayer Collection in the Museum at Liverpool.

Aureoles are to be found in an early fourteenth century example.
This is probably Eastern ; the figure is very much contracted, instead
of the limbs hanging straight down.

Of crucifixes in Milan, I have a few examples. The principal being
on a splendid pectoral cross of Italian workmanship ; at the back is
placed a small figure of the Blessed Virgin and Child. The cha-
racter of the work is Italian; the upper pnrt takes off by unscrewing
the ends from a small box, possibly for a relic. Another similar
box in silver has on each of the arms of the Cross, the pincers
and the reed ; the scourge. Tlie head is surrounded by a crown of
thorns, and the sacred monogram is over this. On the reverse side is
a small figure of the Virgin, over the head is a cross, and the letters
I.H.S. Beneath the feet are three spear-points piercing a heart.

r»2 rnocEEDixfJs or the associattox.

Another example is similnr, but the figures are larger; the head-dress
of the Virgin is similar to the head-dress seen in eftigies of the
fifteenth century. An example which appears to me to be Spanish
has the figure of Our Lord crowned on a crescent, and beneath are
a scale and cross lines. On the reverse side is the Blessed Virgin,
crowned, the head surrounded by rays.

There are two small crosses in enamel; one with a background
powdered with small crosses, a larger one being placed over the head
and under the feet ; at the arms are placed small blue flowers ; at the
top the sacred monogram. Rays proceed from the arms, and the whole
is surrounded by a corded pattern.

The second enamel is green, and repi'esents the First Person of the
Blessed Trinity ; beneath is a small white mark, evidently intended
for the Holy Ghost in the form of a dove. Small figures of angels
being on either side, as also at the arms of the cross.

Over the head of Our Lord are the letters IC XC. The cross
stands on a screen. Another enamelled cross shows the Tree of Life,
the arms of the cross showing small leaves; in place of the usual
letters aie L X {Li<innm Chridi).

The aureole is in white enamel, as is also the cloth placed round
the centre of the figure. Another shows the cross with the Blessed
Virgin and St.. John on either side. The aureoles of these two figures
in white enamel ; the crosses in the shape of a tree with brandies.

A unique enamel is in red coral, the stem on which the figure is
placed comes from a piece of white coral.

Of figures of the B. V. ]\[. there are four in ivory and one in wood.
The frames at-e Spanish, I think, and show the figure of the Virgin
on the half moon. One shows the Serpent holding the apple in its
mouth, and small figures of angels, and underneath is a figure lying,
decorated in gold and colours, this is Portuguese work; and a small
figure witli beautifully designed drapery is, I think, Spanish. Of a
different type is the small wooden figure of the Virgin and Child. This
is cleaily Dutch, and is very heavy when compared with the others.

The paper was illustrated by a large collection of crucifixes of varying
date ; an interesting pax, and various other articles named in the
paper, were ex]iii)ited.

The proceedings were brought to a close by the reading of a paper
prepared by Mr. T, Cann Hughes, on "An Archaeological Kamble in
lOast Anglia", which it is hoped will he printed hereafter.

Thanks were returned to the exhibitors, and to the readers of the
various papers.

PliOCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 03

Wednesday, FEunuAKY 21st, 1S94.
Ai,r,AN Wyon, Esq., F.S.A., Hon. Treas., in hie Chair.

Tlianks were ordered by the Council to be returned to the respective
donors of the following presents : —

7'o the Socief//, for " Annales de la Societe d'Arclieologie de Brux-
elles." Tome VIII. 1 Jan. 1894.
,, „ " J3i]lletiu Historiqne." Tome IX, livr. 165-7; and

" Les Chnrles de St. Berlin." Tome III. Par M. le Chanoine
Haignei'c. (Societe des Antiquaires de la i\Iorinie.)

Ml'. A. Oliver sent an outline drawing of the "Riding of the
Sfang", from the Walsohen Brass, a 2)ro2Jos of the promised paper by
Mr. Barrett.

Mr. Brock read a note from Mr. Fiank Williams of Chester: —

" During tlie past week, workmen have been engaged in removing,
to about half its deptli, the baidc of earth beneath that part of the
city walls immediately behind the 'Grand Stand' at the Racecourse.
The excavation has exposed masonry of tlie same massive character as
that (with which you are familiar) existing still further to the south ;
and so of no little value with regard to the vexed question of the
existence of a wall ;dong this side of the city in Roman times.

" I understand that Mr. Jones, the City Surveyor, hns informed you
of the finding of a small Roman archway, in lowering the ground
beneath the ' Watergate Flags' and the city walls ; and evidently a
vestige of the villa discovered in erecting the houses at the end of
the last century. The opening looks like a ^jrcp/'wrMmm, but I cannot
say for sure that it is so.

'* With regard to the wall disclosed at the Rood-eye, I hope that
when more cleared of earth a photogrnph will be tiiken of it; for as
ihc excavation is being made in view of a building there to be erected,
the wall will be so hidden.

" Finding an excavation in progress for the purpose of foi-ming a
cellar, behind the premises of Messrs. Quellyn, Roberts and Co., on the
.south side of AVatergate Street, I thought it well to watch the
progress in view of antiquariiin finds. At first it did not appear
particuhii-ly promising, much of the eaitli lemoved being that of
made ground ; omitting the occurrence of a tew pieces of medi-
aeval potter}-. The first of the more important finds were a piece
flaked away from a sandstone pillar, and the base of a small half-
shaft, or pilaster (the accompanying rough indications from me-
mory) ; but what made me imagine that better remains might be
found, was the finding of thi-ee half-pillars of the usual Chester type.

64 PJIOCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

and evidently from some liypocaust ! The work of excavation up
to to-day has been to generally lower the ground to about half the
intended depth, and the cutting of trenches for the walls on the north
and east sides. At the end of the last named, and the position of the
S.E. angle of the proposed cellar, T noticed a lighter stratum of what
appeared to be merely filling-in rubbish. On a second visit to-day
1 have narrowly inspected it, and find it to be the line of a Roman
concrete floor, intercepted by a cross wall of the same period — both
of which the cutting exhibits in section. I at once acquainted the
architect, Mr. Lockwood, jnn., and another friend and antiquary,
Mr. John Hewitt (who is in the ofhce of Mr. Lockwood), and they
accompanied me to view the remains.

" I have asked Mr. Hewitt, in the interests of the Association, to
make a plan of the spot and watch for further developments. This
he has promised to do and, if possible, send in some account for a
future meeting."

Mr. Matthews Jone.s, City Surveyor of Chester, communicated a note
showing that in January, "in cutting through the outer wall of the
modern (1779) house, for cellar-ventilation, I came into contact with
stonework. On clearing away the soil and filling-in stuff, I exposed
an arched opening going through a 4| ft. thick wall, or mass of
masonry. This was covered on the inner side with, or acted as sup-
port for, three layers of tiles with the usual pounded tile-concrete on
top. P'our ft. in depth, below the tiles, a floor of 8 in. similar concrete
can be traced for a distance of 12 ft., and say G ft. wide. At a short
distance from this perfect arched opening is another arch, internally
about the same span, but remains of the springing only.

"I have left the whole intact, and made it easy of inspection by an
architect, but not for ladies or geologist antiquaries. Strange how
Mr. Thompson Watkin missed his aim. His dotted lines, showing his
supposed west wall, come directly on the arched opening, as it does
with the Roman lemains at Black Friars, found in 188G. If he was
right we must assume that the builders of that day either put up the
two villas to be removed for the wall, or built the villas in a breach of
the wall, or built the villas as part of the wall, or outside the wall,
which is absurd."

Mr. J. VV. Bodger, of Peterborough, sent a further exhibition of
recent Northamptonshire finds : —

"1, female face; 2, female head; found by Artis in excavating
Roman buildings at Castor, near Peterborough, in 1821-23. One mount
containing twelve coins found at Castor in 1h02, viz., —

" 1. — Hadrian. 06y.,bust of Hadrian to rij^ht ; rev., female bust to left.
" 2. — Antoninus Pius, Obv., his bust to right ; rav., an elephant,
witli COS . III. in exergue.

PIIOCEEDIXOS OF THE ASSOCIATION. G5

"3. — Marcus Aurclius, coined A.n. lt)l. Ohv., liis bust, crowned, to
the right, imp . CAES . M . avre r, . antoxivs . avg . p. }.i.; rec, Marcus Aure-
lius and Lucius Verus standing and shaking hand?, one of whom is
lioldiug a roll of a book, concord . avgvstor . tr . p . xv . cos . iii .
s . G.

"4. — LuciUa (Annia), daughter of Marcus Aurclius and Faustina,
and wife of Luciius Verus. Obv., her bust to the right, lvcili.e . avg .
ANTONIN . AVG . F. ; rev.. Concord seated, to the left, holding a patera
and a double cornucopia, concordia . s . g.

" 5. — Alexander Severus. Obv , his bust drnped, to the right, i.\ii' .
CAES . M . AVR. SEV. ALEXANDER. AVG. ; rcv., Abundance standing, to the
left, holding some ears of corn and a cornucopia, at her feet a vessel
filled with corn ; anxoxa . avgvsti . s . g.

" 0. — Gallien. Ohv., his bust laureated and cuirassed, to tlie right,
iMP.c.p. lig. GAf-LiENS . AVG.; rev.. Liberality standing to the left,
holding a plate and cornucopia ; liberalitas . avgo . s . g.

" 7. — Gallien. Obo., his h.ead crowned, to the I'ight, gallienvs . AVG. ;
rec, Liberty standing, to the left, holding a bonnet and a sceptre ; in
the field, xr. liheri'as , avg.

"8. — Tacitus. 06?;., his bust laureated and draped, to the right; legend
indistinct ; rev., an eagle looking to the right, etovc . a. Coined at
Alexandria.

" 9. — Probus. Obv , his bust radiated and cuirassed, to the right
IMP . PROBVS. P . F . AVG. ; rev., Peace standing, to the left, holding an
olive-branch and a sceptre, pax . avgvsti.

"10. — Probus. Ohv., his bust cuirassed, with the casque, and crowned,
to the left, holding a spear and shield, imp. piiOiivs . avg. : rev., Health
standing, to the right, feeding a serpent which he is holding in his
arms, salvs . avg.

"11- — Probus. Obv., his bust radiated, to the left, with the imperial
mantle, and holding a sceptre surmounted with an eagle, imp . C . M . AVi: .
PROBVS . P . F . AVG. ; rcv.^ the Sun crowned, half naked, in a cai'riage and
four, galloping, to the left, and holding a globe and whip, soli . ix-

VICTO.

"12. — Probus. OJjv., his bust, draped and laureated, to the right;
legend imperfectly visible ; rei'., an eagle looking to the right, a. Coined
at Alexandria."

Miss Collier exhibited some old illustrated books, among them being
good copies of Milton s Wvrls, 1711, and llisiorij nj the New Testament^
by S. Wesley, 1717.

The Chairman then exliibited the chalice of the Church of St. Sty-
thian's, in Corn wall, which he was permitted to show by his brother,
IS'Jt 5

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

the Rev. W. J. Wyon, M. A., wlio has charge of that parish, -vvhicli
is situate in the south-west corner of Cornwall. The cup, from
foot to lip, is 85 in. bigh, or to top of cover about \0h in., and about
4^, in. diameter in its widest part. It is engraved round the foot, the
base of the cup itself, and below the lip. The cover also is engraved.
The whole of the engraving is of a uniform type, of floriated design,

Seal of Charles II. Obr.

carried out in a somewliat archaic manner. There are no Hall-marlcs
by which its date can be proved ; but upon the top of the cover are
the figures 157G in the style of engraving which prevailed in Queen
Elizabeth's time. There is no reason to doubt that the cup came into
the use of the church in the year shown by the date. Tiie knob on
the stem suggests that the cup was made for ccclt-siastical use.
The following was then read :

rROCEEDlNOS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

NOTES ON SOME NEW SEALS 01' THE KlNO's GREAT SESSIONS
OF WALES.

HY ALLAN WVON, ESQ., F.S.A., HON, TREASURER.

During the meetings of our Congress at Ciirdiff I had the lionour of
submitting a paper upon the Judicial Seals of Wales, wliich was pub-

Soalof Charles II. Rn;

lished in our Journal of last year (pp. 1-14). In my paper I stated
that there were many gaps in the series of seals which I then brought
under the notice of tlie Association, and I ventui-ed to ask that these
might be filled should any further impressions of this series of seals bo
met with. Our Hon. Secretary, Mr. Birch, has been kind enough to
fill two of these gaps.

Whilst down iu South Wales in the month of August last year,
examining some old charters, he came upon an impression of a seal
of Charles II, and another of a seal of George I, both of the Glamor-
gan group of counties, Mr. Birch was unable to bring away these

rROCEEDIXG'S OF THE ASSOflATIOX,

seals ; but lie did tlie next best tliiiie, be made rongb rubbings of
them, ■which I now beg to submit to tliis meeting.

Charles II's seal shows on its obverse the King on horseback, with
sword erect, similar to the seal for the Denbigh group of counties,
ligured on Plate IV of our Joiinial of last year. The greyhound and
the hind gorged, as supporters ; the crown ensigned with orb .and
cross; the curved sides of the shield ; the Prince of Wales' feathers; and
the space between the bottom of the crown and the top of the shield
proper ; are all distinctly discernible upon this rough rubbing, from

Seal of George I. fjhv.

which 1 have constructed the design of the .seal as shown on the accom-
panying illustration, and I have no hesitation in stating my belief that
this illustration gives a fairly accurate representation of what the seal
itself must have been. ^[r. Birch fui-ther states that the seal was
4 in. diameter, and tliat the document to which the impression is
attached is dated at Cardiff, 2'J April, "anno regni 19", i.e., 1GG7.

The rubl)ing from the other seal shows the King on horseback. Tiie
position of the head and neck, and the flow of the tail of tlie horse,
mark it out a reductiun of tlie Gieat Seal of Enirland of Georo-e 1. Oi»

TROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATIOX.

Gf)

the reverse, tlie ti^reyliouml and tlie hind supporters leave no doubt;
about this seal belonging to the Glamorgan group of counties. I hero
also submit my idea of I he design and appearance of the seal, which
Mr. ]5irch sajs was attached to a document in George I's name, bear-
ing date the thirteenth year of his reign, i.e., 1727.

Whilst; I feel that our thanks are due to JNIr. Biroli for his brino-incr
these seals under our notice, I cannot i-efrain from expressing a hope
that other seals of tin's series may yet be brought before us, so that by
and bye the whole series may be completed.

Seal of George 1. Rev.

]\rr. Brock read a paper on " Larabourne Cliurch, Berks," by Dr.
A. C. Fryer, which it is hoped will be printed hereafter.

Mr, Barrett read a paper on " Riding the Stang"and " Riding Skini-
niington," which also, it is hoped, will find a place in tlie Journal.

Rev. H. T. Owen rendered a description of extensive excavations
that have been effected under his direction at Yalle Crucis Abbey, Llan-
gollen. The whole of the cloister-court has been cleared of the accu-
mulated earth, and the buried foundations revealed. They prove to bo

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

in more perfect coiuUlion than couUl liavo been lio[>etl for, and tlie
entire ground-plan has been recovered.

Mr. E. P. Loftus Brock, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, exhibited some third-
brass coins found with several others at Springhead, near Gravesend,
on a site wliich has produced many other traces of Roman occupation.
They consisted of coins of Constantine, Constans, and Valens, and -were
remarkable by reason of the Christian emblem, the Chi-Rho, being on
the standards held by Roman soldiers on the reverse. He exhibited
also a coin of Constans, found elsewhere, on the reverse of which a
soldier, or the Emperor, is represented holding a standard in each
band, the Chi-Rho being inscribed on each standard.

Wednesday, 7th Makcu 1894.
Allan W\on, Esq., F.S.A., V.P., Hon. Teeasurer,

IN THE Cl]AlR.

G. H. Turner, Esq., 35 Rosslyn Hill, Hampstead, N.W., was duly
elected a Member.

Mrs. Skey, Roman Road, Be 1 ford Park, W., was elected an Hono-
rary Correspondent.

Mr. R. Earle Way exhibited a large collection of flint implements,
etc., from recent excavations, accompanied by the following note : —

"Prehistoric Antiquities discovered in Southwark during Feb. and
March 1SS}4. Palaeolithic Period. — Within the last two months I have
collected from the drift-gravels, about 16 ft. below the surface, and in
a space of about 20 yards, a number of flint implements— knives, axes,
scrapers, borers, celts, and sickles — and a quantity of perforated stones,
many flakes made into saws, and a number of unfinished implements ;
bone pins and needles, and a fine bronze fibulie and ring, and many
fragments of urns and other vessels in black pottery ; a hammer made
from the antler of a deer, horns and teeth of the JJos prhiiii/eniitf, tusk
of wild boar, and teeth of the wolf. Some of these stones were known
as thunderbolts by our foref.ithers.

"In the seventeenth century a flint implement was found, with a
mammoth tooth, in Gray's Inn Lane. It was regarded as maile by
man ; but its presence was explained by the tlicory that it was a spear-
head of an early Briton who liad killed a Roman elephant. This weapon
is now in the British Museum.

"The discovery of so many implements in one place, as well as piles,
and not more than 500 yards from the River Thames, appears to
indicate that it was the site of pile-dwellings."

Mr. W. de Gray Birch, F.S.A., Ifov, Sec, exhibited a squeeze of a

PROCEEDINCJS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

Roman altar at Scliloss Fiirstcnau, on tlic Miiaimling, in Ilcsse Darm-
stadt, iuscribed

DIANE

vorvM

VITALIS
PRO SK
El' SYOS
V L. M.

The Rev. J. Cave-13rownc, M. A., exhibited a silver medal or badge of
Charles I. On the rev., the ro3'al arms in a garter.

The Chairman exhibited several casts and photographs of various
Great Seals of England, bringing into notice a new Great Seal of
Charles IF, and communicating information hitherto unpublished
respecting other Great Seals. Tlie paper will be printed hereafter in
the Journal.

Mr. Birch moved, and Mr. Cave-I3rowne seconded, a vote of tbanks
to the Chairman for his paper.

l^ritisi) :^rfl)af0l05iral dissociation.

FIFTIETH ANNUAL CONGRESS,
AVINCHESTER, 1893.

MONDAY, JULY 31st, to SATURDAY, AUGUST 5tii.

PATRON.

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

PRESIDENT.

THE lUGUT HUX. THE EAliL OF NOimiBEOOK, G.C.S.I.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

The Dukk of Norfolk, K.G., Earl
Marshal

The Dcke of Wellington

The Marquess of Bute, K.T.

The Earl of Dartmouth

The Earl of Hardwicke

The Earl of Mount-Edgci'mhe

The Earl Nelson

The Earl of Portsmouth

The Earl of Winch ilsea and Not-
tingham

The Eord Bishop of Winchester

The Lord Bishop of Ely

The Lord Bishop of St. David'3

The Lori> Bishop of Llani>aff

The liisHop of (Jiildford

The Bishop of Portsmouth

Lord Baking

liORD Montagu of Bf,aulieu

The Very Rev. the Dean of Win-
cm ester

Sir C'has. H. Rouse-Bouguton, Bart.

J>"Eut.-Gen. Mr E. Fitz,\vv<;kam,
Bart., M.P.

Sir ?{enry Mildmay, Bart.

Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
F.R S., F.S.A.

The Hon. .L Scott Montagu, M.P.

TiiK. WoKsHipiri. TTiF, Mayor of

\V INCH est l.H

CoL. George G. Adams, F.S.A.

W. W. B. Beach, Esq., M.P.

Thomas Blashill, Esq.

C. Brent, Esq., V.S.A.

Arthur Gates, Esq.

T. Chamberlayne, Esq., M.P.

(". H. COMPTON, E.SQ.

W. H. Cope, Esq., F S.A.

H Syer Cuming, Esq., F.S. A.Scot.

F. H. Evans, Esq., M.P.

A. W. Franks, Esq., C.B, D.Litt.,
F.R.S., P. S.A.

James Heywood, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.

A. F. Jeffreys, Esq., ■NLP.

Thom.\s Kirby, Esq., Bursar of Win-
chester College

Montagu G. Knight, Esq.

Rev. 8. M. Mayhew, M.A.

W. H. Myers, Esq., M.P.

J. S Phene, Esq., F.S.A., LL.D.

Melville Portal, Esq.

William \V. Portal, Esq.

Wyndham S. Portal, Esq.

Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, D.D.,
FS.A.

K. M. Thompson, E.sq., C.B., F.S A.,
DC.L., LL.D.

George R. Wright, Esq., FS.A.

Allan Wvon, Esq., F.S.A.

LOCAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

]Vifh Poircv to add to tin ir Nainher.

His Wursihi' the Mayor of Win'chkstku (William Shenton', Esy.

Chairman.

The CoRPORATioy of the (Uty ok Winciiestek.

Mr. Alderman Bcdden
,, Cliktox

,, mokshead

,, Stoimier

,, Warren

Mr. Councillor I>arter
,, Benuam

,, Cancellok

,, Carter

,, CcsnEN

,, GiBB

,, GOODBODY

Mr. Councillor Jacob
King

,, KiRBY

,, Marks

,, MiCKLAM

,, SCOTNEY

,, Tebbutt

,, Ward

,, Warren

,, AVebb

, , \Vkig iit

The Earl of Airlie

'J'hb Mayor of Andover

The Mayor of Basincjstoke

The Mayor of Newbury

The ]\Iayor of Newport

The Mayor of Portsmouth

The Mayor i>f Romsey

The Mayor of Ryde

The Mayor of Southampton

The BisHoi' of Guildford

The 1>ish()p of Portsmouth

Very Key. the Dean of Wixchester

Rev. Canon Fearon, 1). D., Head

Master of Wiachester College
Rev. the Warden of Winchester

Colleoe
The Master of St. Cro.s.s
Hon. Evelyn A.shley
Dr. Arnold
F. J. liAioENT, Esq.
Walter Bailey, Esq., Town Clerk
Edward Baring, P]sq
Sir F. Bathurst, Bart,
F. C. Birch, Esq.
Miss Bramston

Rev. R. H. Clutterbuck, F.S.A.
H. T. Cole, Esq.
W. T. Cole, Esq.
W. C Coles, Esq.
J. B. CoLsoN, Esq.
J. CoLsoN, Esq.
J. G. Comely, Esq.
C. Dale, Esq.
Rev. R. C. Davis
Rev. H. C. Dickins
Dr. Earle

J. W. Freshfxeld, Esq.
W. G Gardiner, K^ts
Miss E. Gardiner
E, D. Godwin, Esi.i.

Rev. G. N. Godwin
Rev, Au.stin Gourlay

B. W. Greenfield, Esq.
Geo. Gudgeon, Esq

Very Rev. Canon Gunning

— Houghton, Esq.

G. a. Holdaway, Esq.
Rev. Canon Humbert
J. Jerram, Esq
Rev. a. G. Joyce

C. O. La Croix, Esq,
Miss Leroy

J. W. Maggs, Esq.

Rev. N. Marks

Rev. G. VV. Minns

W^vLTER Money, Esq., F.S.A.

R. Morgan, E.sq.

T. Morgan, Esq.

Richard Moss, PjSQ.

W. H. Myers, Esq., M.R.

Rev. J. P. Nash

S. Nelson, Esq.

C H. Nesbitt, Esq.

W. Polkinghorne, Esq.

Melville Portal, E-iq

Wyndham Portal, Esq

William W. Portal, Esq.

Rev. W. Poulet

James Salter, Esq.

— Saunders, Esq.

T. W. Shore, Esq , Hartley InsliUite

Rev. a B. Sole

J. Stratton, Esq.

Rev. H. -J. Thresher

H. W. Trinder, Esq.

Rev. J. Vaughan

Hy. White, Esq.

Rev. a. Wiseman

Rev. .T. E. Yarborough

Rev. H. Young

lion. Local Secretaries.

Waltkk r.AiLEV, Esq., Town Clerk, The GuiiaiuiU, Winchester.
B. 1). Cancellor, Esq., 14, Jewry Street, Winchester.

Jlon. Local Treasurer— H\^ Wdkshii' the Mayor oe Winchesteu
(Wii.EiAM Shknton, Esq).

GENERAL COUNCIL.

J. Ro.MiLLY Aelen', E.-^q., F.S.A.Scot.
Ai.<:eknon Bkent, Esq., F.R.G.S.
Rev. J. Cave-Bkowne, M.A.
J. r. Hajuusox, E.sq., M.A.

R. HOKSFALL, E.SQ.

R. HowEETT, Esq., F.S.A.
W. E. Hlghes, Esq.
A. G. Langdox, Esq.

RiciiAKi) Lloyd, E.sq.

J. T. Mould, E.sq.

W. J. Nichols, Esq.

A. Oliver, Esq.

Geo. Patrick, Esq.

W. H. Rylands, Esq., F.S.A.

R. E. Way, Esq.

Benjamin Winstone, Esq. M.D.

Hon. T«a.sMj-er- Allan Wyon, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.A.Scot., F.R.G.S., 2 Langham
Chambers, Portland Place, W.

Vice-Treasurer— S. R vyson, Esq., 32 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W.

Jfo». \ W. i)E Gray Birch, Esq., F.S.A., British Museum
Secretaries ) E. P. Loetis Brock, Esq., F.S.A., F.K.T.B.A., 27 Sohu S(iuaro, W.

r.}

^proffctiings of tl)e J^iftirtl) Congress,

TiiK proceedings of tlic Congress commenced at the Catliedfal, where
the members met on tlie morning of Sunday, the 30th July. The
Mayor and Corporation in tiieir state I'obes, accompanied by tlie civic
officials bearing the ancient maces of the city, also attended Divine
Service. The Very Rev. the Dean preached from St. Matthew, xiii, 52,
" Therefore every scribe which is instructed, unto tlie Kingdom of
Heaven is like unto a man that is an householder, which bringeth forth
out of his treasure things new and old."

Many of the members also attended the aftei-noon .service at the
Cathedral, when the pulpit was occupied by the Rev. Canon Humbert,
Viear of St. Bartholomew, Hyde, who delivered an appropriate sermon,
selecting as his text, Ezekiel, xxxvii, verse 3, "Can these bones live?"

Monday, 31st July 1893.

On Monday the formal reception of the Association by the Mayor
and Corporation took place in the Sessions Hall. The following mem-
bers of the xVssociation, among others, were present : Llr. Allan Wyon,
V.^.k., iru)i.Treamrer ; Mr. E. P. Loftus Brock, ¥.^ X., lion. Sec. ;
]\[r. and Mrs. Arthur Cites ; the Rev. S. M. Mayhevv, M.A., F. S.A.Scot.;
Dr. Pliene, LL.D., KS.A. ; Mr. C. H. and Miss Compton, Dr. and
]\liss Winstone, Mr. and j\Irs. Horsfcdl, Mr. .J. Park-Harrison, M.A. ;
:Mr. Algernon Brent, F.R.G.S. ; Mr. W. .1. Nichols, Mr. W. Essington
Hughes, Professor Fergu.sson, LL.D. ; Mr. Sydney Baird, Mr. Tyson,
Mrs. \V, Gibson Rendle, Mr. and Mi-s. B. Natlian, Mr. E. Arnold,
Mi-s. Ed\vard.s, Colonel George Lambert, F.S.A. ; xMiss Francisca L liu-
bert, Mr. and Mrs. Cliarles Lambert, Mr. R. C. Husii, ilr. T. S. Lush,
Mr, and Mrs. George Puller, Miss Fullei-, Miss Swann, Mr. and Mr.s.
E. \V. Fry, I\[r. W. Lull, Uv. W. W. Wooder, the Misses Wooder,
Miss Price, Mrs. Wheeler, Mrs. Eyton, the Misses Pressor, Mr. P. D.
Prankerd, Mr. John Bush, ;\lrs. Prankerd, Jnr.; Mr. and Mrs. A. Ikssel
Tiltman, Mr. R. Duppa Lloj-d, Mr. John Broad, Mr. and Miss Chalfcy-
Chaffey, Mr. C. Lynam, the Rev. E. D. Whitmarsli, D.C.L. ; and Mr.
S. Rayson, Sub-Trcasarer.

76 rROLEEDINGS OF THE f'OXORESS.

His Worsliip said as Mayor of tlial uld city lie bad the greatest
pleasure in welcoming the Association, and lie hoped tlie bright morn-
ing they were experiencing might be an indication of a very pleasant
and instructive week. They were deeply indebted to the Association
for coming amongst tbein, not only because of the social interconrso
Avhich would take place between tlieni, but because of the information
they felt the Association would bring into the city, and the assistance
they would render to those who were tbirsting for knowledge. They
•were very glad to place the rooms of tlie Guildhall at their disposal,
and to assist them in any way they could ; and he trusted, when the
week ended, and tlicy returned to their respective homes, they would
carrv with tliem a pleasant recollection of Winchester and its inha-
bitants.

Mr. Allan Wyon, Hon. Treasurer, said : —

"Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen of the Corporation of Winchester,
behalf of the British Archaeological Association I beg to express our
sincere thanks for the kind words you have just spoken, and for the
welcome you have accorded to us on this occasion. There are some
acts which gain in value at an increasing ratio whenever they are
repeated. When we call on some public man, and find that he receives
us with courtesy, we feel a certain amount of gratification. When a
second time we go to the same man, and again are warmly received by
him, that feeling of gratification ripens into warm regard. This is the
sort of feeling with whicli we come to this ancient city of Winchester.
On August 4th, 1845, your predecessor, Mr. Mayor, welcomed us in
this place ; not in this room, as tliese magnificent municipal buildings
had not then been erected; but in this city he welcomed our prede-
cessors in the membership of the British Archaeological Association.
We come where our Association has been before, and we feel still
happier than our predecessors in making a further acquaintance with
this city. The mention of the dates I have just referred to (1845 and
1893^ reminds us of the flight of time, and this again reminds us of
what is well known to all the members of our Association, that this is
the year of our Jubilee. We have been in existence for tiCty years.
Only last week I was talking with Sir Albert Woods, Garter King of
Arms, who told me tliat he was the oldest member of the Association,
he having joined it fifty years ago, when it was first formed, and hav-
ing continued a member ever since. He also reminded me that at the
time he joined the Society, my father joined tlie Association too; and
ever since then, throughout these fifty years, my family, either in the
person of my father, or one of my brothers, or myself, has maintained
a continuity of succession of union with this Association. 15ut when
I look back upon these fifty years, and look around for those who were
tho very founders of the Association, 1 am constrained to ask, * Our

rnorERDiXGis of the con'(;rf.8s, 77

fulLers, wliere are (licj ?' 'I'liey, indceil, liavc passed away ; but oilier
members liave joined the Association, and are pressing forward with
iho same object as tbe founders liad, — to maintain and extend the
knowledge of arcliajology tlirougliout tlie country.

" I may, perliaps, be permitted to remind you of the position in wliich
archasology stood fifty years ago, wlien tliis Association was formed.
In London thei-e was the Society of Antiquaries, besides which there
were one or two other provincial Societies; but the Archa3ological
Associations throughout the kingdom were so few that you could count
tiiom upon the fingers of your hand. Since that time, however, and
largely owing to the establishment and success of the British Archreo-
logical Association, so many Societies have come into existence that
there is hardly a county throughout the country which has not its local
Association ; some so strong, that, like the Kent Association, they can
show a roll of 900 members, all pursuing their way with enthusiasm in
bringing to light the story of the past. Looking upon these Societies,
T hope I may be excused saying that we regard them with some
degree of parental pride, feeling that they have emanated in so laro-e
a measure from the activities of our own Association ; and when wo
see how numerous and how vigorous these local Associations are, tho
words of the Roman poet seem not inapplicable to ourselves, ' Pulchra,
te prole parentem'.

" There may, in this city, be those who ask, What are the objects of
the Association ? To this I would reply, they are, and ever have
been, to search out anything which has to do with man in bygone
days, and to trace his progress from the first indications that we have
of him in the dim past, inhabiting cave and lake-dwellings, onward
through all the ages until we see hinx standing in the full light of
civilisation. During the fifty years that our Association has been in
existence, great strides have been made in the progress of archteology.
"When our Association met here, forty-eight years ago, there was
a church in this city (St. Thomas's) then threatened with destruction.
This Association did what it could to preserve the existence of that
church ; but the Association then had not that force which archaeolo-
gical societies have now, and that church has passed out of existence,
and about the only trace of it now to be found is that preserved in the
Journal of our Association, where, besides the verbal descriptions, are
illustrations showing the form and appearance of the building. Similar
buildings in many places have since been saved by the exertions of
such Societies as ours.

"But besides rescuing many churches from destruction during the
last fifty years, this and kindred Associations have been the means,
during that period, of having many other churches restored. I know
that the word ' restoration' to some archie jlogists is obnoxious; to

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS.

tlicin it signifies n, bail tiling. It is by sncli considered synonymous
witli pulling- down and rebuilding an edifice altogether ; which, of
course, is not restoration, but destruction. Thanks, however, to our
Association and kindred Associations, during the last fifty years, a
great number of those buildings which liavc needed repair and pi"e-
scrvation have not been so dealt with : loose mortar has been removed,
a good cement inserted in its place, but the stones themselves have
not been removed, Tho old buildings, wiiilst secured, have been kept
to the eye practically untouched ; and our influence in preserving these
churches when they are being restored has been increasing year by
year.

"There are a great number of other ancient buildings and monu-
Tncnts of various kinds that wo have been instrumental in preserving.
During recent years Pai-liament has sanctioned an Act for the Pre-
servation of Ancient Monuments; an Act whicb would not have been
carried fifty years ago because there was not then force of public opinion
enough behind Membci's of Parliament to have carried such a Bill
through the two Houses.

"These are some good results which have come immediately from
the existence of our Association. At a meeting held at Burlington
House within the last three or four weeks we were told of steps which
are now being taken to extend the knowledge of archaeology in many
directions, and I was surprised and pleased to hear how in the
National Schools and Board Schools of Yorkshire and Somersetshire
and elsewhere children are actually being taught some of the elements
of archfeology. That would have been impossible fifty years ago ; and
so we are extending even to the poor of our population some interest
in the past history of their neighbourhoods, and quickening their lives
to nobler purposes by enabling them to know the acts and thoughts of
men long dead, but still for ever witnessed to by the buildings and
other remains which greet the sight of the living.

" We have come, Sir, to your city, the civic Corporation of which
so well deserve the words of eulogy pronounced upon it in the eloquent
sermon by the Dean to which we listened yesterday. Last week many
of us who were not present were reading with no little interest tlie pro-
ceedings which took place in connection with the quingentenary of the
College for which your city has become so famous. For what a length-
ened period has that College existed. But when Wykeham founded
that School, five hundred years ago, your city was then ancient. Sir,
w'tj have here before us, upon the walls of this chamber, a recoi'd of
when your city was first built, hundreds and thousands of years ago.
I suppose that there may be some who do not believe absolutely in its
foundation in the year B.C. 800 ; but certainly the most sceptical must
nnhesilatingly admit that for centuries before Wykeham came here
Winchester was a strong and vigorous city.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS. 79

" ^Ir. Major, this is not the first time tliat I have liad tlic privilege
of visiting Winchester. When, a few years ago, I was compiling a
work upon the Great Seals of England, one of j-our predecessors in
office permitted me to examine the charters possessed by your Corpo-
Tcation, to which the Great Seals of former sovereigns were attaclied.
Amongst those T thus examined I found one of Henry II. I mention
this charter of Henry IE because it was not a cliarter of incorporation,
but simply a charter granting additional privileges to a city that had
been in existence for hundreds of years before. What an ancient city
yon represent !

"We have come on tliis occasion with great expectation of learning
much from what Ave may see in your neighbourhood, from what we
may see of your College, from wliat wo may see of your Cathedral, and
from what we hope to sec of your own city. Most heartily do I, on
behalf of the British Archajological Association, thank you for the wel-
come which you have so kindly extended to us on the threshold of our
work."

Following the opening meeting, two hours were profitably passed at
the Cathedral, under the guidance of the Very Rev. the Dean. Assem-
bling in the choir, the Dean proceeded to sketch the features associated
with that part of the building, mentioning that most of the party were
under the site of the famous tower of the Cathedral which fell in 1107.
William Rufus was buried where the tomb commonly known as Rnfus'
tomb now is ; but when they cleared away the rubbish after the fall of
the tower, they apparently moved Rufus' bones, and these eventually
got into one of the boxes Avhich Henry of Blois placed around the
Norman Church, an inscription on the box stating that the bones lay
within. The tomb they saw was that of a prior or a bishop (possibly
of the Cathedral Church), and was of the style of the twelfth century
or thereabouts. Strangers remarked it was a pity they did not have
a spire ; that would probably spoil the appearance of the Church, and
•would probably bring it down. No concrete was used in the founda-
tions, the pier resting on one large stone, about 7 ft. by G ft., laid down
on top of the peat. He called attention to the styles of architecture,
and to the richly decorated wooden roof put on by Bishop Fox about
the year 1501 or 1502, the distinguishing feature being its tine bosses
and ornamentation; the Dean pointing out that the bays contained the
arms of Fox (a pelican), the royal coats of arms, probably the most
complete collection of all the emblems of the Passion to be found in
England, the badge of Henry Vll, the letters H. R. (Henricus Rex),
etc. The roof over the choir-stalls was put up in the reign of Charles T,
probably when it was found desirable to have a special belfry. He
refeired to the chests of Italian workmanship which were placed
around the choir by the care of Bishop Fox, and which contained the

80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COXClRESS.

bones of tlie early kings, and menlioneil that not only did the bones of
Riifus rest in the Cathedral, but those of Riehard, the other son of
"William the Conqueror, who also perished while hunting in the Xew
Forest.

Having touched briefly upon the tombs of J(jhn of Pontoise and of
"Bishop Courtenay, the great screen, the beautifully carved fourteenth
century woodwork, and Prior .Silkstede's pulpit, the Dean took tho
visitors to the crypt. In this interesting part of the Cathedral con-
siderable time was spent. The Dean, speaking of the excavations
which were carried out under his directions in the crypt, stated that
8 or 4 ft. of soil (some 1,500 loads in all) had to be removed. There
was evidence that the whole of this soil was laid down by degi-ees
before the year 1200, the cr^'pt having become useless, and probably
swamped by the holding back of the water by the late Norman people
who built their mills on the stream. In digging a trench the work-
men got down on the real soil, about 18 in. below a kind of peat,
through which the surface-water of the town still ran, and on the top
of which was found an ancient British skate made from fish-bones.
He alluded to the opinion that the (\xthedral was on the site of a
British or Roman church, and that the well in the crypt was a baptis-
tery well ; and in connection with this JNEr. Park-Harrison and Mr.
Brock, concurred with the Dean, that two fragments of masonry
pointed out were part of the oldest Winchester church. They are at
the junction of the Lady Chapel Avith the east end.

Leaving the crypt, a halt was made in the north transept, at the
back of the organ. Here Walkelin's work was dealt with, the blocked-
up Pilgrims' Doorway indicated, and the mutilation of the Holy
Sepulchre Chapel spoken of.

Thence a move was made to the spot whereon stood St. Swithin's
shiine (between the chantries of Beaufort and Waynflete),to the Lady
Chapel, and to the Holy Angels' Chantry, Special attention was last
directed towards Fox's beautiful chantr}', and to the relics preserved
at tho back of the screen between the chantry and Gardiner's tomb.

After luncheon the members assembled at Vfinchester College, where
they were received and conducted over the building by the Bursar,
T. F. Kirby, Plsq., who expressed the regret of the Head Master,
Dr. Fearon, that !i previous engagement at Marlborough College neces-
sitated his absence.

Addressing the party first in Outer Court, ^Ir. Kirby remai'ked that
the buildings were commenced in 1387, just after Wykeham had com-
])leted the building of the sister College at Oxford, and then went on
to describe the oflices and the material used in the building. IMoving
into Inner or Chamber Court, Mr. Kirby gave an account of the ori-
ginal .society, and the mode i:i which they lived. A glance at the

ri;()('i:FJ)iX(;s of thk ("ON(;i!Ess. 81

piclurc known as "The Trusty Servant", and tlicn the (liiiiiir^-liall in
which the Warden, Fellows, and scholars used to dine, but which had
now become simply a room in which the scholars on the foundation
took their meals, was next visited, Mr. Kirhy observinc^ that tlie hall
(althou<>h an upper chamber) was ori^^nnally paved with stone and
strewn with rushes. He recalled some of the modes in which tho
scholars and foundationers in the old times were wont to enr,'aofc in
festivals; and as a reason why Wykeham l)uilt the dinint;--hall above
ground, Air. Kirby said it enabled him to get the same level lor his
roof for both Chapel and hall. Jlaving regard to the size of the hall,
Mr. Kirby mooted the probability of Wykehain's coiitcniplating a con-
siderable attendance of day-boys.

In the Chapel, Mi-. Kirby remarked that it was constructed origi-
nally to accommodate 120. Some twenty years ago an attempt was
made to make it hold about 400. Tlie only portion that had escaped
alteration was, he believed, the roof and the walls. The reredos was
put up by subscription in 1470; but tlie original statues were destroyed
in the time of Edward VI. Some of the original glass of the Jesse
window was at South Kensington ; but that now in the window was
said to be a very good copy of the original. Tlie tower was rebuilt
about thirty years ago, and the present tower was really the third.

Leaving the Chapel, Mr. Kirby said the Cloisters were, no doubt,
part of the original design, and were built by Wykeham himself. In
summer time the school used to be kei't in the Cloisters. The roof
was peculiar, and architects had told him it was very admirable. It
was .said a spider's web was never to be found there; but the swallows
and bats would account for the absence of spiders. The Chapel in the
centre (Fromond's Chapel) was no part of the original design.

The picturesque garden of the Warden was ne.^t walked through,
Air. Kirby mentioning that the stream was always there, and existed
when the College was built. He pointed out the path down which
Henry VI used to walk when going to service in the College Chapel;
alluded to the former existence, on the site, of Elizabeth's College and
St. Stephen's Chnpel ; and to the conversion of ^\hat was a paddock
into a garden by the Warden of the College a hundred years ago.

The visitors went out by the gate at the north-east corner of tho
Warden's garden, and crossed over to Wolvesey Palace, Mr. Kirby, at
their wish, accompanying them, and telling the story of Bishop Mor-
ley's building for an episcopal residence. The ruins and grounds were
viewed, and Rev. G. N. Godwin reminded the visitors that they were
on the site where a great portion of The Saxon Chronicle was written.
At Wolvesey, too. King Philip lodged ju>t before his marriage with
Queen i\lary. The walls were dismantled when Civiniwcll captured
Winchester in IGl").

1891 0

82 n.ocEKDiN'GS OF THE ro.\c;Rr.ss,

A cordial vote of tbaiiks was aeconlcd ^\r. Kirl)j on tlic propositioi)
of Mr. Allan Wyon.

The members next proceeded to St. Cross Hospital. Here the
l^[aster (the Rev. W. G. Andrewes) was in attendance, and took the
party through the church. He stated it was commenced about the
veav 1136. Their founder ^vas Henry de Blois. One portion of the
church was pure Norman, and the rcmaindf-r a century later. The
colouring at the chancel end was carried out by Mr. Butterfield (who
had just given up his connection -wilh St. Cross) about twenty-seven
years ao-o. St. Cross was now a parish church for St. Faith. He called
attention to the Renaissance carving on either side of the chancel, men-
tioning that Lord Northbrook (the President of the Congress) had ex-
pressed a wish to bear the cost of making good the damaged portions,
and the delny in doing so had arisen simply from the difficulty of find-
in"- some one competent to undertake the work. The brasses in the
chancel were al.so remarked upon ; the story of the generous anony-
mous friend, " 0. Z.", retold ; and the rich architectural features, in-
cluding the singular triple ai-ch, w^ere indicated. Many of the associa-
tions of the church were recalled, the Rev. G. N. Godwin making a
few observations as to the buildings carried out by Henry de Blois,
who had no less than six great houses in progi-ess in one year, and as
to the vi.sits of the pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. In the
dining-hall the triptych attributed to Albert Diircr was admired, and
the old jack, the s;ilt-cellars, and the candlesticks examined with curi-
osity. The custom of the charcoal fire in the middle of the hall was
stated to be still kept up on certain occasions. The kitchen was gone
into, and the Master also took the visitors through the passage of his
house, directing attention to much interesting coloured glass; and into
his library, from the windows of which a charming glimpse was got of
the brethren's houses, with the trimly kept lawn, the sun-dial, and the
bright i)atches of garden.

Before quitting the Hospital many of the visitors partook of the
diile of bread and beer at the Porter's Lodge.

in the evening a coni'erx(i::i<ine was given at the Guildhall by the
^Mayor and Mayoress, to which a number of citizens were invited to
meet the President and the members of the Association and lady
fi-iends. In all, the guests numbered about two hundred. The large
Hall was tastefully decorated, and a collection of objects of interest,
prints, engravings, etc., was on view, the following contributing
thei-eto, — The Very Rev. the Dean, the Dean and Chapter, Mr. T.
Stopher, :Mr. W. H.Jacob, :Mr. IL Butt, Mr. W. Bailey, Mr. Allan
Wyon, :\[r. B. D. Canccllor, ]\Ir. X. C. H. Nisbett, Mr. R. Avery, INIr.
S. Newman, Miss Mayo, Mr. Lisle, Mr. T. C. Langdon, Mr. P. S. Lang-
don, His Honour Jmlge Leonard, the Vei-y Rev. Canon Gunning, Mr.

ntOCKEDINGS OF Till': (JO.NUiUKSS. 83

C. J. Cii.shen, Mv. G. Barter, Mr. II. E. Johnson, nnd Mr. W. R. (lar-
diner. Tlio Maj'or and Mnyorcss received tlicir guests. Mr. Liuird
l)Ia3-ed selections on tlic organ.

During the evening the company assembled in the Sessions Hall,
Avherc the Earl of Northbrook delivered the Pi'esidential Address.

The Very Rev. the Dean then exhibited and explained some interest-
ing fragments of altar-linen from the Meon Valley. He prefaced this
by a few thoughts as to the aspiratiotis of archieologists, and alluding
to the Meon Valley, spoke of it as a Valley in which all things were
old, and where it seemed to him life was as tranquil and unchanged as
it could be in any portion of the dominions of England.

On the motion of Mr. Allan Wyon, seconded by Mr. E. P. L. Brock,
a vote of thaidvs was passed to the President for his Address.

llefi'eshments for their guests were bountifully provided by the
Mayor and Mayoress.

Tuesday, 1st August 1693.

On Tuesday morning a party left the Guildhall to attend the recep-
tion by the President at Stratton Park. The first destination was
Stoke Cliarity, but a halt was made on the high point above the
Worthy Downs known as Waller's Ash. From this vantage-ground
!Mr. T. W. Shore directed attention to the surrounding country, espe-
cially that lying between the valleys of the Itchen and tlie Test, indi-
cating the sites of camps and barrows. The particular spot on whicli
they Avere Avas a burial-place, a few hundred yards to the left being
the remains of a long barrow. The clump of trees which stood there
was, he believed, upon the site of one of the finest examples of a bowl-
barrovv to be found in the south of England ; and if so, was one of the
finest remains in Hampshire. The party accompanied I\rr. Shore in-
side the clump of trees to see the bowl and outer ditch.

The Rev. G. N. Godwin also explained that the site derived its name
from Sir William Waller, the Parliamentarian General. There was a
cavalry charge on the Down in 1G45, when Cromwell was besieging
Winchester. The " Club Men", who had tried to bring about a diver-
sion, were swept away, and the last hope of the King for the relief of
Winchester was gone.

At Stoke Charity the Rev. C. W. Streatfeild (Hector) received the
visitors at the church, and Mr. Shore gave a brief description, com-
mencing by observing that they had been passing that day over a
country which was renowned in the history of England, and almost
every yard of which had its story of distinguished personages going to

84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS.

and from olJ Winchester. Having explained that iu Hampshire the
■Nvord " Stoke" was associated with settlements where fords were used,
he went on to refer to the holding of the manor, which was taken
awaj from Hyde Abbey b}' William the Conqueror, and given to one
of his Norman followers. In the thirteenth century it was held by
Hem-y do la Cliarite, whose name had since clung to it. The church
exhibited Xorman architecture.

Mr. Greenfield exhibited rubbings of the brasses in the church to
Ricliard Waller, to Thomas Hampton (1483), and IsabeUa his wife.

The Rev. G. N. Godwin gave a few particulars with I'eference to the
Hampton family, and directed especial attention to the Waller Chapel
and the tomb of Charit}' Og\e, to whom Cromwell gave safe conduct
out of Winchester Castle, but she died on the road.

The rich moulding of the chancel-arch and interesting relics were
pointed out by Mr. Shore, including what was believed to be a repre-
sentation of the Mass of St. Gregory, apparently of 16th century date.

Seats were resumed, and a drive to Mitcheldever followed, the halt
taking place at the church, where the Rev. Waldcgi'ave Bell (Vicar)
was waiting. Although the chni'ch itself has not much antiquity,
comparable with that at Stoke Charity', Mr. Shore said the Perpen-
dicular tower was one of the finest examples of a parish church tower
in Hiimpsliire. Mitcheldever grew into importance through its con-
nection with the -Monastery. The chuich is octagonal, rebuilt after a
tiro.

In rcfei'cnce io the hoUiing of the land by the early kings, ]\Ir.
Sliore said they had passed that day over much of the land which
belonged to the kings who I'uled at W^iucliester. In Hampshire they
had twenty kings (real men) before the days of Egbert. Hampshire
folk denied that they were ever a shire. There was no such place as
Hampshire legally : it was originally a kingdom. He spoke of the
gift of the land to the New Minster by Edward the Elder, while after
the Conquest the Abbey of Hyde held the manor by the feudal tenure
of three knights' fees.

Colonel Lambert, while outside the church, remarked that they were
.standing near the unknown burial-place of one of his great ancestors,
Rubini.

Inside the church the visitors were greatly interested in the beauti-
ful monumental tablets, by Flaxman, to members of the Baring family,
one visitor stating that Flaxman's models for two of the tablets were
in Dorchester Museum. The Vicar also showed a handsome silver
chidice, which was a gift to the church from Lady Rachel Russell.

Stratton was reached punctually at the appointed time, half-past
one. Here the guests entered the mansion, where they were welcomed
by Earl Northbrook, who entertained them at luncheon.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGUESS. 85

After liiuclicou several visitors went with the llev. S. E. Lyon to sec
tlic eliuicli at East Strattoii, built by Lord Nortlibrook ; and his Lord-
ship personally conducted a Inrgcr party througli the beautiful avenue
known as Lady Russell's Walk, and to some of the choice bits of
woodland in which the park abomuls.

Mr. Shore, with his Lordship's consent, made a few remarks as to
the diversion of the Roman Road from Silcliester to Winchester, which
passes through the park; and the Rev. Gr. N. Godwin, as one who
ineliiied to the belief that St. Paul visited Britain, alluded to the
])ossibility of the Road having been hallowed by the feet of the
Apostle.

Returning to the front of the mansion shortly before four o'clock,
;Mr. Wyon, in the name of the Association, thanked Lord Northbrook
for the services lie had rendered, and for tlic hospitable manner in
which he had received them at his beautiful house. The Rev. S. M.
]\Iayhew (one of the Vice-Presidents) seconded, and the vote was car-
ried with hearty cheering.

His Lordship returned thaidcs in a few genial words.

The return journey commenced at four o'clock. On the way liomo
a halt for a few minutes was made at King's Worthy Church, where
the Rev. F, Baring, Rector, was in attendance upon the visitor.s, and
]SL-. Shore said a little concerning the church; and attention was
called to the font, in which are remains of ironwork, leading to the
belief that it was once kept locked.

A much longer halt was made at Headbourne Worthy, where Mr.
JJrock pointed out the remains of an undoubted Saxon work. He said
the church was one of the most curious of those they should see dur-
ing the Congress. For the information of the party he pointed out
the technicalities of the Snxon work. The stone was Quarr Abbey
stone. Standing beneath the west door of the Saxon church, Mr. Brock
called attention to the remains of the rude ligure of the Crucifixion,
which at one time must have stood out from the wall with a certain
amount of prominence, the carving being of the same date as the
Saxon doorway. At Romsey they would see the figure of the Saviour,
with a hand above it, precisely of the same design. The bowl of the
font he took to be Saxon, of the same date as the church.

Having spoken of the later architecture of the building, Mr. Shore
added a few words expressing the conviction that there was a consi-
derable number of churches in Hampshire the walls of which contained
Saxon work, if the doorways and windows were later. He regretted
the churches at Corhampton and Hambledon had not been included in
the programme for the week.

Winchester was reached, on the return journey, a little after six
o'clock.

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS.

Tlie first of tlie evening meetings, for the reading of paper?, was
held in the Sessions Hall of the Gaildliall in the evening, the Mayor
presiding.

The Dean of Winchester read a paper on '" The History of the Cathe-
dral Font of Winchester", which has been printed at pp. G-IG.

Mr. Brock proposed a vote of thanks to the Dean for his most elabo-
rate and learned paper, at the same time concurring that the font was
not English work.

Mr. Allan AVyon seconded, and ventured to add the united thanks
of the members to the Dean for his sermon on Sunday.

The motion was accorded by acclamation, and replied to by the
Dean.

Mr. T. F. Kirby read a paper on Fromond's Chapel at Winchester
College, which it is hoped will be printed hereafter in the Journal.

Eev. S. M. ]\[ayhew moved the thanks of the Association to Mr.
Kirby for his paper, and in so doing referred to Wykeham's work in
AViuchester.

Mr. Brock seconded, and it was accorded by acclamation.

Replying to a vote of thanks for presiding, the Mayor expressed the
hope that the Association might see their way to visit the city again
before the lapse of another fifty years.

(7'o he continued.)

^utiqiiaiian KntflUgnue.

The Origins of Pi dish Spnholism. By the Earl of Soutuesk, K.T.
(Edinburgh : David Douglas, 1893.) — The theory regarding the " Piet-
ish Symbols" propounded in Lord Southesk's work on the subject,
Origins of Pi dish Symbolism, is hardly likely to be generally accepted
without qualification ; while, on the other hand, it is that of an author
Avho has every advantage as to the knowledge of the sculptured stones
of the north-east of Scotland ; and with certain modifications it may
be an important contribution to the subject.

The theory is that the -well-known but still rather mysterious sym-
bols found in many places in the districts in question, carved on stones
Avhich sometimes are hardly shaped at all, and in other cases are
wrought into the most elaborately decorated crosses ; there being no
line of demarcation whatever between those which accompany the
cross in some shape (and they ai*e very numerous), and those without
it, — that these symbols are of Scandinavian origin, and at the same
time were in use as early as the fifth century. No Norsemen ai-e histo-
rically known in Britain till shortly before 800, when they descended
like thunderbolts on the island monasteries; and a peaceable colonisa-
tion by small bands of them, at the early period in question, sug-
gested as the channel of the symbols by Lord Southesk, would have
been rendered nearly impossible by the sea-roving Saxons, who about
400 were much what the Norsemen were later. The Picts actually
appear in frequent alliance with the Saxons, whose mythology would
5-eeni to have been much the same as that of the Norsemen; while the
case is further complicated by the existence, within the limits of Scot-
land, of the small states (afterwards united, apparently) of the half-
lioman Britons, the small kingdom of the Irish Scots in Argyleshire,
and of whatever part of the population may have been of an older
non-Aryan race.

But, on the other hand, the sculptured stones in question arc attri-
buted by the results of modern research to a much later period ; in
fiict, quite that of the Scandinavians in Britain ; on an average, per-
haps, to about the tenth century.

All evidence for their being very old seems to break down. Nor do
the inscriptions seem to help: they are often sepulchral, while the
carvings, genei'ally speaking, are not. But the sort of date ascribed
to them makes it likely that some of the symbolism at least may be

88 AXTlQr\VT{IAN TNTFJJJOEXCE.

Scandinavian. The Viking relics found in tlie north of Scotland are
viclily ornamented. The interesting crescent-sliaped blade or orna-
ment referred to, which is engraved in the Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (vol.
xiv, p. 2G9), which has several of the symbols, if the old drawing
can be trusted, is probably not very old. If it could be reco-
vered and analysed, it would probably be found to be of zinc-bronze,
said to be characteristic of the "late iron age" and the Viking monu-
ments. (See p. G9 of the same vol.)

Indeed, as to particular .symbols, many simple forms have been used
in many different countries and at diflferent periods. As regards per-
haps the commonest and best known of those in question, which is
known as "the spectacle-ornament", Lord Southcsk adopts ]\Ir. Camp-
bell's suggestion, that it is meant for the sun and moon (see the Intro-
duction to the West Highland Talcs) ; but when there are inner circles
or dots, ho considers it more especially the sign standing for Frey and
Freya in the Norse symbolism.

But it is precisely in this form that the symbol appears on some of
the early IJiitish coins of the type of those of Cunobelinus. In one in
the British ]\[useum the crescents (which are part of Mr. Campbell's
sufo-estion) arc very distinct. They seem to have ears of corn stream-
ing from them. There is a statement in Corraack's Glossary, that the
pagan Irish carved the symbols of the elements, which they adored,
on the altars of their idols. There were two races of Britons in the
east of England, and one of them may have been Gaelic ; but the Noise-
men were nearer to Scottish Pictavia.

What is especially puzzling is, that while the West Highlands were
colonised by the Irish Scots, and the Hebrides by the Norsemen,
nothing very like the Pictish symbols has ever been found in either.

The Z, Lord Southesk regards as being sometimes at least the
lifhtnino-. This has been suggested before, and it is often very like
it as it appears in pictures ; but when he proposes to connect it with
Thor (p. 28), it must strike every one as a very poor substitute for his
hammer. Even in the Kgyi)fian hieroglyphics an axe is the distin-
guishin<»' sio-n of a deity, and occurs whenever any of the gods are
mentioned.

The crescent form, called "the Cocked Hat", Lord Southesk would
rco-ard as a rounded axe. The comb and scissors, as well as the book,
lie is certainly right in regarding as ecclesiastical symbols.

As to the animal forms, the meaning of some of them must depend
on the date. It is a sadly flat and uninteresting explanation of the
symbols, that even part of them are merely remains of the picture-
teaching of the Middle Ages ; but certainly Dr. Joseph Anderson (<S'fo^-
land ill Earhj Christian Times) has made out a strong case for the
Bestiary as the source of some.

ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE. 89

As to the clepliant, of which Lord Sonthcsk scouts the possibiHty
as an ecclesiastical symbol, it was celibacy, properly speaking, which
was the great virtue of the Middle Ages. It was tlie crown of her
saintship that St. Audrey left her husband altogether, and retired into
the disorderly convent on St. Abb's Head. And as the elephant, valu-
able servant of man as he is, will not breed in a domesticated state,
but always remains in some degree wild, he was about the most
obvious symbol that could be chosen ; though, it may be added, the
representation is more like that of a walrus.

The -^volf and boar, both pretty well executed, with the sun-circles,
viay represent winter.

The fish, always neatly executed, may be ecclesiastical ; or possibly,
if elemental, may stand for water; but the impossibility of being sui-e
of the meaning of symbols, in many cases, is well shown by the variety
of meanings assigned to the serpent. Lord Southesk calls it " the
Sun-Snake". The Norsemen used it much in decoration. Mr. Dennis
considers the Etruscan snake-deities may represent the powers whicli
cause earthquakes, and the small Scotch snake may stand for earth.
The serpent belonged to Saturn in Roman mythology. It sometimes
means wickedness, sometimes wisdom ; and the snake-dance of the
Moqui Indians of Arizona is a ceremony performed in hopes of bring-
ing rain.

The engravings in Fictish Symbolism, though on a very small scale,
give a fair idea of the objects.

Wherstead, Territorial and Manorial, by F. Barham Zixcke [late]
Vicar. London : Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co.
Ipswich : Read and Barratt. — Pleasantly situated on the wooded
banks of the Orwell, Wherstead has to thank its late energetic Vicar
for some interesting local history, and should be edified by the
morals drawn therefrom in support of the author's well-known political
ideals. The church, the architecture of which ranges in date from
Norman to Pei'pendicular, stands well above the river, and the black
ball below the weathercock is used, Mr. Ziucke tells us, as a sailing-
mark. The advowson was granted in 1207, by Gerard de Hacheshani, to
the Black Augustine Canons of St. Peter's, Ipswich, in whose hands
it remained till their suppression in 1527, when their revenues went to
found Wolsey's College at Ipswich. From the date of his disgrace and
forfeiture it has continued Crown propert3\ The list of Vicars is
complete from the year 1300. The Registers contain an unusually
large number of notices of collections in the latter part of the 17th
century, the object of some of which it is perhaps difficult to explain.
Mr. Zincke has been unfortunate in not lighting upon any startling
addition to Suffolk folk-lore, and here, as elsewhere, will certainly fail
189t 7

90 ANTIQUAIUAN INTELLIGENCE.

to hold tlie attention of his readers through too much desire to be
didactic. Perhaps the best chapters are those which deal with East
Ano'lian words and expressions. Among them are smeaki/ (used of
tainted meat); bleivse {of a miasma); f/te London Road (of the Milky
Way, as its Chaucerian analogue, Watling Street) ; Camida (of an
allotment) ; and Inder (of a vast quantity).

Headers iif iio?«f(H// Rye, who are not East Anglians, may remember
tlie custom of wishing one ihe seal of the day, which the author
mentions and compares with liaysel (the time of Hay) and barh seal
(the time of stripping bai-k). From the same source maybe gleaned
the adverb joimock (straightforwardly), which corresponds in formation
with Mr. Zincke's frequentative verbs in ock. Fleet (of cross-roads) is
curious, with its compounds three-elcet and four-eleet (trivium and
(juadrivium). A large and valuable find of Roman coins was made in
ploughing in 1803 ; and many flint implements and fragments of
Komano-lJritish pottery have been discovered, shewing that the spot
mu t have been continuously inhabited from a veiy early period. The
last few chapters are occupied witli a detailed account of the parish,
as it appears in Domesday, and of the leading features of the manorial
system, with the inevitable moral, the nature of wliich can well be
anticipated. The history of later landholders is meagre: among
them are the Brands, the Vernons, and the Hai-lands, each of whicli
families produced its admiral — the famous Admiral Vernon being
]\I.P. for the neighbouring borough of Ipswich. The book is very well
printed, and, besides a few lithographic illustrations, has some very
successful reproductions of portraits by the autotype process.

Bygone Surrey : its History, Antiquities, Industries, Local C witom^,
and Folk-lore, will be shortly edited by Georgk Clinch and S. W.
Kershaw, ]\I.A., F.S.A. — Every part of Surrey may be truly described
as historic ground, and no apology need be offered for including it in
the "Bygone" Series, of whicli several volumes have already been
issued. The whole district abounds in interesting traces and
memorials of former times. Well-nigh every parish has its ancient
church, sometimes rich in colour decoration, consecrated by holy
memories and associations with the past; and quaint, half-timber
liouses and cottages exist throughout almost the entire area of the
county. Ruined castles and religious houses ; ancient ways and roads
(including the remarkable Pilgrims' Way); relics of prehistoric times,
in place-names and traditions, as well as curious and old-world customs,
tire among the various antiquarian features whicli characterise the
history of bygone Surrey ; and every effort will be made in the volume,
which is now in active preparation for publication, to present these and
many kindred branches of the subject in a manner at once accurate
and readable.

ANTJQUAKIAX INTELLIGENCE. 91

Several well-known authors have already kin<lly undertaken to
contribute chapters upon subjects about wliicii the}- are specially
qualified to write, aud pictorial art will be freely employed in
illustration of their communications. The editors will be pleased to
receive suggestions for further contributions upon subjects not already
appropriated, if sent immediately.

The book will be issued to subscribers at i')s. per copy, and on the
day of publication it will be advanced to 7s. 6d.

Among others who will assist in writing Bygone Surrey, are the
following: — Granville Leveson-Gower, J. P., F.S.A., Percy M.
Thornton, ]\r.P., Rev. J. Cave-Browne, M.A., Rev. E. A. Kempson,
M.A., S. W. Kershaw, M.A., F.S.A., Mrs. Roger, C. Beeston, Edward
Lamplough, William Andrews, F.R.H.S., H. F. Napper, George
Clinch, etc., etc.

The following ai'e a few of the promised contributions : — Farnham,
Surrey Superstitions and Folk-lore, Ancient Ways and Road?
(including the " Pilgrims' Way""), Old Surrey Spas, Medit^val
Croydon, Lambeth Palace, Richmond and Nonsucli Palaces, Guildford,
Early Surrey Industries, The Ancient Coronation Stone, Kingston-on-
Thames, Old Clapham, Southwark in the Olden Time, Provincialisms
of Surre}- and Mertou Abbey.

Antiquities of Llangollen. — The Rev. H. T. Owen, having spent a
considerable sura on excavations at Valle Cracis Abbey during the last
ten years, would now feel glad for a little help from the public t.)
enable him to make farther discoveries. The last and most important
is the discovery of the ancient porch and gateway of the monastery.
This last has been a very interesting find, and much more might be
brought to light if funds were forthcoming.

Any amount, however small, will be acceptable, and may be sent to
Mr. H. T. Owen, Valle Crucis, Llangollen.

llie Cui'jew Gate. — The embattled gate-tower, commonly known as
the "Curfew-Gate", is a fine relic of the fifteenth century. It consti-
tutes the sole surviving fragment of the famous Abbey of Barking,
which, from the seventh century until the sixteenth, held a place of
great importance in the ecclesiastical and even the civil history of the
country. The tower is an ornament to the parish, of which all the
parishioners, without distinction, are justly proud; but it is in a very
ruinous condition. Unless repair is undertaken promptly, there is
cause to fear that the security of the fabric will be imperilled. The
cost of thoroughly securing tlie tower is estimated roughly at £500,
and a representative Committee has been formed to raise the money.
It is hoped that all will contribute to a work which is manifestly

ANTIQUARTAX INTELLIGENCE.

important, not only to the best interests of the parish, bat to antiquaries
generally. The Committee have placed the work in the hands of
]Mr. Charles Dawson, who carried out the repair of the clmrch some
few years ago, and he will furnish plans after consultation with one of
the eminent specialists in medieeval architecture.

Subscriptions may be sent to Mr. W. K. Marriott, The Manor House,
Barking, Treasurer of the Committee.

'!l^^v-

The Curfew Gate, Barking.

FIRST EDITION.

^riti^k ^rclt^obgual JtsBOciation.

FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONGRESS,
MANCHESTER, 1894.

MONDAY, JULY 30tu, to SATURDAY, AUGUST 4th.

PATRON.

PRESIDENT.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

The Dukk of Norfolk, K.G., Earl
Marshal

The Duke of Westminster, K.G.

The Marquess of Bute, K.T., LL.D.

The Marquess of Ripon, K.G.,
G.C.S.I.

The Earl of Ducie, F.R.S.

The Earl of Hardwicke

The Earl of Lathom, G.C.B.

The Earl Nelson

The Earl of Mount - Edgcumbe,
D.C.L.

The Earl of Northbrook, G.C.S.I.

The Earl of Winchilsea and Not-
tingham

The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of
Liverpool, D.D.

The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of
St. David's, D.D.

The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of
Ely, D.D.

Lord Houghton, F.S.A.

Lord Knutsford, G.C.M.G.

The Lord Mayor of Manchester

The Lord Mayor of Liverpool

The Right Rev. Bishop Cramer-
Roberts, D.D.

The Very Rev. The Dean of Man-
che.ster, d.d.

Sir Chas. H. Rouse Bougiiton, Bart.

Sir Albert Woods, K.C.MG., C.B.,

F.S.A. , Garter King of Arms
The Mayor of Burnley
The Mayor of Chorley
The Mayor of Salford
The Mayor of Stockport
C. Brown, Esq., Deputy Mayor of

Chester
Colonel G. G. Adams, F.S.A.
Cecil Brent, Esq., F.S.A.
Arthur Gates, Esq.
J. M. Cheetham, Esq., M.P.
C H. CoMPTON, Esq.
William H. Cope, Esq., F.S.A.
H Syer Cuming, Esq., F.S. A.Scot,
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L.,

LL.D., F.R.S,, F.S.A.
Sir Augustus W. Franks, K.C.B.,

Litt.D., F.R.S., P.S.A.
James Hevwood, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.
J. W. Maclure, Esq., M.P.
Rev. S. M. Mayhew, M.A.
J. S. Phene, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,

F.G.S., F.R.G.S.
Rev. Canon W. S. Simp.son, D.D.,

F.S.A.
E. M. Thompson, Esq., C.B., F.S.A.,

Principal Librarian, British Museum
Allan Wyon, Esq., F.S.A.

GENERAL LOCAL COMMITTEE.

J. H. Andrews, Esq.

Rev. Canon Anson, M.A.

W. T. Arnold, Esq.

.J. W. Beaumont, Esq.

Rev. RtnsT. Biklev, M.A.

H. H. Smith Carkington, Esq.

H. .Sandford Clave, Esq.

pRtiF. \V. Boyd Dawkins, M.A.,

F.R.S., F.S.A.
J. W. EDEIJ5TON, Esq.
S. Hail-stone, Esq.
James Hall, E]sq.
S. E. Hawortii. Esq.
Edw, 8. Heywood, Esq.
Wm. John.son, Esq.
Thos. Kay, Esq., J P.
Prof. D. J. Leech, M.D.
.J. Norbury, Esq.
E. G. Paley, Esq.
Herbert Philips, Esq.
Rev. a. D. Powell, M.A.
W. 0. RorER, Esq.
Prof. Arthur Schuster, Ph.D.,

F.R.S.
Fran(!IS Smith, Esq.

Rev. J, H. Stannino, M.A.

Prof. T. F. Tout, M.A.

Prof. A. S. Wilkins, LL.D., D.Litt.

T. R. Wilkinson, Esq.

G. B. Lancaster Woodburne, Esq.

Alderman James Hoy, Manchester
,, J. Mark ,,

,, J. F. Roberts ,,
,, Hugo Shaw ,,

,, P. Keevney, Salford
,, J. Shaw ,,

Councillor T. C. Abbott, Manchester.
W. T. Bax
,, J. Grantham

,, J. H. Greenhow

,, J. Hamp.son

,, Edw. Holt

,, H. Raw.son

,, W. T. Rothwell

,, J. Ward

, , S. B. Worthington

,, J. Frankenburg, Salford

,, J. Griffiths ,,

W. G. Groves ,,

LOCAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of Manchester, Chairman.

Samuel Andrew, Esq.

W. E. A. Axon, Esq., F.R.S.L.

Sir W. H. Bailey (Mayor of Salford)

C. Tallent-Bateman, Esq.

H. T. Crofton, Esq.

J. P. Earwaker. Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Lieut.-Col. H. Fish wick, F.S.A.

Ma.ior G. J. French

W. H. Guest, Esq.

W. Harrison, Esq.

J. Holme Nicholson, Esq., M.A.,
Wilmslow, Cheshire,

Geo. C. Yates, Esq , F.S.A.,

Swinton, Manchester,

Nathan Heywood, Esq.

T. Cann Hughes, Esq., M.A.

Rev. E. F. Letts, M.A.

H, CoLLEY March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.

Albert Nicholson, Esq.

George Pearson, Esq.

G. H. Rowbotham, Esq.

Chas. W. Sutton, Esq.

J. P. Wilkinson, Esq., C.E.

-Hon. Local Secretaries.

Thos. Letherbrow, Esq., Hon. Treasurer.

GENERAL COUNCIL.

J. RoMiLLY Allen, Esq., F.S.A. Scot.

Algernon Brent, Esq., F.R.G.S.

Rev. J. Cave-Browne, M.A.

J. Park Harrlson, Esq., M.A.

W. EssiNGTON Hughes, E.sq,

A. G. Langdon, E.SQ.

1{. Lloyd, Esq., F.R.Hist,S.

J. T. Mould, Esq.
W. T. NiOHOLLs, Esq.
George Patrick, Esq.

A. Oliver, P]sq.

W. H. Rylands, Esq., F.S.A.
R. E. Way, Esq.

B. Winston e, Esq., M.D.

Hon. Treasurer— Ai,hAV Wyon, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.A. Scot., F.R.G.S.,
2, Langham Chambers, W., and 7, Cannon Place, Hampstead, N.W.

Sub-Treasurer — S. Rayson, Esq., 32, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W.

Hon. f W. De Gray Birch, Esq., F.S. A., British Mu.seum, W.C.
.ie/:retarits { E. P. Loftus Bbock, Esq., F.S.A., 27, Soho Square, W.

Jjiitisil) ^rrijaeologiral ^Issofiattoii.

MANCHESTER CONGRESS.

PROPOSE] ) PROGRAMME.

MONDAY, JULY 30.

The Members aucl Visitors who have provided themselves with Congress
Tickets beforehand will assemble at the Town Hall, where the reception by the
Right Honouiable Sir Anthony Marshall, the Lord Mayor, and the Corporation
of the City will take place at noon. After adjournment for luncheon a visit
will 1)6 paid to Manchester Cathedral, where the various antiquarian features of
the fabi-ic will be examined under the guidance of the Rev. E. F. Letts, M.A.
A visit will afterwards be paid to Chetham College, adjoining. In the evening
the Members and their friends are invited to a Conversazione given by the Lord
Mayor at the Town Hall, when, it is expected, the Inaugural Address will be
delivered by the President. There will be no papers read on this evening.

TUESDAY, JULY 31.

The Members and their friends will proceed by train at 9.40 to Chester, rid
Warrington, to inspect the ancient features of the city, under the guidance of
Alderman Chas. Brown, Deputy Mayor, V.P., and other local friends. After
proceeding to St. John's Church, around the walls, and inspecting the Roman
portions of the masonry recently laid open to observation, the Hypocaust,
Pemberton's Parlour (recently rebuilt after its fall), the party will proceed to
the Guildhall, where, at 1.30, they will be entertained at luncheon, on the
invitation of Alderman Chas. Brown. Later in the afternoon a visit will be
paid to the Cathedral, to be followed by the inspection of the remarkable series
of Roman sculptures and inscriptions recently found in the walls, and now
preserved in the Grosvenor Museum.

Evenuig Meeting at 8 for the reading of papers and discussions, to which
non-members are invited.

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 1.

The party will proceed by the train leaving Manchester at 9.50 to Whalley,
whence the journey will be continued by carriages to Mytton Hall and Church
and Stydd Chapel, returning to Whallsy for lunch. Afterwards a visit will be
paid to Whalley Abbey, which will be described by Mr. Loftus Brock, F.S.A.

In the evening, at 8, a Lecture will be read at Manchester by Allan Wyon,
Esq., F.S.A., Honorary Treasurer, on the "Great Seals of England," illustrated
by limelight, to which non-members are specially invited.

THURSDAY, AUGUST 2.

The Members and their friends will leave Manchester by the 9.45 train for
Macclesfield. After inspecting the Church, the Town Maces, etc., a visit will be
paid (by carriages) to the tine church at Gawsworth, containing interesting
monumental cHigies of the Fitton family. Thence to Congleton, and the ancient
church at Astbury. The remarkable example of half-timbered work. Little
Moreton Hall, will also be visited. .1. P. Earwaker, Esq., F.S.A., will point out
the various objects of interest.

Evening Meeting at 8, for the reading of papers, etc., to which non-members
are invited.

FRIDAY, AUGUST 3.

The party will proceed by the 10 a.m. train to Nantwich, for the inspection
of the fine Cruciform Church and various ancient timber houses in the town.
Afterwards, by carriages, visits will be paid to the ancient churches at Acton,
Bunbury, and the tine old building, Dorfold Hall.

In the evening the Members and their friends are invited to a Conversazione
at the Peel Park Museum, by Sir William Bailey, the Mayor of Salfoi'd.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 4.

The party will proceed by the 9.25 train to Littleborough, where carriages
will be in readiness for visiting Blackstone Edge, where the Roman Road and
the remarkable scenery of the district will be inspected.

The return journey will be through Rochdale, and afterwards to the Church
at Middleton. Dr. H. CoUey March, F.S.A., has kindly promised to describe
the various objects of interest.

There will be no Evening Meeting, so as to admit of the Members and their
friends more conveniently effecting their return journeys from Manchester.

EVENING MEETINGS, Etc.

Kleetings, at 8.30 I'.m. each evening, from Tuesday, 31st July, to Friday,
the 3rd of Augu&l, inclusive, will be held for the Reading of Papers and
Discussions at Manchester, as noted in the Programme. It is hoped that ladies
will attend these Meetings.

Note. — No Papers, as a rule, are to exceed twenty minutes in reading.

Alterations may be made in the proposed proceedings. Progkammes for
EACH DAY, containing full and precise directions, will, however, be regularly
issued, to prevent, if possible, the occurrence of mistakes.

The Papers and Addresses will be given, according to circumstances, either
at the Evening Meetings or at the places to which they relate. The announce-
ments will appear in the daily programmes. The Council does not undertake that
all Pajjcrs shall be read at the Evening Meetings, even if announced, nor that they
shall afterwards be printed in the Journal of the Association.

NOTICE.

Ladies and Gentlemen intending to be present at the Congress should arrange
to reach Man'CJIE.ster during Saturday, July 28th, or on Monday, the 30th -luly,
where accommodation may be found at the Victoria Hotki- at the rate of 9s.
per person per day (slightly increased for Sundays). Applications for Congress
Tickets should be made to the Sub-Treasurer or Hun. Local Treasurer,
and the Hon. Secretaries and Local Si:ci4etariks.

The Hotel accommodation is very limited.

Ladies are specially invited to all the meetings.

Carriages for the Excursions will ))e provided at a moderate price per head.
Ladies and ( ientlemeu intending to avail themselves of these arrangements, should
apply for information at the Committee Room, Victoria Hotel, and take care
to provide themselves with Tickets at the latest on the eveninci i-receoing
each excursion ; otherwise it will be impossible for them to obtain seats in the
Carriages, or to join the day's proceedings.

CONGRESS TICKETS.

Tickets of admission. One Guinea each, for the entire Congress, admitting
a Gentleman and a Lady, or Half-a-Guinea each, admitting a Lady only, may
be obtained from S. Rayson, Esq., Sub-Treasurer, 32, Sackville Street, London,
W., or from the Hon. Secretaries, or Hon. Local Secretaries at Manchester.
Early application should be made.

Each Ticket confers the right to be present at the meetings, and to attend all
the Soirees, Excursions, etc., which may be arranged for the Members of the
Association. It must be produced at all places visited by the Association, and
whenever required.

Tickets may be obtained for the Daily Meetings, one day in advance, on
application as above.

DONATIONS.

Donations in aid of the expenses of the Congress, and of the Illustration
Fund, as well as the general objects of the Association, maybe paid to the
Sub-Treasurer, S. Rayson, Esq., 32, Sackville Street, London, W., or to the
Hon. Local Treasurer, Manchester, and to any of the Hon. Secretaries.

SUBSCRIPTIONS.

Subscriptions from those who may be desirous of becoming Associates, must
be paid to the Hon. Treasurer after election. Ladies and Gentlemen paying Two
Guineas at the least (which may include the Congress Ticket), will be entitled to
the volume of the Proceedings of the Association relating to this Congress, but
they do not become Associates. Larger Donations will be recognised by a pro-
portionate number of succeeding volumes of the Society's publications.

Assoclvtes are elected by the Council on the nomination of Two Members ;
the Subscription is One Guinea per annum, and the Entrance Fee One Guinea.
The Life Composition is Fifteen Guineas.

ADMISSIONS TO EVENING MEETINGS.

Non-Members of the Congress (Ladies and Gentlemen) are cordially invited
to be present at the Evening Meetings, July 3Ist, August 1st and 2nd.
Admission may be had on producing a card from any Vice-President, Member ot
the Local Committee, or of the Council.

LIST OF PAPERS.

The following titles have already been received : —

" The Oldham Key," by Samuel Andrew, Esq.

" Visitations of the Plague in Lancashire and Cheshire," by Wm. E. A. Axon,
Esq.

" The Architectural History of Whalley Abbey," by E. P. Loftcs Bbock, Esq.,
F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., Honorary Hecrttary.

"Tlic Early Deeds relating to the Manor of Manchester," by J. P. Earwaker,
Esq., M.A.,F.S.A.
(By the courtesy of the Corporation several of the Deeds will be exhibited.)
"The Pre-Norman Churches of Lancashire," by Henry Fishwick, Esq.
♦' Notes on the History of Whalley Abbey," by W. de Gray Birch, Esq., FS.A.
" The Roman Remains around Manchester," by the Rev. Dr. Hooppell, M.A.

"Some Aspects of the Great Civil War in Lancashire," by the Rev. J. H.
Stanning, M.A.

"The Great Seals of England," by Allan Wyon, Esq., F.S.A., F.S .A.Scot.
(With Limelight illustrations.)

JBritisIj Srtljaeoloaical ^S5»ociation.

CONGRESS AT MANCHESTER, 1894.

Please sv/pply me vnth Congress Ticket at One Guinea,

to admit a Gentleman and Lady, or GoTigress Ticket ,

at Half-a-Giiinea to admit a Lady, for which I enclose cheque.

Name :

Title.

Address.

Date , 1894.

THE JOURNAL

35ittislj I^rdjacolofltral !3ssoti<itioiu

JUNE 1891.

IN AND ABOUT LEEDS AND BROMFIELD
PARISHES, KENT.

BY REV. J. CAVE-BROWN K, M.A.
(Read 17 th Jon. 1894.)

While Leeds Priory remained, the duties of the parish
church were evidently performed by one or other of tlie
canons, who would seem to have had that function
assigned to him ; for in a Canterbury Charter dated 1841,
a Nicholaus is named as " vicarius ecclesie"; again, in a
will of John Forde, in 1446, a bequest is made to " Wil-
lielmus Fox, clericus ecclesie"; and in a later will of the
year 1501, Willielmus Portland is described as "perpe-
tuus vicarius". But when Elizabeth conferred the advow-
son and revenues of the Leeds portion of the suppressed
Priory on Archl)ishop Parker, the clergy of tlie parisli
came to be called "Archbishop's Curates"; and so strictly
were they regarded in that light, that down to the year
1793 not a single record of any appointment to Leeds or
Bromtield a))pears in the Registers at Lambeth, where
ordinarily every institution to a benefice, whether rectory
or vicarage, is duly entered; showing that this was
regarded as a ])ersonal and private appointment attach-
ing to the See.

It is not, therefore, in the Lambeth Registers, as would
usually be the case, that any clue is found to the suc-
cession of the parochial clergy from the clays when Leeds
became an independent Cure under Archbishop Parker,

1891 8

D-t TX AND AF^,<»T"T T.EEDS

but only iVom tlieCluireli Registers. On one of tlie last
pages of the oldest of these is a list, apparently writ-
ten in the latter part of the seventeenth century, pro-
fessing to give the succession and the dates down to that
time. This list has been adopted by Hasted ; but it
is palpably incorrect. For instance, Avliile it rightly gives
Henry 'J'ilden^ ;is the first of these clergy, as the hand-
writing and signature at the foot of every page ['' ijer me
Ilenricum Tildeu, Ciiraf ") shows, it states that he was
succeeded by Thomas Angood in 1575, M'hereas the same
signature and handwriting are continued till 1610, in
wliich year Tilden's deatli is recorded, and the name of
Thomas Angood first appears, and is continued at the
foot of each |)age till 1615, when it gives place to that of
Humfridns Wilson, who died three years after, and was
succeeded by William Cragg, and after a short interval
by Matthew Lawrence, and a few weeks later by John
Bhickl)ourne, and then by John Lock wood in 1625. The
last four appointments must have been made in the
])rimacy of Archbishop Abbot. With Lockwood came a
break in the spell of short tenures, for he retained the
curacy for ten years. In 16.35 Archbishop Laud, who had
succeeded Al)bc)t, appointed liichaid Marsh, and in 1641
WilHam Frauncis. Of none of these men is anything on
record.

The time was now to come when there was no Arch-
l)ishop to provide for the sj)Iritnal wants of the parish,
but tlie ministrations of the Church were to be under the
election and control of the " Parliamentary Triers", and
their first appointment to Leeds was Nathaniel Wihiiot
ill 164;). Four 3'ears after he was moved to Faversham,
as being a more important post, wliere, according to
Oalamy, his powers as a preacher " wrought a great
reformation in the town".- His place at Leeds was filled,
in 1647, by Thomas Paramore, who seems to have lived

^ Hnstcd sojs (vol. ii, folio etl., p. 484) that Elizabeth appointed
Nichol.'ius Greiieway to the curacy of Leeds in 1557, and gives Kjmer's
Ffedura (vol. xv, p. .345) as his authority ; but the page referred to in
liymer contains a list of appointments made, not by Jilizabeth, but by
-Mary in the first year of her corning to the throne ; and tlie original
l*;iteiit Roll (1 Mary, m. 4G, now m. 8) says that Grenewny was
appointed to Lanljani (Lenham), and not to Leeds.

- Calamy's None on/or inists' Mnnorial, vol. ii, p. P>2G.

AND Bll<)MI-li:i.l3 PARISIIHS. 05

liere for twelve years, dyino- in 1G.')9. Then came Tliomas
Cliownino', of whom, as of Paramore, neither Neal nor
Calamy makes mention. On his removal or death (for
nothino- is recorded of the circumstances of liis leaving-)
came Thomas Shewell,^ who liad ])reviously been at Len-
liam. He appears to have coml>ined school-keepino- with
liis curacy. The Kestoi'ation found him here ; but on
his refusal to subscribe to the Act of Uniformity he was
ejected, and retired to his native town of Coventrv,
where he died suddenly in lG9o.

On the llestoration the riirht of nominatino- to tlie
curacy was resumed by Ai'chbishop Juxon, who in 16G2
iilled the vacancy caused by Shewell's ejection by appoint-
ing' Jolin Moore ; who, however, only remained a i'ew
months, and was succeeded by James Wilson, who re-
tained the curacy for twenty years, dying in 1G85. Arch-
bishop Sancrol't then selected Edward Waterman, of Uni-
versity College, Oxford, who remained here for forty
years. On his death, in 1725, Archbishop Wake appointed
Edward Harrison, who held the curacy for thirty 3'ears,
till he died in 1755. The next appointment was made
by Archbishop Herring, in the person of Denny Martin,
of University College, Oxford. He is better known as
Denny Fairfax, which name he took on succeeding his
uncle. Lord Fairfax, in the Leeds estates. He resigned
the curacy in 1793, and was succeeded by George Gage,
of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, a young member of
the family which then owned Milgate, in the adjoining-
parish of Bearsted.

In the days of Archbishop Moore promotion often
followed very rajiidly after ordination. Gage had only
been ordained deacon in 1792, and priest in the be-
ginning of the next year, and was almost immediately
appointed to the vicarage of Bredgar, and before the
year ended was moved to Leeds, which he only held for
a few months, resigning it for better preferment in the
following June. He was succeeded by James Young, of
Christ's College, Cambridge, who also had only been
ordained two years before. He held the curacy till his

^ Hasted p-ives tlie name as " Sliowell", and places liini at Tjculiairi,
in this probably following Calamy {Nonconf. Jlem., vol. ii, p. o2'J) ; but
his name appears in the Leeds Register.

<)G IN' AN1> AKOIT LEEDS

death in 1790,\vlien another yonno- man, William IToine,
was appointed, the son of the learned Dr. Home, then
Rector of the neighbonrino- ])arish of Othani, and
successively President of his College, Dean of Canterbury,
and afterwards Bishop of Norwich. He, like his father,
had been at Magdalen College, Oxford. He only held
this curacy for about eighteen months, resigning it in 1 800,
and eventually succeecled his father in the family living
of Otham.

On the resignation of AVilliam Home, in 1800, came
George St. John Mitchell, the fourth appointment made
by Archbishop Moore to the Leeds curacy. His was a
longer tenure of the curacy, for he held it till liis death
in 1814. After him came Thomas Lomas, who remained
ere for nearly thirty years, dying in 184o,^ at the ad-
vanced age of 83. His successor, again, William Burkitt,
of St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, had a still longer tenure,
extending over thirty two years. On his death, in 1877,
Adolphus Philipe Morris, of Worcester College, Oxford,
Avas appointed, and is the present occupant of the
A'icarage House.

Vicarage House there was none in ibrmer years, nor
was one needed so long as the services of the parish
church were ])erformed by the canons of the Priory.
Nor, indeed, did one exist for three centuries after the
suppression of the Priory. There is an entry in the
Parliamentary Survey of 1G51, which had been made
\nider orders of the Parliamentary Commissioners, now
preserved in Tambeth Palace Library, that in that year
" There is no Yicaridge house, or Viccar endowed, or any
maintenance for a preaching minister here." Nor does
the Vicar seem to have had any " local habitation ' till
the middle of the present century, when the present
vicarage was built.

To provide an income for the Vicar, when Elizabeth
gave the advowson and revenues to tlie Archbishop, she
laid a cliarge on the See of a sum of i'12 Gs. 8d., " for the
maintenance of the Preacher" : which was always paid
by the lessee of the Priory lands. To this Archbishop
Juxon added a further sum of £30. 'i"he present income

1 Lomas signs hiin.scir ••A.s::i.>taiit Curate" in 1810, aud afterwards
Off. Minister".

AND ]illOM FIELD PA IRISHES. 07

is paid by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners as a definite
cliaro-e on the revenues accruino- to the See of Canterbury,
uninfluenced bv aveiao-e or extraordinai'v tithes.

The Church Registers have, on the whole, been well
written and preserved. They date I'rom the year 1557.
In the earliest book the baptisms and marriao-es
are brought down to 1G89; the burials to 1758. The
entries to the close of the sixteenth century, in the
handwriting of the first curate, ITejiry 'J'ilden, are
excellent specimens of the ca]igia))hy and the ink of
that period ; but with the turn of the century signs
of advancing old age may be seen in his less firm and
distinct penmanship. On his deatli, in 1 G I '), theie
appears a frequent succession of scribes, none so good as
he ; and in the middle of the seventeenth centur}^
here, as in so many a parish, the growing contempt for
Church ordinances betra^'s itself in the careless and
irregular manner in which these Registei's are kept. Down
to 1G45 the entries are more or less carefully made ; but
after that, for the next fifteen years, only very rare is the
record of baptism or marriage or burial, and then only
those of the families of the leading gentry. For instance,
on one page, apparently written in the year 1GG2, appear
records of births and baptisms of several children of
Gregorie Odyarne (who was churchwarden that year),
born between 1G54 and ]G59; three of Simon llouse
during the same jjeriod ; four of Alexander Waterman ;
while the regular entries for those of baptisms, marriages,
and burials alike, were rarely three in each year, and often
none at all.

Before leaving the Register, it may be well to notice
some of the connnents which successive clergy have
recorded on the fly-leaf. For instance, Thomas Anggood
writes : " Rejoice rather in this, that your names are
written in the l>ooke of Life."

John Lockwood wi-ites : "A good name is better than
a good ointment, and the daye of death than the daye
that one is borne." (I. L.)

Richard Marsh writes : " Felices, quorum nomina
reperiuntur in Christo"; and appends, "The memory of
the just is blessed : but the name of the wicked shall
rot." (Prov. X, 7.).

Ill an earlv hand, '•C<vlu teoilur (|ui uou habcl urnaiii.""

98 IN' AND Al'.OX'T LEKDS

Under wliicli ai)pear the following lines of doggerel
Latin : —

" Tlie tymcs of Marriage Exhibited.

"Coitjugium Adveiitus prohibet, Hilarique velaxat :
Septuageiia vetnt : sed Pascliie Octava rcdaxat :
Kogameu vetitat : coucedit Trina potest as."

Thi.s entry can be capped, and ex[)lained, by one in
the Parish Register at Everton (Notts). {Burns 11 istor)/
of Reyisters, p. 158.) : —

"Advent marriage doth deny, but Hilary gives thee liberty :
Septuagesima says tliee iia}-, eigiit days Troin J*]aster says yon may.
Rogation bids tliee to contain, but Trinity sets thee tree again."

This page also contains the following piece of local
histor}^ from the pen of Edward Harrison, who was
" curate" in A.D. 1751 : —

" The Steeple was till'd (tiled), the Church adorned,
the Chancel enriched, and the Curate impoverish't."

It will not be out of place to notice here some of the
interesting old houses which Leeds still retains. On the
dissolution of the Priory, Henr}^ YlII granted to his
jaithful, loyal, and diplomatic subject, Sir Anthony St.
Leo:er, who already owned the castle, the lease of all the
lands attached to the Priory, having ordered that all the
monastic buildings should be pulled down and removed.^
Subsequently Edward YI conferred on him tlie whole of
the property, and from him it passeclto his son SirWarham,
who sold it to his Hollingborne neighbour, Sir Francis
Colepeper; it shortly after passed into the hands of
AVilHam Covert, Esq., of Boxley, wdio added a new front
to the range of buildings which had been erected on the
higher ground adjoining, out of the materials of the
demolished Priory, and thus produced the goodly mansion
wliich came to be known as the " Abbey House". Of
this Iniilding not a trace appears to be left :- and of its
^site and general character nothing would be known but

' An order so faitlirully executed that not a veslige of llieni I'l'mains
save a small shed now called (? in irony) "The Abbey"; and also, half
Avay up the hill, a larger, barn-like building honoured by the title of
" 1'hc Chapel", and now used as a receptacle for luniV>er, and as a
shelter Un- hop-pickers in tlie autumn.

^ With the exception of a cellar in the present farmhouse, to whirli
:icce£S is gained through a doorway in the side of the road, into an

AND BROM FIELD PA TUSHES. 90

for tlie sketch of one J. Badslade, and the " graver" of
tliat indefatigable artist Jan Kip, to wliom posterity are
indebted for so nianj^ representations of old countiy
liouses, as also to the archaeological zeal of I)r, J. Harris,
who enibelHshed the jjages of his Jlisforij of Kent with
several of Kip's sketches.

It is only from tliis print of Leeds Abbey that any
idea can be formed of the buildino- as it stood in 171*J.
It presents a specimen of the style so familiar in buildings
of that period, when the bolder massive architecture of
the Tudors was being blended with the pseudo-classic
Renaissance which superseded it. Its north-western lace
presented a long line of seven gables with pediments
alternately curved and angular, and live oriel projections
of two storeys with latticed casements and square attic
windows in the gables above. \n the second compart-
ment from either end were arched gateways leading into
a courtyard behind. h\ front was a green lawn, with
two imposing gates, while on the west la}^ the ])leasure-
grounds, with their parterred llowerbeds and terraces,
water-courses and fountains, and on the east, acres of
orchard, rows on rows of IVuit-trees. Such was the
Abbey House when it was occupied by the Merediths.
Soon after the death, in 1758, of Mrs. Susanna Meredith,
the "Lady Bountiful of Leeds", the last survivor of the
family, the trustees sold it to Mr. John Calcraft of
Ingress, who greatly added to and improved the house.
His son, on inheriting it, so lavishly embellished it with
costly specimens of Italian art and nianufacture, that his
estate became impoverished, and, on his death in 1821,
the house fell to the hammer, and its treasures were
dispersed. It would seem that the very house was
demolished, for the present ]>lain and homely, though
})icturesque farmhouse, which is honoured by the name
of the "Abbey House", has not a single feature corre-
sponding with Kip's engraving.

In different parts of the village may be detected
carved work in stone and wood in more or less decay.
One house, now known as the old " Manor House",

nrched tunnel, 12 ft. long, in ;i s.';lid \v:ill, wliicli must have formed the
fonndatiun of some massive ijortiun of the out-baildintrs of the Pi-iors''
itself.

100 iX AND ABOCT LEI:DS

retains some ol)jects of special interest. It would seem,
from its position, to have formed the entrance to tlie
Priory g-rounds. In the wall facing the street is a stone
window-frame of two iiohts, belonging to the fourteenth
century, while a panel of delicate wood-carving of the
Tudor period has been inserted in the " wood and
wattle" addition of the sixteenth century.

Among the other private residences of the parish, the
one which, probably, possesses the greatest historical
interest, is that known as " Battle Hall". It lies on the
other side of the Priory site, at a short distance from the
church, between it and the Castle Park, and is now also
occupied as a farmhouse. The origin of its name has long
been a subject of conjecture among antiquaries. Several
theories have been started to account for it. One is that
it may have had some remote, and now forgotten,
connection with the historic " Battle Abbey", near
Hastings ; but the fact of that Abbey belonging to the
Benedictine Order, while the Leeds Priory was
Augustinian, would seem to militate against such a
connection. A second theory is that it formed a portion
of the conventual range of buildings, having been the
hutteri/, that part of the Priory offices from which the
food, to this day called '• Battels" in college language,
was supplied, and that the present form of the name is a
corruption of " Battell Hall". But its distance from
wliat is known to have been the site of the Priory itself,
little less than half a mile off, renders this improbable,
as the entire entourage of a religious house ordinarily
formed a contiguous and compact range of buildings
enclosed within the precincts. A third theory, and one
which certainly seems more plausible and probable, is
that the name was derived from its being the advanced
position and last camping-ground occupied by Edward
J I when he made his attack on the Castle in 1322.
It is on record that the King passed the last night before
that advance at Boxley Abbey : and a glance at the
map would show that this house would lie almost in a
direct line from Boxley towards the causeway and the
barbican, on wliicli |)oint the attack would necessarily
be made.

Whatever was the origin of the name, it was clearly

xSIgX

<Lo.

AND BROMFIEr.I) PAIJISFIES. 101

oP considerable antiquity, for one William Portland, in
his will, dated 1501, described himself as " Perpetuus
Yicarius de Ledys", and at the time living " in villa de
Bello". Almost eveiy part of this house seems to
indicate tliat it was built in troublous times and with a
view to defence. The Early English doorways on both
sides of the house, the staples still remaining in the
massive walls, the beautiful tracery in windows now
blocked up, tell of the days of the earlier l^^dwards; and
so does the wide spanned arch in the spacious room now
used as a kitchen, with its corbels representing two men
in distorted attitudes, as though groaning under the
superincumbent weight.

Here, too, in the passage leading from the front door
into the large room already mentioned, is inserted in the
wall a ])iece of exquisitely carved stone vvoi-k, the object
of which has been a moot point among antiquaries. (See
illustration at p. 104.) A canopy of exquisitely delicate
Decorated tracery rises over a bason of Bethersden
marble, 2 ft. long, 9 in. wide, and nearly -J in. deep ; its
size would probably suggest that it was designed as a
lavatory rather than as either a stoup or a pisciim. The
background is filled in with a block of stone, so different
in material and in character as to suggest its not havino-
formed, or been designed to form, part of the original
structure, but, happening to correspond in width with the
canopy, to have been introduced to till in the space at
the back. It resembles two barrels side by side, placed
on end, with a battlemented top, and two faces, one
resembling tliat of a man, the other of a lion, the moutli
of each serving for a spout, as it were, out of a cistern.

Battle Hall boasts also another object of interest. In
one of the upper rooms is a long panel ])ainting, composed
of three planks, forming a panel 7h ft. long, and by 2 ft.
9 in. deep. It contains seven ligures, but the faces liave
been so utterly scratched and scraped by some savao-e
iconoclastic hand, that it is only by tlie emblem which
each tigiu'e bears that they can be identified. In the
centre stands the Viigin Mary, holding the child Jesus
in her right ai'm. On her right is St. Katherine, having
a small traditional wheel with curved spikes, the
instrument of her death, in her left hand, while her

102 IX AND ABOUT LEEUS

right grasps a long, naked sword ^vith its point resting
on the ground ; beyond her appears St. Agatha, her
breasts pierced thrmigli l)y a short dagger. At the
extreme right is a Bishop with a croziei- in his left hand,
and his riglit raised in tlie act of blessing. l)n the left
liand of the Virgin stands St. George (or ])Ossibly St.
]\[ichael), thrnstiiig his spear down the tln'oat of tlie
diagon ; next to hini St. Mary Magdalen, holding the box
of o'intment in her hand ; while the last tigure on that
side seems to represent an ecclesiastic in full vestments.
Peaceful and orderly as the parish now appears, there
are tell-tale records \vhich disclose a less happy state of
things in the beginning of the seventeenth century. The
church had apparently ftdlen into disrepair, and a vestry
meeting was convened to pass a church-rate, on which
occasion the last days of old Mr. Tilden's life were
saddened, the harmony of the parish was disturbed, and the
feelings of the vestry deeply wounded, as appears from
the following presentment made by the churchwardens
to the Archdeacon : — " We present unto you William
Evans, for that when we of tlie parish were assembled to
make an assess for the repairing of our Church, he being
in our company, used himself very troublesome in \yordes,
being oftentime out with his curse (we being in the
chancel), he made his wagers ; and that he was ofiensive
and troublesome to most of us present : he was
admonished to leave such business for another time and
l)lace : and he still persisting in his froward course swore
he would doe it, being then near unto the communion
table in the chauncel, etc."

And sad to state, another presentment reports four of
the parishioners as being "most notorious drinkhards".

A tablet in the church, and also the Church Jtegisters,
tells us that Leeds has not been without its substantial
benefactors : — " Charles Lumsden, gent., gave the sum
of X200, to be improved for the augmentation of
salary to the minister of Leeds residing, otherwise to the
poor of the said [)arish, a.d. 1732."

" Mrs. Susan ]\leredith, of Leeds Abbey, gave a
complete set of communion plate to this Church, at
Laster-Day, 1 75 L"

h\ the same year, " The lion, liobcrt Fairfax, of Leeds

AND BROMFIKLD PARISHES. 103

Castle, gave four Ijells, and otlier additional ornaments
to the steeple."

The jun-isJi o/' Bromfikld lias from tlie earliest da3^s,
l)otli in its manorial and ecclesiastical cliai'acter, been
annexed to Leeds, and tliougli claimina- to have the
lordly Castle within its bounds, possesses bnt little of
interest conijmred with its sister })arish. Doincsdaij,
under the name (>f " Brunfelle", makes no mention of a
church having existed here at that time, nor is there any
clue, as in the case of Leeds, to the date of its erection.
'J'he present building can boast of but little architectural
beauty, beyond a trace on the outside of the north wall,
near the east end, of a very narrow Norman M-indow,
long since blocked up. Tlie building consists of a nave
and chancel without side aisles. The tower was probably
added about the middle of the fifteenth century, as its
western face contains a good doorway of that period,
with its square label and spandrels: but now nearly
obscured by a modern porch. On entering the nave, the
western arch, as also that at the chancel steps, with its
bold yet graceful mouldings, proclaims the work of the
earlier portion of the preceding century. One feature of
the shafts is worthy of, notice: about a foot above the
square base on which they rise is a shallow plinth, or set-
olf', barely an inch in depth.

Whatever there may once have been of interest or
historic value in the form of brasses or gravestones in
the church has disappeared under the hand of the
" restorer", to give place to a pavement of modern
encaustic tiles. So, too, has it fared with any stained
glass, with the exception of two very small fragments of
rich bordering, which have happily been preserved in the
two windows in the north wall. A highly emblazoned
memorial window, displaying the Wykeham and Martin
arms quarterly, with the monogram P.W.M. in a scroll
profusely scattered over the vacant spaces, was intro-
duced in 1880, by the late Mrs. Wykeham Martin to
the memory of her late husband, Philip Wykeham Mar-
tin, Esq., M.P. for Jiochester ; she also built an organ-
chamber and vestry on that side, and rebuilt a portion of
the south wall.

104

IX AND ABOUT LKEDS. ETC.

On a slab or tlie outside wall, over the east w indow,
it is recorded that "This Chancel was rebuilt by Mrs,
Susannah Meredith, of Leeds Abbej", in the year 1749.''^

^ In a paper on "Leeds Priory" (vol. xlix, p. 93) allusion is made
to a volume known as the Leiger-Booh of Leeds Priory, Mliicli '.vns
Jbrnicrly in the possession of the Filnier family at Mnst Siilton Park
(to which both Tanner and Hasted refer), but, according: to the Ilis'.o-
rical J/SS. li'eport, iii, p. 240, has disappeared since theii- time. lb
may be interesting^ to know that thoun^h the original book appeal's to
have been lost, tliere exists a small collection of manuscript extracts
from it, made by some unnamed copyist, which, hnving- formed a por-
tion of a lot in the sale of the late Sir Thomas PhilHpiis' libraiy, has
found a fitting home in that of C. T. Hatfield, Esq , of Hartsdown, near
Martjate.

CISTERN AND LAVATORy, BATTLE HALL, LEEDS, KENT.

J05

A NEW KELTIC GODDESS :
IXTKlJKSTIX(i DISCOVERY AT LANCHESTKK.

]!Y 'I'liK i;i:v ];. e. iiooprELL, ll.d.

{Ilatd CrdJiin. lSi)J.)

Tn July last one of the finest Roman altai's ever found
in Great Britain was unearthed at Lanchestei-, in tlie
county of Durham, Lanchester is a villao-e with a very
interesting church, about half-a-mile from the site of a
large Koman station, the walls of which are still stand-
ing many feet above the ground, like the walls of the
Roman stations of Reculver, Richborough, and Lymne.
It is situated on the line of the great Roman Road,
known as the first Iter of Antonine, which ran from
Bremenium to Prretorium, through the counties of
Northumberland, Durham, and York. The Roman
station of Lanchester is situated not far from midway
between Vinovia, ^vhich yielded up many of its treasures
a few years ago to the arch ideological enterprise and
research of Mr. John Proud, of East Layton and Bishops
Auckland, and Vindomora, now Ebchester, where
manifest Roman remains meet one in the streets of the
village at every turn. But though, as far as visible and
conspicuous remains go, inferior to neither of those
stations, Lanchester is not mentioned bv name in the
Itinerary of Antonine, doubtless because it Avas not a
recognised halting-place for troops on the march from
one garrison town to another. We know not, con-
sequently, its Roman name, although many speculations
have been indulged in with regard to it, and many
arguments marshalled in support of each of the many
theories respecting 'it that have been advanced,

Tlie altar recently discovered was found on July loth,
by Mr. Frederick Blaekmur, an official of the Lanchester
Union Workhouse. It was lying on its face on a hillside
in a field of the Margeiy Flatt Faini. It evidently had
l)een erected in close contiguity to a spring or well. The
workhouse derives its drinkino--water from the immediate

lOG A Xi:\V KELTIC (iODDESS.

neigliljoiirliood of the spot wliere the altar was discovered.
Indeed, it was in seeking ior some supposed obstruction
in the conducting pipes tliat the discovery was made.
The altar was found to the north of the Roman station,
at a distance of souie few hundred yards from it, and on
the side of a declivity. It is worthy of remark that the
Roman station was suj)plied with water by watercourses,
coming to it from other directions, remains of which may
still be traced.

The altar is of magnificent proportions. It was fixed
in a hollow foot or base, and stood in all 5 ft. ',) in. in
height. It is 23^ in. broad at the head, 20 in. at the
stem, and 30 in. at the base. It is r2 in., 10 in., and
17 in. thick, at the same points respectively. It has a
long and perfectly legible inscription on the front, and is
profusely ornamented on all sides except the back, which
is plain, with devices which suggest forcibly to the
mind the nailhead and other characteristic mouldings of
early Norman edifices. On the sides are represented,
also, usual sacrificial implements ; but there are three
cidtri, or knives, and instead of the securis, or axe, there
is what I take to be a representation of the mold salsa,
or salted cake.

The illustration accompanying this paper is from an
excellent j)hotograph taken by A. Edwards, Esq., of
Blackhill.

The greatest interest, however, attaching to this noble
altar centres in its inscription, which reads as follows : —

DE.E EGAU
MANGAB[

ET ^7/////////

/////// AVG N I'U"
SAL . VEX . SVEB"
KVM . 1"N . G^U . V"
T'M S"LV*^RVNr ."

The only question of decipherment concerns the diph-
tliong in the first word. Same antiquaries who have
seen the altar fail to detect more than the A. They
make, therefore, the goddess's name begin with G and
not E.

But whether the name of the goddess be Egarmangahis,
or Garmangahis, it is equall}^ absolutely new to us. It
does not appear to have been ever, in these later years,

ROMAN ALTAR FOUND AT LANCHESTER.

^^«xrv' ->:

UOMAN ALTAR FOUND AT LANCHKSTEB.

:.\

A M:W KKLTIC (lODDKSS. 107

met with before. It naturally strikes one tliat it was
the name given to a divinity supposed to preside over
the spring- close to which the altar was found ; and we
are forcibly reminded of the many altars to a previously
unknown goddess, covkntixa, which were found Ijy
Mr. John Ckayton, of the Chesters, Northumberland, at
( Virrawburgh, in that county, the ancient Procolitia, in
the year 187!), also in close connection with a spring or
well.

For ex])lanation of each of these names we must have
recourse, I think, to the Keltic tongue. " Coventina"
seems to be coimected with " Cofen", " a memorial", and
was perhaps a kind of Keltic Mnemosyne ; while
" Egarmangabis" seems to be " Y gar man gab", " The
friend of the small house", that is, I take it, " The friend
of the poor", who jterhaps dwelt on that side of the
great station, and drew their supplies of water from the
spring on the hillside.

The next remarkable thing, in connection with the
inscription, is the erasing of the Emperor's name.
Several circumstances conspire to lead us to place the
making of this altar in the reign of Gordian, a.d. 238-
244. We are familiar with the erasure of the names of
Geta and Caracalla from public monuments throughout
the Roman Empire, but why the name of the mild and
just, though brave also and warlike, Gordian should be
erased we are at a loss to conjecture. It has occurred to
me that [(ossibly the stone was quarried and carved
while Gordian was alive, but by an accidental coincidence
was not ready for erection until after news came of his
death, and of the accession to the purple of his antagonist
Philip, and that from motives of policy his name was
then erased. The first part of the inscription then read
simply : — deae egarmangabi et nvminibvs avgvsti

NosTRi PRO salvte " To the gocldess Eo-armano-abis,

and to the protectmg deities ot our Augustus, for health
and safety "

A very interesting matter has next to be considered,
viz., the personality of the dedicators. 'J'hey are de-
scribed in abbreviated form as : —

VEX . SVEBORV.M . LOX . GOR.

I take it vkx. represents the nominative vi;xn,LAi;ir,

108 A XF.w Ki:i;ru' liODDES!?.

" the veterans", and tliat ruo salvte, wliieh o-oe.s before
these words, is used without a genitive following it.
Otherwise we shall be at a loss for a nominative for the
verb SOLVERVNT. But, " Ycxillarii Sueborum", — this is
the first time the Suebi, or Suevi, have appeared on any
British monument. We read of them in Tacitus. He
tells us thev were the bravest and most numerous of all
the peoples inhabiting ancient Germany. He says, too,
that they were divided into a number of tribes, several
of which he names, as, lor example, the Semnones, the
Lono-obardi, the Ano-li, the Hermanduri, etc. We reach
now the very " crux'"' of this inscription. What do the
syllables lon. GOR. stand for ? This is not the first time
thev have met our eyes, or, rather, that abbreviations,
presumably with the same signification, have occurred.
In the Library of the Dean and Chapter of Durham are
preserved tvro most interesting slabs, also from Lan-
chester, and from the style of the lettering, etc., evidently
of the same, or very nearly the same age, w^ith this altar.
One of them reads thus, (T expand all except the last few
words), —

" Imperator Caesar Marcus Antoiiiiis Gordianus Pius Felix Augus-
tus balneum cum basilica a solo insLruxit per Gneium Luciliauum
Legatum Augustalem l'ro])iaetorem Gurantc ]\Iarco Aurelio (^ui-
vino Praefecto G"]i i L G"i;."

'J"he other reads as follows : —

" Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Felix
Augustus principia et armamentaria conlapsa restituit per ]\raeci-
lium Fuscum Legatuin Augustalem Propraetorem Curante ]\Lu-co
Aurelio Quirino Praefecto c°h . i . l . con."

From this it will be seen that each of these two
remarkable inscriptions has the same phrase, but in a
still more abbreviated form. For I cannot think it pro-
bable, as has been suggested, that the l. in L. gor sig-
nifies LiXGOXVM, and that the lon. in lon. gor. signifies
somethinfj: altogether different.

Many think we have in the lon. the first syllable of
the lonoc-soufrht name of the Iloman station of Lan-
Chester, and that it was indeed Longovicus, or Longovi-
cium, as so many liave conjectured. But then, could
there be more cohorts than one of the " Lon<'-ovicarii" —

A Ni:\V KKLTJC CIODDKS.S. l(l[)

oi'tlio troops taklno- tlieii- name from tlie station i Tliere
is, |)ei'liaj)s, one supposition that \\-oiil(l admit of siicli a
solution. Lancaster and Lancliester have names to all
intents and purposes identical 'at the present time.
Possibly they had names equally nearly I'elated in lloman
times, and the first cohort of the liong-ovicarii may have
been at the one, and the second cohort of the similai-Iv
named troops at the other.

GoR. doul)tless stands for gordiaxiaxohvm, a title
taken by the troops to indicate their loyalty to and
afiection for the Emperor. The final M, doiibtless, stands
for MiauTO, or mi<jiiiti.s ; the foot of the last letter of the
Avord SOLVERVNT is singularly formed, so as to represent
an L as well as a t, a])parently with the view of indicating
the remaining usual word LiBiiNTKS.

Another explanation of the lon. is that it may stand
for LOX(!OBARDORVM ; in which case the translation of
the whole inscription would be : — " To the Goddess
Egarmangabis and to the Protecting Deities of our
Augustus, the Veterans of the Lombard Suebians,
surnamed the Gordianian, have erected this, in due and
cheerful performance of a vow."

It only remains to say that the altar is at present
preserved in the porch of the church at Lanchester, and
that it is sincerely to be hoped that it will not be allowed
to be dissevered from its connection with the beautiful
and historic district around it by being sent to some
distant centre to be exhibited among a number of others
of all shapes and sizes from places widely separated.
Such collections are of the highest possible value, when
they preserve what would otherwise be lost or destroyed ;
but when public interest and intelligence are sufficiently
advanced and keen to preserve such treasures in the
immediate neighbourhood of the spot where they have
been discovered, their value to the public from an
educational and historic point of view is \evy greatly
enhanced.

] 80-1

TllK CIVJL WAP. IX BERKSHIRE, lG42-4n.

1!Y W. :\10.\EY, ESQ., F.S.A.
(R((nl durliKj t/ii WinrJicnter Cowjre'S. 5lh Awj. 1893.)

The fir.st events connected with Beiksliire in the Civil
War of the seventeenth century happened inOctoherl642.
When the King had recruited his army at Oxford after
the battle of Edo-ehill, a considerable party of cavalry
Avas sent out from Abingdon, the headquarters of his
horse, which advanced further than the order warranted,
and came near to Heading. Upon the approach of the
Koyal forces, the notorious Colonel Henry Marten, then
Parliamentary governor of the town, seized with panic,
fled with the garrison to London, and left the place at
the mercy of the Royalist troops. Intelligence of this
success beino' sent to Oxford, the Kingf was induced to
march to Reading with his whole army, where he arrived
on the 4th of November.

Kinrr Charles havino- advanced to Colnbrook, the
Parliament was alarmed at tlie near approach of his
army, while their own forces lay at a distance, and voted
an address for a treaty. A negotiation was then opened
by the Parliament, and several peers and commoners
waited on the King with a petition, to which he returned
an answer, intimating that: he would reside at Windsor
Castle if the Parliamentary forces stationed there should
be removed, so that committees might attend him with
propositions for an amicable adjustment of the differences.

It was then believed by many tliat if tlie King had
retired witli his army to Reading, as soon as the
messenger to London with his answer, and there awaited
the reply of the l^irliament, they would have withdrawn
their garrison from Windsor. But Prince Rupert, whose
impetuosity was so frerjuently prejudicial to the interests
of the King, on the very next morning after the return
of the Commissioners to London, marched with his horse
and dragoons to Hounslow, and placed himself in that
situation that the Kino- was necessitated to march to his

TIIK civil, W AH IV I'.F.PvKSHIIl!-:. Ht

relief*, and an action taking place at JJrentl'ord, the Kino-
was grievousl}^ accused of treaclieiy, in liavinf recouise
to hostilities while a treaty was proceeding; thus all
pacific measures wei'e dropped.

The King then marched to Kingston in Surrey, and
thence back to Jleading. He there received what he
considered to be an insolent petition from the Parliament,
Avho, being dissatisfied with the answer, ordered the Earl
of Essex to march to Windsor, to be nearer the Royal
forces.

Perceiving that no real disposition to peace existed,
the King, after drawing a line about Heading, which he
resolved to keep as a garrison, left Sir Arthur Aston
governor there, with more than 2,000 foot and a regiment
of horse, and with the rest of his army marched to
Oxford, M'hich city he re-entered on 29th November
1 042. At the same time a strong garrison was established
at Wallingford, under the command of Colonel Blagge,
another at Brill in Buckinghanlshire, and a third at
Banbury. By this arrangement the King had all Oxford-
shire and all Berkshire, excepting the division about
Windsor.

In the spring of 1643, the negotiations at Oxford for
a treaty having failed, the Earl of Essex marched from
Windsor on the 15th of April, the very day on which
the peace propositions expired, and laid siege to Reading
with an army of 16,000 foot and above 8,000 horse, well
equipped and arrayed.

The fortifications of the town were not sufficient to
Avithstand a regular siege, being only adapted to secure
winter quarters. Within a week after the commence-
ment of the siege, Sir Arthur Aston, being in the court
of guard nearest the enemy's lines, a cannon-shot
alighting on the roof of it, which was covered with tiles,
a piece of tile struck him on the head, by which he was
utterly incapacitated from further duties. The command
then devolved on Colonel Ricliard Feilding, who, after a
siege of ten days, on the 27tli April surrendered the
town upon articles, that the garrison might march out
with all the honours of war, and have free passage to
Oxford. Colonel Feilding was afterwards tried by a council
of war for his surrender, and condemned to death, but

112 THE nVIl, WAR TX HHRKSTITRr:.

the sentence was remitted after nuieh intercession,
althouo-li liis rep'iment was taken away and he was never
restored to any connnand. lie, however, served as a
volunteer witli u'reat spirit and courao-e at Newbury and
other suhseijuent eno-ageinents.

In Se])teinhei" KU."), after tfie sieg-e of Gloucester was
raised, and l"'ssex was niarchino- through Wiltshire on
his return to London, Prince liupert, hearing of the
surprise of Cii'encester, innnediately pi'ojected a move-
ment with a strong body of cavalry to march across
countrv and overtake Essex, while the Kino' with the
infantry puslied on by forced marches towards Newbur}^
to wdiich place he had been informed by Kupert the
Pai'liamentary general was on his way. The march of the
enemy being thus delayed by this smartly executed
manoeuvre, the King had time to come up with the
infantry ; and when Essex, on the following day,
advanced from Hungerford to Newbury, he found to his
dismay the King possessed of the latter town and its
a|)proaches.

To the Royalist cause the town of Newbury was a place
of great military value. Situated on one of the most
ancient and important passages of the Kennet, it was, as
now, a place of considerable strategical importance. If
occupied by the enem}^ it menaced the main roads leading
from the west by Heading to London; and for the Royal
army, based as it was on Oxford, its possession enabled
them to intercept any movement that might be attempted
in the Kennet Vallej'-, while their own line of retreat was
completely covered. In addition to this, Donnington
Castle, an ancient fortress, the strength of which had
been enormously increased by the construction of field-
works of a good trace and profile, further protected a
retrograde movement if it became necessary, and acted,
so to speak, as an advanced fort on this side of the
Thames.

Like many other ])laces engaged in the staple manufac-
ture of England — woollen cloth — the town of Newbury
warmly espoused the cause of Parliament ; and no sooner
did the townspeople liear of the expected arrival of Essex
than they made every endeavour to furnish adequate
supplies of food for his starving troops, after their long

THE CIVIL WAR IX i'.EItKSll I iUC. 113

and trying' mai'cli fVoni Gloucester. These preparations
were, however, e([ually acceptable to the weai-iecl troops
of the Kino-, who had done the same distance, but under
more favourable conditions.

Meanwhile J^'.ssex drew his army into the low-lyinn-
fields near Enborne ; his left i^nwk having tlie protection
of the woods at llani[)stead and of the Kennet river, and
his rigiit rested on the little river En, or, as it is termed
in ancient documents, the Aleburn river.

JNlilitary criticism on Essex's ditiiculties seems almost
unnecessary. It is evident tliat to pass by the hostile force
Avithout oti'erino' battle, exposed the Karl to three dangers:
ail attack on his left fiank as he passed, an assault on hi.s
rear after he h(((J i)assed, and the possible ca[)ture of his
baggage, which would move by the best road and in rear
of his columns. The first danger would lead to his defefit
in detail, for the left wing would have had to stand the
attack of the wdiole of the King's army, perhaps before
the right wing woukl come to its assistance, thus breaking
through the elementary principle of never otfering your
divided fractions to the blows of a vastly superior force.
The second might have been even more disastrous, as the
forces not arrayed in battle order and marching along-
several roads might have been both crushed and routed.
Tlie last danger was all-important, for without supjdies
of anmiunition, let alone food, large bodies of troops must
either spread for forage and provision, and become disor-
ganised and scattered, or remain concentrated and starve.

So it was that Essex, drawing up his forces between
the Kennet and the En rivers, resolved to cut his way
through the army of the King should it attempt to l)ar
his way to London.

The King's forces, under his own personal command,
consisted of about 10,000 men of the three arms — horse,
foot, and artillery- — and that of his opponent Essex n.ay
be computed at about 8,000 of all ranks.

On the next day, 20th September 1G43, was fought
the hrst battle of Newbury, which, like that of Edgehill,
was followed by no decided advantage to either party.
'I'he Parliamentarians loudly claimed the victory; and not
without reason, fur the lioyalists allowed tlieni to march
JoLward the next day from the iield of battle to iieadinii-,

114 Till: (1 VII. WAR IN BERKSHIRE.

en route to London, unmolested. This point must be
clearly kept in view. Tlie destruction of the King's
army, and the |)ursuit that should always follow a victory
in order to reap the full results of the success, were not
necessary here, even if practicable. Essex wanted the
rio-ht of way to London, and he obtained it ; thouq-h the
King's army still held Newbury, it had definitely been
driven back into the town. The pursuit effected by
Iiupert the next mornino-, and the unsuccessful attack on
Essex's rear, though it produced some disorder in his
ranks and impeded his march, gave but little advantage
to the lu)varists, and cannot be taken as a proof that the
Kin*"* could claim to have won the hard-fouo-ht iield.

The emitient historian of the Civil War^ does not
admit that this was a victory for the Parliamentary
ibrces. Doubtless, in the final exhaustion of both armies
when the battle ceased, the Ro^^alists still barred the way
to London, though to a iar less degree than when the
moi-ning of the '20th September dawned. The whole
result of the day must be taken into consideration in
assessing the crown of victory. Tliere is the strong-est
circumstantial and presumptive evidence that the Kings
troops, when rested, abandoned the actual battle-field to
their antaq-onists. Such a course has alwavs been deemed
decisive as far as any particular contest goes. A renewal
of the fight would have compelled the King to make a
frontal attack against a victorious, or at least not un-
successful army, liolding the high ground above the
town known as 'i'he Wash, and which was so posted as
to threaten, in flank, such an attempt.

That sucli an attack was never even contemplated is
proved by the speedy retieat of the King's troo|)S to get
the shelter, not of Newbury, but of the river Kennct.

Again, Essex, by the possession of the battle-field, had
opened his way to London, if he had thought well to have
pursued it after the severe action. U, too, the King's
forces had not the worst of the encounter, why did they
allow Essex to march off the next moiningwith Ijravado,
and without the loss of a single gun ? The Parliamentaiy
commander was in a wretched plight throughout this
engagement, and although the oi'ganisation of the King's

1 ///V/. of t!u' (J rent Civil \V"r, by S. ]l. Claidiuer, M.A.

TIIK CIVIL WAR IN ]ii:i{KSIlIRE. 115

army was most inferior to that of the other side, Essex is
entitled, under the adverse circumstances of his |>osition,
to the highest credit for his tactical skill and tenacity of
purpose.

After Essex had left Iteadino' the town was at-'ain
garrisoned for the King, with a force of 8,000 foot and
500 horse, under 8ir Jacob Astley as governor.

The Kiniif then returned to Oxford, havinnf first
strengthened the garrison at Donnington Castle, under
Colonel John Boys, to command the great western road
to London.

On the lOlh A])rll 1G44, the King with his own
troop took up his quaiters for one night at Childrey,
and on the 17th, attended by the Prince of Wales and
Duke of York, brought the Queen to Abingdon.

In the month of May the Royal army removed from
Marlborough to Newbury, where it remained nearly a
month, that it might be in readiness to assist the
governors of lieacling or Walllngford. Thence the King
marched to Heading, and having dismantled the
fortifications, returned to Oxford, and on the following-
day Essex sent a party from A\'indsor to occupy the
town.

When the King left Keading, the horse were quartered
about Wantage and Faringdon, and the infantry were
placed in Abingdon. On the advance of Essex upon
Abingdon, the King's general, Wilmot, marched out of
the town, 4,000 cavalry having come up by night from
Faringdon to assist the retreat, without the knowledge
and much to the mortification of the Kina", wliose
intention had been, if the enem.y approached on the east
side of the town, where the river was, to maintain and
defend it. Before, however, this unfortunate maiueuvre
could be countermanded, the troops were in sight of
Oxford. Abingdon being thus deserted, Essex occii|)ied
it the same night with all his infantry, the horse being-
quartered in the neighbourhood. At the same time Sir
AVilliam Waller had his headquarters at Wantage, so
that the Parliamentary forces became ])ossessed of
Beading, Abingdon, Newbury, and all J]erks]iire. exctMtL
Walliiigfbrd, Faringdon, and I)onniiigton Castle, w itlidut
strikiiif'- a sino-lc blow.

116 THE CIVIL WAR T.V BERKSIIIKE.

The o-arrison at Abingdon being wltliin sncli easy
reach of the King's headquarters at Oxford, was sorely-
troubled by the frequent attacks of the Royal army. On
the 29th May 1G44, an unsuccessful attempt was made
by a party of horse from Oxford, under the Earl of
Cleveland, to recover Abingdou from Waller's forces,
which then occupied it ; Essex having crossed the river,
and being engaged with the King's troops on the Oxford-
shire side, leaving as governor of Abingdon General
Browne, one of the most skilful of the Parliament's
otlicers. Meanwhile, 1,000 foot and 400 horse of Waller's
army entered Abingdon and did much injury to the town,
including tlie destruction of the beautiful cross, which
then stood in the market-place.

Towards the end of May Oxford was almost entirely
invested, when the King, by a skilful manostivre, saved
both his army and the city. In order to facilitate his
escape, he despatched a party of horse and foot towards
Abingdon, and on 3rd June left Oxford, unperceived,
between the two hostile camps ; leading Waller a most
bootless chase of seventeen days into Worcestershire,
and back again to Oxford.

Waller having been routed by the Roj'alists at Cro-
})redy Bridge, 29th June, and finding liis army gradually
melting away by desertion, sent his lieut. general,
Middleton, with .S,000 horse, to follow the King, and on
his way, to reduce Donnington Castle, in which were
some of the Royal troops. He found it, however, so well
defended by Colonel Boys, that, after the loss of a
hundred or more men and several officers in attempting
to take it, he recommended it to the governor of
Abingdon, General Browne, to prosecute the siege, and
himself marched on. In Auo-ust 1G44, a strongf attack
was made by the Bo^'-alists on Abingdon, when Colonel
John Denton was killed. After ineffectually blockading
Donnington Castle for some tim.e. Colonel Horton,
Browne's adjutant, determined to besiege it more closely,
and on 29th Se[)tember raised a battery at the foot of tho
hill next to Newbury, whence in nineteen days upwards
of a thousand large shot were spent against its walls
without being able to reduce it. The Earl of Manchester
came with his troops to the siege, but on the approach of

TIIH CIVIL WAT. IX liKIiKslI 1 |{E. 1 ] 7

ilie King-, wlio had resolved on. i-olieviiig the Castle, the
besiegers all marched away.

About this time, the garrison of Basing haviii(r been
closely besieged for about three months, ic was decided bv
the council at Oxford to send some troops to their relief.
The expedition was full of danger, but it was successfullv
executed by Colonel Gage, a courageous and experienced
officer. He marched out of Oxford in the middle of the
night with a party of 400 nnisquetiers and 250 hoi'se,
and reached by morning Cholsey Wood, near Wall ingford,
where he received a reinforcement from that garrison of
8() horse and the same number of foot, and despatclied a
messenger to Sir William Ogle, governor of AVinchester
Castle, who hud engaged to assist, to commence an
attack on the besiegers. Thence the party marched
thi-ough by-lanes to Aldermaston, where they intended
to halt a little time, but were discovered l)y some
Parliamentary horse, and compelled to proceed more
expeditiously. Being disappointed of the succour from
Winchester, they were compelled to act alone. However,
they beat ott'tlie enemy, gained a free entrance into Basing
House, spent tbi'ee days in putting stores therein, and
then prepared to retreat to Oxford. Attended by a
skilful guide, they passed tlie Kennet by a ford a little
more than a mile from Heading, and, fording the Tliames
near Pangbourne, arrived in the evening at Oxford,
having only lost two captains and others to the number
of eleven, besides forty or fifty men slightly wounded.

After the defeat of Essex in Cornwall, the King
determined to close the campaign, and return ^^■ithout
delay to winter qujirters at Oxford ; l)ut the Parliament
did not mean to allow him to do this without (>pj)osition.

Wlien the King arrived at Newbury, intelligence
having been brought to him of the exhausted condition
of the garrison at Banbuiy, he despatched the Earl of
JS'orthami)ton, with three regiments of horse, to endeavour
to raise the siege. The Parliament being apprised of
this by the treachery of a renegade Scotch colonel
named Hurry, or Uirv, sent the forces which had been
under Essex and Wallei', together with Manchester's
arm}', amounting to about I i'.dOO men, against the King,
who, at Newluny, was a\\ ailing the luirl oi'Noi'thaniplon's

lis THE CIVIL WAR IX Br.RKSITTRE.

return from Banbuiy, Piince Ixujiert was at tins time
eno'afred in p-ettino- tofretlier tlie Welsli and northern
reinforcements, whose expected junction had so lono-
detained the Prince in the west, and tlej)rived the Kini;'
of liis expected assistance at Newbury.

On the 25th October the enemy liad arrived at
Tliatcliam, a village three miles east of Newbury, before
the King, whose force did not exceed 10,000 men, was
apprised of their approach, when it was too late to
retreat, and was compelled to tight, contrary to his
promise and inclination — having arranged with l^rince
liupert, when he left, him for Bristol, that he would not
eno-ao-e until he returned with the reinforcements of
Langdale's and Gerrard's troops. He did not, however,
venture to risk an action in the open field, but took up a
strong defensive position between the rivers Kennet and
the Lambourn. On the north the town was protected
bv the swift-flowing Kennet ; on the north-east troojjs
were quartered In the village of Shaw, and in Shaw
House, the residence of Sir Thomas Dolman, which
obtained celebrity as the scene of the deadliest struggle
in the ensuing fight. On the west, Prince Maurice, with
his brigade of Cornish horse, and two brigades of foot and
artillery, was posted at Speen Hill. A little further
westward the King's left wing, witli five guns, was posted,
their front protected by a breastwork. In the two large
fields lying north of Newbury, between the Kennet and
the Lambourn, was stationed the main body of horse,
together with a train of artillery.

The Parliamentary generals established their canip on
the elevated table-land above Shaw, to the north-east of
Newbmy — a most advantageous ))ost, and which enabled
them to observe the whole position occupied by the
lioyalists.

For two davs various skirmishes occurred, in which tlie
Parliament men were beaten off. On the 27tli October
the great conflict took place.

These important fights at S[)een and Shaw constituted
the last important action between the two parties at
Newl)urv. Whatever the ultimate results may have
been, at liist eacli army seems to Ikinc fancied itself
worsted. The Parliamentarians had been re|)ulsed at

THE CIVIL WAR IN BKltKSIl IRK. 119

Sliaw ; but tlielr riolit wlno- at Speen had been entirely
successful. The King, having utterly lost his left position,
and unaware that at Shaw, owing largely to the
indecision and incapacity of Manchester, that the tide
had turned in his favour, despaired of the poor chance
that remained to him in the face of such a foe. Hence
at iiightfliU he retired with his regiment of guards, into
the fields of Donnington Castle, where they held a
council of war, the result of which was a retreat of the
troops to Oxford, v.hich, under Prince Maurice, was
accomplished without hindrance; the King himself, with
his immediate attendants and a squadron of life-o-uards,
making good his escape to Batli, where he joined Prince
JIupert.

When the King's army was fairly gone the Parliament
forces took possession of Newbury, and, drawing up their
army before Donnington Castle, summoned the indo-
mitable governor to surrender. This summons beim'-
disregarded, they assaulted the Castle, but were repulsed,
and did not again repeat the attempt.

Here the quarrel between Manchester and Cromwell
began, which resulted in the charge brought by CVomwell
against the Earl — the Self-Denying Ordinance— and the
remodelling of the army.

In the midst of the quarrels between the Parliamentary
generals the King appeared once more within sight of
Newbury, Avith the full strength of his army, amounting
to 6,000 foot and 5,000 horse, and succeeded without
opposition in relieving Donnington Castle and retrievino-
his artillery, which he had left there after the late
action.

The next morning the King marched with Iiis cannon
and ammunition over the heath from Donnington Castle
to Lambourn. He remained there that night and the
following day to refresh his men. Thence he marched to
Marlborough, and wishing to relieve Basing House,
which was again much pressed, he marched back to
][ungerford, whence Colonel, now Sir Henry, Gage was
again despatched, who easily delivered his provisions, the
enemy having quitted the siege the j)revious day. The
King then marL-hcd to Faringdoii, hoping to here sui'prisc
Abingdon on his way ; but hnding it too well defended, he

120 THK CIVIL WAM IN nEKKSllIRE.

passed on to Oxford. \\]\\ch city he readied on tlie 23rd
November 1G44.

No sooner had the King left Farin^-doii than Trince
l\upert, with a party of horse, made a determined attack
on tlie o-arrison at Abingdon ; bnt th(? vigilant governor
Browne wa.s not to be easily caught, and the Prince,
having lost several of his men, was glad to get back
again to Faringdon with so " little hnrt"'.

" Sir Arthur Aston, the governor of Oxford, being-
disabled bv a fall in riding, which broke his leg, ren-
dering amputation necessary, the King appointed Sii-
Henry Gage to succeed him. This admirable officer only
enjoyed his government for a few weeks, for, making an
attempt to break down Culham Bridge, near Abingdon,
where he intended to erect a royal ibrt to keej) the
garrison for that part of the countiy, a musket-bullet
struck him, and he fell from his horse mortally wounded,
i I th January 1645.

Early in tlie year 1645 the Parliament passed tlie Self-
Deny ing Ordinance, Mdien Essex, Manchester, Waller, and
others simplified matters by resigningtheir several military
commands. Cromwell's first exploit after the passing of
the celebrated measure was to make a rapid march across
Berkshire, at the head of a strong cavahy force, into
Oxfordshire, to intercept communications between Prince
Pvupert and the King. In four days, before any other
corps of the new army had put itself in motion, he had
beaten the Koyalists in three encounters, and sent to
Parliament a full report of his success. He then visited
Faringdon, and made an assault upon the garrison, which,
under Colonel Sir George Lisle, held Sir Robert Pye's
house there for the King, but was rei)ulsed with
considerable loss. This unsuccessful attack is thus not
very elegantly versified in Henry Ward's llistory oj the
Grand Rebellion, pul>lislied in 1713 : —

" Wliilsft Cromwell, flu-sird with lii.s .success, inarcliM on
To Faringdon, another gan-ison
AVhich he by storm attempted, but in vain,
Jjosing in the assault two hundred men,
Many besides b'ing wounded in the fierce
Attack, and sev'ral taken pi-isoncrs,
Wliiidi in some measure tarnish'd iiis success,
And made his lormcr vict'i-y seem the les.-?."

Tin: civil, WAi: ix i'.i:i;ksiiii:i:. 121

Oil tlie 30tli Aj)rll 1G45, tlie new niodel nrniv, iiiuler
Fairfax, coiisistino- of 21,000 men, iiiavched from Windsor
to Reading', and on tlio 'iiid May quartered in New))nry,
Avliei'e a meeting' took j)1ace between the general and
( h'omwell.

From Newbury Fairfax marclied, on tWd ]\Iay, to the
reUef of 'J'auntoii, which was closely invested l)y the
Ivovalists, but stoutly held by Blake ; but on Gtli May
Faiii'ax received orders to send a detachment to relieve
Taunton, and retrace his steps with the main body to
besiege Oxford, which returned to Newbury on the 14th
J\[ay. Here Fairfax remained three days to refresli his
men and arrange his plans. The day following his entry
into Newbury, he " faced" Donnington Castle with a
] portion of his troops, and took ten officers and other
prisoners. This, however, appears to have been little
more than a mere exhibition of force ; and on the 17th
the " new model"' proceeded from Newbury to Blewbury,
and encamped on the downs two nights ; thence Fairfax
advanced to the siege of Oxford and Naseby fight.

Late in October 1645^ Cromwell and Colonel .Dalbier
were near Newbury after the stormino- of Basino-. The
Parliament had ordered that Donnington Castle should
l)e taken, and it was determined to set about the siege
in earnest. Instructions were accordingly sent to the
committees of the three counties of Oxford, Berks, and
Bucks, to join their several forces for this purpose, and
Colonels Dalbier and Marten were entrusted with the
investment of the Castle, which was eliected in Novem-
ber. Cromwell seems to have considered the chances of
assault, and to have concluded against it, for he con-
tinued his onward march into Devonshire, to join Fairfax,
without attempting any operations against the garrison.

In January 1G45-6, Reading was again garrisoned for
the Pai'liament, and orders issued for martial law on the
19th.

On the 2nd March lb'45-6, the last attack on Abingdon
by the Royalists from Oxford was made, by a party under
Sir Stephen Hawkins, which was unsuccessful. In this,
as on the previous attempt, the defenders put every Irish
})visoner to death ; hence the expression, " Abingdon
Law."

122 TUE CIVIL WAPx IN BERKSHIRE.

Donnington Castle, which had been almost battered
down by the Parlianientarv artillery, but bravely defended
bv the"^ governor, Sir John Boys, was, on instructions
from the King, surrendered to Colonel Dalbier on the
30th March 1G4G ; the garrison being allowed by the
articles of surrender to march out of the Castle with
drums beating, colours flying, and all the honours of
war.

In June 10-16, another unsuccessful attack was made
on the Rovalist garrison at Faringdon, by a party under
the command of Sir Robert Pye, who led the assault on
his own house. It was during this attack that Faringdon
Church spire was beaten down by the artillery of the
assailants. The damage done to the town during these
operations, chiefly by the houses being fired, appears to
have been enormous, considering that the amount
specified, £56,97G 4.s\, in the petition in the Commons'
Journal, is probably represented by three times that sum
according to the present value of money.

On 20th June, Faringdon, included in the " Oxford
Articles", surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax, and on
27th July the same ofiicer received the surrender of
Wallingford Castle from Colonel Blagge, when the
Parliament became masters of the whole country ; and
this virtually brouglit to a close what is known as "The
First Civil War".

None of the Berkshire families appear to have
distinguished themselves particularly ori either side
during the war. The count}^ generally was fasourable
to the Parliament, particularly the towns, where a strong
Presbyterian element prevailed. At the same time, that
a large number of the principal inhabitants sided with
their King and their religion against anarchy and
fanaticism, is evident by the list of those who com-
pounded for their estates, which had been sequestrated
by the Parliamentary commissioners.

" On the Royalist roll we find the names of Bacon of
Blewbury ; Baily of Xewburv ; Barksdale of Newbury ;
Blagrave (Walter) of Tilehurst ; Blagrave (Col.), Watch-
field ; Browne of Sheftord ; Craven of Hampstead-
Marshal ; Choke of Avington ; Cox of Newbury ; Davis,
Bere Court ; Dancastle of Wellhouse, and other places ;

TIT I-: civil. WAR IX iJKitKsmrvE. 123

Dolman (Sir Tlionias), Sliaw ; E^'ston of Heiidred and
Catniere ; Enolelield of Eno-letield and Whiteknlo-hts ;
Fettiplace of Cliildrey ; Forster of Aldei'maston ; Gar-
rard of Latnbonrn and Sliinfield ; Harrison of Hurst ;
Henn of Folly-John Park ; Hildesley of Beenhani ;
Havergill of Windsor; Hyde of Kinoston Lisle; Ken-
nino-fon, Sliinfield, and Panp-bonrne ; Herbert of Bray ;
Lovelace of Hurley ; Milton of Heading (brother to the
great poet, John Milton) ; Moore of Fawley ; Mason
of Hidden ; Neville of Billingbere ; Perkins of Ufton
Court ; Peacock of Cuninor ; Pigott of Marchani ; Pratt
of Coleshill, Pococke of Chieveley; Sawyer of White
Walthani ; Strode of Sheffbrd ; Stafford of Bradfield ;
Stonhouse of Badley ; Wray of Wythani ; Winchcombe
of Bucklebury ; Yate of Lyford.

This list must not, however, be supposed to contain
the names of all those who suffered for loyalty, as many
are not recorded therein who only escaped composition
l)y ruinous means. It will be observed that certain
families in this, as in other counties, were divided in their
allegiance to King and Parliament.

On the side of the Parliament Ave find the following : —
Blagrave of Southcote ; Dolman (Humfrey), Shaw;
Dunch of Puse}^ and Wittenham ; Fettiplace of Fern-
ham ; Hoby of Bisham ; Plolland, M.P. for Windsor ;
Knight of Greenliam ; Knoll3^s of Beading; Lenthall of
Besilsleigh ; Marten of Long worth ; Packer, Donnington
C^astle and Shellingford ; Pile of Compton-Beauchamp ;
Powle of Shottesbroke ; Purefoy of Wadley, Pye of
Faringdon ; Budyerd of West Woodha}^ ; Southby of
Carswell ; Yachell of Coley ; Wightwiek of Marlston.

Of the suffering clergy during the usurpation were : —
Joseph Barnes, rector of East llsley ; Thomas Bunbury,
vicar of St. Marv's, Beading ; Gu}^ Carleton, vicar of
Buckleburv ; William Cousins, vicar of Sliinfield;
Anthony Farington, B.D., vicar of Bray ; Godfrey
Goodman, D. D., rector of West llsley; Joseph Hill,
rector of Hiiiton ; Dr. Hyde, rector of Brightwell ;
Thomas Lawrence, rector of Chilton ; Joseph Nixon,
rector of Gi'cat Shetlbrd ; Bichard Nixon, vicar of
Chieveley ; Shaler, vicar of Little Coxwell ; George
Wilde, LL.D., vicar of St. Giles's, Beading; Thomas

124 THE CIVIL WAJi IN IMMIKSIITRK.

Worral, rector of Wnsiiig and vicar ofBriniptoii ; Wrlglit,
vicar of Buckland ; tlie rectors of Bradfiekl and Enboriie,
and the vicar of Hampstead-Norris.

The above-mentioned were all dispossessed, while
others, though harassed and threatened, were not wholly
deprived of their livings.

Two regicides were natives of this county — the
profligate Henry Marten, who ended his days at Chepstow
Castle, and Daniel Blagrave, who died at Aix-la-Chapelle
after the Bevolution.

125

THE "BL4CK BOOK" OF SOUTHAMPTON.

Rv Tirr; wv.v. i;. ii. cLUTrERRUCK, M.y\., f.s.a.

(/I'cfcl Uh Aiifjust 1S93.)

The Corporation of Soiitliaiiipton lias a very large and
important collection of nuniiments. There are no less
than five hundred and four manuscript books, fifty-eight
charters and letters patent, besides an immense number
of separate writings. These have been examined and
reported on by Mr. John Cordy Jeaffreson for the Histo-
rical Manuscripts Commission, his report forming Part IH
of the Appendix of the Eleventh Report.

The two books of which I propose to speak are known
as the OaJc Book and the Black Book.

The "Oak Book" contains sixty vellum leaves "clog
covered", or bound in stout boards of oak, one of which is
longer than the other, and has a hole in the lower part
to put the hand through when using the volume. Two
merchants' marks are cut on the cover.

This book was described in the Winchester volume of
the Journal o^ yom Societ}^, with a drawing of the cover,
by the late Frederick Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A.

The book is written by different hands, but may safely
be described as dating from the earlier pare of the
fourteenth century. It contains a version of the Ordi-
nances of the Gild Merchants which has already been
printed by your Society.

It has an imperfect list of towns having charters of
incorporation, giving the dates of the charters. Amongst
these towns London is specified as having a charter of
William (the Conqueror), confirmed by King Henry, but
not dated. There is little room for doubt that this charter
is that of Henry I, which grants the Londoners freedom
of toll and passage throughout England and the ports of
the sea. And there is a strong probability that the

lS9i 10

]-2C) THE •' BLACK BOOk"

cbarteis mentioned are set down to enable the ndino^
body ot" Southampton to know wliat towns were possessed
of that privilege.

The " Oak Book" also contains the assize of bread, not
in the tabulated form in which Andover, Hull, and some
other towns possess it, but extended, and occupying
twenty-two pages.

It will be remembered that in the time of the Planta-
genets the price of the loaf remained stationary, while
the wei(/Iit varied ; — the reverse of our own system,
under which the statutory weight remains fixed, while
the price varies. These long and elaborate tables shown
in £. s. and (7. the weight ol' Cocket, Symnell, and French
loaves as regulated by the shifting price of corn.

The " Oak Book" has also copies of charters and legal
decisions, and a most interesting copy of letters patent,
•29 Edward III, empowering the burgesses to levy an
import duty of a penny in the pound for completing the
enclosure of the town. A list of customs chargeable is
given on page xx.

The Black Book derives its name from the colour of its
flexible leather cover. It may be described as the chief
book of important memoranda possessed by the town.
"J'o have deeds, agreements, and conveyances engrossed
in this book was for a century and a half prized as the
greatest available security. Its contents may therefore be
described as matters which, either for the town itself or to
individual townsfolk, it was important to have authentic
record of. The volume contains 144 leaves of unusually
thick paper, of which the last 32 are all blank, and there
are many blanks besides. The folios are numbered on one
side only, and after xc Arabic numerals are used. Entries
were made in the book wherever a convenient space pre-
sented itself, without any reference to chronological
arrangement.

An indication of the value in wliich this book was held
occurs on folio xliij :

"And this net to be eiirdll . . in tlie Llakkc bookc, and so to be
executid for ever.

"To wliich act and ordiiiannce the sayd niayr and ahk'vnien,
Slieryve and disc-reels tlie xij Jnratts, with divers otliir Lnrgesses,
hane sett ther sij^neniannells the day and yer aljoue wretyn.

OF souTlIA^rI'TO^^. 127

" r.e it fevtlior enaotid tliat tlu; blitckc l)()ok lie all wcyes ke[it
viider ij' lokys." loO").

As an instance of wliat has been said, may 1)6 men-
tioned two cliarters granted to Andover, of which that
town itself has no cojw, conferring on its men tlie riglit
of free passage, toll, and custom, occurring on folio xj.b.
The first is of Henry IT, hut not dated :

"Henry, by the Grace of God, King of England, Duke of Nor-
mandy and Aijuitainc, and Earl of Anjou : to all his justices,
sheriffs, and all his ministers, Erench and Englisli, greeting.
Know ye that I have granted to the men of Andever that they
may have a Gild of Merchants in Andever. That they be quit of
toll, passage and custom throughout my whole realm, as the Bur-
gesses of Winchester, who are of the Gild of ^Merchants, are quit.
And upon this let no one unjustly di.sluil) them for custom, on
forfeiture of ten pounds.

"AVitness, William, son of Adelm, Dapifer ; John dc Sarum ;
Sihere de Quinci ; IfaljDii, son of Sli'])lien ; William de J>ending.
At Winchester."

The other is by Ilichard I :

"Eichard, by the Grace of God, &c. Know ye that we have
granted to the men of Andever, that they may liave a Gild of
Merchants in Andever, and that they Ije quit of toll, passage and
custom throughout our whole realm, as the Burgesses of Winches-
ter, who are of the Gild of Merchants, are quit. And upon this
let no one disturb them for custom, upon forfeiture of ten pounds,
as the Lord King Henry, our father, granted and confirmed to
them by his charter.

"W^itness, H. Archbishop of Canterbury; William iMarshall ;
Geoffrey, son of Peter; William of St. Mary's Church ; Hugh Bar-
dolfe ; William Briwere.

" Given by the hand of William Bishop of Ely, our Chancellor,
at Portsmouth, the fifth year of our reign, the 20th day of April."

On folio 109 is :

'A notte of all such and other writtings, w*'' such bookes

of Statutes and other bookes as liichard Godderd, Late
maior of the towne of Suthampton, Lefte in the Audit house
at the tyme of his going out of his maioraltie, p'ticularly
folio with :

" These p'sells following arre remayning in the yron bounde cof-
fer vnder the v/indowe, where the charters commonly y'eth.

" Imprimis a charter of the Exempliflcacion of the Towne ac-
comptes granted from Henry the Second to Ileniy the Seventh,
dated the x" dave of April A*^ tercii.

1 2!^ TUl'. " J'.r.ACK IU)(>k"

"Agraunt of li. the second in the i\''' yeare of liis reignc, for tlie
cei'tefing what customs wer jtayed before tlie towne was Incor-
porate.

" A Exeniplificacon of an acte of parliament made for maulmses
in the fyrst yeare of tlie Eeigne of Queen Elizabeth.

"A grannt made when the town walls was a building, for Id.
of the pounde, in the tyme of King E. 39.

"A recursacon agaynst Lymyngton, dated the xij''' of novemlier
in the second yere of King henry the third.

"A charter for maulmests in the first & second yeare of phillip
i^ mary.

"A contirmacon for maulmestys, dated the xij of marrh in the
first yeare of the I'eigne of Queene Elizabeth.

"A chartei' made by King Henry, dated the xiiij*'' of July in the
xij yeare of his reyne.

"A charter made the xij of fel)ruary in the second yeare of the
reyne of King Henry.

"The fyrst graunte made f<jr malmstes to be discharged at
Suthampton, dated the xviij daye of June in the fowerth ami
fyveth year of King Phillip & queue ]\rary.

" A charter for the wayres & strayes & felons goodes, grauiited
in the xx*'' yere of King Edward the fourth.

"A charter for goodes sold between Stranger and Stranger to be
forfet, graunted in the xxiij yere of h.

"A charter for gaging, peysing, weing & butlerndge, and for the
release of tlie fortie markes w^'^ was due to the King, graunted in
the xxiij^** yere of h. the viij*'\

"A graunte for tlie fayer in the xi"' year of King henrye.
"A charter for the release of the cxl marks released during
tenne yeares, & that the maier, bayllys and burgesses maye pur-
chase lands to the value of c poundes,datid the xiij of Eebruary in
the second yeare of K. henry.

"A charter made in King John's tyme, in the fyrst yeare of his

reigne, that the burgeses shall be free from customs, passage and

pontage throughout the King's domynions. Dated the xxv of June.

"A charter made in the iiij*'^ yeare of King Edwarde the iiij'^S

dated the xij'^^ of Xoveniber.

"A charter renewid in King hAlwardes tyuut, in the vij' yeare of
his reigne, being E. vj"\ dated vij'^^ of Aiinl.

"A graunte made in King Edwarde the vj. tyme, dated the iiij
of June, in the vij'^ yeare of his reygne, for the errecting of the
free scholia.

"A commission graunted to John crooke and William Staveley,
alderman, for marlinses, in the xij*^ yere of Queen Elizabeth,
dated the xix^^ of November.

" A charter of phillij)])e and marye, of Exemi)liphicacon, datid the
xvij of June in the foithc and fyveth ycai'e of theyr reygnes, being
in the custodio (jf the tdWiic ch-ik."

OF SUUTHAMITON. 1 21)

Nvte in tlir vturi/i/L — " A spacL! ior xxv chart i.-is \l Mr. AN'ndidcu
lialh."

2'iro h<(/j'-/)a(/('s hlaiilc.

" Item a fyniall concorde & agreement made betwene tlic bur-
geasis of Suthampton of tlic cue i)'tie & iiicliolas of ferlie of the
other p'tie, for the comou of the same towue, in the xij year of the
reigue of King henry the sonne of K. John.

" Item two Inspections of thi; saide concorde tuching tlie said
fomon, being bothe of one date, made and taken by one henry
l)()urgclere, Earle of Essex, Justice of an oyer, datid the viij day of
februarie in the vij yeare of the reigne of K. Edward the iiij.

" Item a final concorde made betweene the i)ryor of St. Deanys
& the maior and cominaltie of .Sutham[)ton, that all the tennantes
of portiswood shall make apparanc ons or twist in the yeare at the
Lawe daye. Dated the feast of St. John in the xix'''^ yeare of
Eichard the seconde after the conquest.

" A bundell of pardons from divers of the Kings & Queens of
Englonde.

" A granule for the fryers to have a cornoss to the conduite iu
the v*^^ year of the reigne of K. liicharde."

On folios 104-G is a very quaint entry of

" The sainges of the Ayntchiaut olde men which hath byne of
the towne of Suthampton concerning the Comons of the said
towne of Suthampton, followith. Examined in a" 1540.'

The sign manual of Henry VII, "given uiuler our
signet at our manor of Sheen", 18 Marcli 149G, is on a
paper tacked on to the leaf, folio Ixvi. The purpose of
the mandate was to establish a treaty of commerce with
the Archduke of Austria and Duke of Burgoyne.

Many wills are copied into tlie"Black Book", chiefly such
as contain bequests aftecting the town, or ol>iits to be
maintained from which the townsmen would derive
benefit.

The largest number of documents, howevei', are (piit-
claims and conveyances of land, Avhicli havino- been
executed in the Mavor's court, were for o'reater secui'itv
sealed with the Mayor's seal in addition to the seal of the
contracting parties. There are so many of these, and the
references in them to the buildings and inhabitants of the
streets are so numerous, that it would be hardly a dithculb
matter to conqjile a directory of the town in (say) the
time of Henry IV, and we could from this class of
document certainly name the most conspicuous of the

130 THli "BLACK book' OF SOUTHAMPTON.

townsmen who assembled to see tlie depnitiire of Henry
Y through the west gate for the field of Aguicourt.

An abridged translation of one of these is l\ere given.

" Court belli 'rucsday next after tlie feast of Ht. Ann, IG Richard II,
before John lilete, then IJalitl' tliere.

" Ricliard Hake and Constance Lis wife, of Southampton, brought
before the said 13alilf, etc., a charter of enfranchisement, viz. : We,
Richard Hake and Constance my wife, grant to Richard Bradwey, bur-
gess of the same town, one croi't of arable land lying in llie suburbs
of the town, in the parish of St. Mary, on the north side of Kast Street,
between the messuages of Nicholas Chapman on the east, and land of
John Polymond on the west, the King's highway on the south, and
land of John Pukbrok on the north. To have and to hold to the said
Ricliard liradwey for ever.

" Warranty against all men. Mayor's seal attached. Witnesses :
John Polymond tlien Mayor, John ffleto then babff, Nicholas Lang-
stoke, John Skarlet, Philip Cake, John Borard, and others.

"At Southampton, 29 July, 10 Ricbartl II, Constance examined,
swears it to be her own free act and deed ; and it is enrolled according
to the custom of the town."

In a word, we may compare the " Black Book" to a
miniature Becord Oiiice for Southampton. Extending
from the IGth of Kichard II to the 12th of Elizabeth,
]8S)2 to 1.5G9, it embodies an amount of historical facts
\\hich can liardly be over-valued. And all to whom the
history of their country is a matter of consideration owe
a deep debt of gratitude to the grand old town of
Southam|)ton for tlie care with whicli tliey preserve this
and all their documents.

ox SUMK

PREHLSTOlllC FLINT IMPLEMENTS FOUND
ON THE SOUTH DOWNS,

NKAli CIH CHESTER.

IIV Ml!. W. IIAYDEN.
{Rail (it the Winchester Conjrois.)

It was very kind of your Secretary to invite me, a strang-er,
to read a paper at this, the jubilee meeting of your Asso-
ciation.

As tlie time allowed for the reading of papers is
limited, I will di.s|)ense with any superfluous introductory
matter, and go direct to my subject.

In July 18o;i the Archaeological Institute held its
Annual Meeting at Chichester, of which jjlace I am a
native, and I well remember being sent to Bow Hill by
my master (the late Mr. J. Butler, architect), either with
some instructions to his men (then employed in exca-
vating the tumuli situate on the crest of the hill),or,wdiat
is more likely, to take the men their wages — the work of
excavation, I should say, being carried out under the
directions of the Institute.

Bow Hill is about six miles to the north of Chichester,
and two of the tumuli are conspicuous objects from a
considerable distance; the other tw^o (there are four in
all) being much dilapidated, are not very noticeable.
These tumuli are known as the " Devil's Humps".

I made a plan of the tumulus which w^as opened on
my visit, and I have brought it with me in order that
you may see it.

The excavations did not result in the discovery of
many objects of anticpiarian interest, but an account of
wliat was found a}»pears in the Transactions of the
meetino- at ])a<'-e 51.

I may mention that on the southern side of the hill is
" Kingley Bottom", or " Kingley Vale", as it is now
generally called. It is celebi-ated for its grove of ancient
yews, which Dr. Brewer, in his Dktlvimnj of riircusc ami

132 PREHISTORIC FLINT IMPLEMENTS

Fahic, says "were standing Avhen the sea-kings landed
on the Sussex coast"; they are certainly of great age, as
their present appearance sufficiently testifies.

At the time 1 have alluded to the stiid}^ of flint
instruments was, like your Association, in its infancy;
for none seem to have been found by those who super-
intended the excavations. In fact, I think that, except
the more elaborate examples — viz., those specimens
])roduced by the expenditure of much time and labour,
by a great number of chippings, or by grinding and
polishing— the ruder ibrms, those resulting from a few
minutes' labour, by a few skilful blows of a rude hammer,
were almost, if not entirely, overlooked. But this was
forty years ago, and consideiable advances have been
made in the knowledge of most subjects, not exce[>ting
flint implements.

Sir John Lubbock divides the ancient flint or stone
implements into two classes, the palaeolithic, and the
neolithic, or those belonging to the older Stone Age, and
those belonging to the newer Stone Age. The specimens
that I have collected would all be classed as neolithic.

I am inclined to tliink. however, that this classification
is somewhat artificial, and that we are to be guided, in
regard to the relative ages of these stone implements,
chiefly by the elevation of the locality at which they are
found above the sea-level, whether they are found in
caves or on the svn-face.

With my specimens I have often found small fragments
of ancient pottery ; these, the evidences of the existence
of prehistoric man, practically defy the disintegrating
effects of time and meteorological influences.

The crest of Bow Hill, where the tumuli are situate,
is, according to the Ordnance Survey, G67 ft. above the
sea-level, and the lowest elevation in Kingley Bottom,
immediately to the south, is 223 ft., and it is on the
chalk, between elevations of these extremes, that my
specimens have been found.

At tlje foot of the chalk hills ihe gravel commences,
and the slope to the sea at Selsey Bill is gradual, a
distance of about eleven miles. A little to the west
of the Bill is Bracklesham, where some remains of the
mammoth were found se^'eral years ago, wliich remains

FOUND ON TTIH SOUTri n(nVNS. 133

ai'e now in the C*liiclie.ster Museum. I mention tliis
because tlie soil on the chalk liills is so scanty that it
is doubtful whether fossil i-emains of the large extinct ani-
mals could be concealed in it ; and it seems to me that the
absence of such remains from localities where surface-
stone im[)lements are found, is not to he regarded as con-
clusive evidence that at least some of these implements
may not be as old as those assigned to the pahL'olithic
period. I have here a section of the district, running north
and south, which I have made from the Ordnance Survey
Maps; an inspection of it will ])erha))S give you a better
idea of the contour of the country than my description.

It is in the neighbourhood of Bow Hill that I have found
a considerable number of the ruder types of flint imple-
ments. Flint implements, or flakes, lay sometimes on the
surface of the ground, but are generally buried in the scanty
soil, and are frequently brought to light by burrowing
animals — the I'abbit and the mole, particularly the latter,
as he only works just below the surface; and by observ-
ing where the moles have been at work you may expect to
find flint implements in the earth turned up by these
little miners, especially after a rainy season. The denuding
effects of heavy rainfall on the steep slopes of the hills
must also be mentioned as a means of bringing specimens
to view.

I do not know wliether my classification of ancient stone
implements is, or is likely to be, adopted by others, but
I divide them into three classes, and if I take an excep-
tional specimen, which 1 have, as typical, 1 may say four
classes.

The first,orprimitive, typeofflint implementiscontained
by tlnee principal surfaces, two surfaces which meet at,
generallj^, a very large angle, forming the upper side of the
implement ; and one surface, which forms the under side.
These three surfaces were formed by three separate
blows of a hammer, or some substitute for this well-
known tool ; and all tliree blows were delivered at one
end of the implement, when it formed part of the parent
mass, the third blow producing the severance, and com-
pleting the implement.

Supposing the implement to have been made by theabove
method, and the surfaces to be planes (which they lu^-er
arc in i'c;\h(y). wc should ha\e in section a triangle with

134 PUI'.IIlSTOniC FLINT IMrr.KMENTS

two very acute, and one very ()l)tuse, Jingles; tli',' two acute
auLrles i-enresentinir tlie cuttino- edo-es, and the obtuse
angle representing the backbone, as it were, of the imple-
ment. If the specimen is perfect, at the end whei-e the
third blow was struck (that j)roducing the under surface),
there will be observed a small bulbous pi'ojection ; this is
known as the "bull) of percussion", and this under sur-
iacs will present small undulations at about right angles
to the direction of the blow which ])roduced it, very
similar to the concentric circles caused by throwing a
stone into a pond when the surface is still. Knowing
this, if the specimen is imperfect, we can generally ted
at which end the bulb of percussion was, that is, su[)|)os-
ing it is wanting.

Sometimes the upper side is finished off by additional
or secondary chipping to make tlie implement more con-
venient for handling, when pei'haps the ridge will be
absent; but the under side is invariably formed by one
principal fracture.

In order to produce tliese flint flakes, it is pretty
certain that the stone was either held in the hand, or
placed upon some soft substance; for if you observe a
workman striking off' pieces of flint, or " sj)aults", as they
are called, with a liammer, for the purpose of sticking into
the joints of walls, in order to make them as dangerous
as possible, you will notice that he holds the stone in one
hand, while with a hammer in the other he strikes off'
thin pieces of flint suitable for his purpose.

Sometimes these chipj)ings almost exactly resemble
the ancient flint flakes. I have some among my specimens,
and if it were not for the change caused by time and
atmospheric influences, I could not tell the modern
" sj>aults" from the ancient implements. In the ancient
flakes the surfaces are more or le.ss stained and bleaclied ;
this bleaching may extend as nuich as the t(Mith of an
inch into the substance of the flint, and in thin s[)eci-
mens it sometimes extends through the entire thickness.
Also, the surfaces of the ancient flakes have often a
dull polish, and if fractured, resemble broken china— that
is, to the extent of the bleaching.

The class of implements I ha\c endeavoured todesci'ibe
appear to have been intended foi- cutting or scraping,

FOUND OX THE SOUTH DOWNS. 105

tliat is, for tlic ordinary uses of daily life ; iiii|»l(Mneiits
intended lor tlie cliase^ or war — I mean speardieads
— Ijeing-, according to my experience, comparatively few.
They were, liowever, made in the same manner as the
others, except that I notice the " bulb of percussion" is
not in the in'uhUe of tlic base, but on one.nde. The reason
of this, I presume, is, that it should not be in the
way when the weapon was fixed to its haft or handle,
to which it was probably bound by the sinew of some
animal.

There is another feature about the implements of this
type which is noticeable ; this is a certain amount of
similarity in the line of cin-vature of the ridge on the
upper side, totlie line of fracture on the underside ; that
is to say, supposing- you made a longitudinal section in
. the line of the ridge, you would in general have the top
and bottom of your section of similar curvature. This
feature is also often noticed in the modern " spaults".

I have here an ancient sjiearhead fixed to a handle by
some stri])s of wet parchment, as a substitute for sinew.
In preparing the handle f)r the reception of the head,
1 first split the end with some flakes of flint, and then
charred the wood in a flame ; I then scraped out the cleft,
as well as the charred wood, from the outside, so as to
make it flt the head as neatly as possible, afterwards
binding the strips of parchment round and through the
to]i of the cleft, so as to fill up what vacant space there
was between the cleft and the flint. I should say that
the stick is ash, and that it was wet and gi-een when I
made the cleft in it. I think you will agree with me
that an unpleasant wound could be inflicted with it even
now. I have brouoht the flint tools with nie which I
used for the purpose of preparing the handle.

Implements made by this method of flaking, range from
about 2 in. long and ^ in. wide, to 4^ in. long and
nearly 3 in. wide. I have one specimen reaching these
dimensions. Apparentl}', when implements of larger
size, or of a slia|)e which could not l)e obtained by the
method I have described, were required, they were
formed by a nundjer of chippings ; these implements are

^ Since tlii.i ]);i[)cr \v;i.s writ ten I liiivc found a low specimens wliicli
I tliink were intended to be (lirown liy the hand.

13G PREHISTOKIC FLINT IMIM.KMKNTS

often ovate, or tongue-, or wedge-shaped. I have only
found two or three spechnens of this kind, but a large
one was found by the late Mr. G. M. ^lerricks of
Chichester, on one of the Bow Hill tumuli, in 1868 ; it is
now ill the Chichester Museum. One of my own speci-
mens 1 found near the road leading to Goodwood Race-
course, in coiupMiiv with remains of lobster shells, which,
from the situation, were evidently left by some persons
who ]nobably had no idea what the stone was. Some
of the implements of this type are very elaborately worked,
asmany of the specimens of spear-heads, axe-heads, etc.,
found in various localities, sutiiciently testify.

The third type of flint implement is that which, having
l)een first chij)))ed, was finished by grinding or polishing.
Implements of this kind could only have been produced
by great laljour, though it is probable that stones were
selected, wlien possible, nearly the size and shape of the
intended implement. I have only found one specimen
of this tj'pe ; it is tlie lower half of an axe-head, and was
found in Kingley Bottom. 1 rememl)er I made a long-
search in the immediate neighbourhood, in the hope of
finding the other portion, but without success.

If I may take into consideration the one exceptional
specimen I have referred to, I shall have a fourth tj'pe of
implement. This was originally ground or polished, but
afterwards dapped, as some part of the ground-surface
is still present. It appears to have been an axe-head.

An interesting discovery lias recently been made near
Goodvvood. Last year some caves, excavated out of the
chalk, were discovered at Hayes Down, near East
Lavant, which is about a mile, or a mile-and-a-half, to
the south of Goodwood Racecourse, and a partial ex-
ploration of these caves was made in the early part of
the present year, by Messrs. Dawson and Lewis, on
Ijehalf of the Sussex Archasological Societj^ I accom-
panied these gentlemen on one of their visits to the
caves, on which occasion I found a bone pin or bodkin.

So far as my examination extended, there were no
signs of the flint bands so often seen running through the
chalk, and, therefore, it did not appear that these
excavations liad been made for the purpose of obtaining
Hint for the manufactuic of imj>lcme:its. However, as it

rorxi) ox TiiK f^ouTii ixiwxs. 137

is liiglily [iiolnible, from the appearance of tlie gi'ound
above these caves, that they are of considerable extent,
an extended exploration might result in the discoveiy of
additional data upon which we might be able to form a
better judgment of their object and use, than our present
limited knowledge will enable us to do.

One or two specimens of worked flints, some bronze
])ins and rings, as well as other articles, were then found ;
these were submitted to Mi-. Franks, of the British
Museum. A report on the exploration and on the articles
found was ])ublishe(l in the Sh.^sc.c Daih/ Xeirs, March
2nd, 1893.

Tt was necessary to remove a quantity of chalk from
these caves, which was sj:)read out on the ground for
examination by the explorers. They, liowever, appear to
have overlooked one interesting object, for, as I am
informed, a small flint ornament, which was jierhaps
worn as a charm, was afterwards found in the debris. It
was purchased by a dealer^ in curiosities at Chichester,
who brought it to me for inspection. It is of oval shape,
ground, ^^•ith fiutings towards the circumference, and
pierced with two holes, one in the centre comparatively
large, the otlier near one end aiKl quite small. Both
holes are, I think, natural, but have been worked ; the
hole near the end will only allow a small thread to be
passed through it. I am of this opinion, because one of
my own specimens has a similar small hole through it,
Avhich is evidently accidental, so far as the implement is
concerned. This ornament is bleached, and I have made
a drawing of it.

I will conclude my paper with a few remarks on the
comparative time in the past when the prehistoric in-
habitants of the downs had their abode in that elevated
district. We can hardly suppose that they would prefer
the hilly downs to the low and generally level land
nearer the sea, but that they must have occupied the
elevated country from necessity, and not from choice.
How long it has taken to bleach the flints, wliich our
prehistoric ancestors have left as the evidence of their
existence, we are not ever likely to know; but it must
certainlv have l)een a very long time. There is no method

1 yiv. J. NcWUKUl.

138 PREHISTORTO FLINT niPIKMKNTS, ETC.

of calculation tliat can be ap]jlie(l to the solution of tlie
bleacliino' problem. For myself, I am inclined to the
opinion that the prehistoric age was either during the
deposition of the gravel, before the sea had sunk to its
])resent level, or when the low land was a vast marsh and
liable to periodic inundations during wet seasons, thus
rendering it unfit for, if not impossible of, habitation.

XoTE. — Tlie above pnpei' was read by deputy, as I did not know the
time fixed for the reading until very late; and the specimens, etc.,
were not sent, as I had intended to take tliem with me. 1 have thouglit
it better, however, to let the references to specimens remain than to
exclude them. — W. H.

1:51)

ADDITIONAL NOTES UPON THP] GREAT
SEALS OF ENGLAND.

]!V ALLAN WVOX, KSQ., Y.P., HON. TKEASUUKll,
F.S.A., F.K.G.S.,

ciiiKF knc;i;avkk of hek majesty's seals.

[Read 7tk March 1894.)

In 1887 I jiublished a book upon The Great Seals of
England; a work wliicli had been begun by my late
brother, Mi-. Alfred B. Wyon, but at his death left in-
complete. At the request of his widow I took up the
work, and, as far as possible, finished it and carried the
whole through the press. It had been the desire of my
brother to make the book, so far as the nature of tlie
work permitted, complete in every respect, and I did my
utmost to give effect to his intention. I found, however,
that after having made every effort to obtain and supply
information upon every point of interest in connection
with the various subjects which presented themselves,
there remained various minor questions upon which I
was baffled in my inquiries. As at that time I was un-
able to obtain further information, I published what I did,
in the hope that the very publication might pei'haps elicit
from unexpected quarters further information which dili-
gent research on my part had failed to obtain. My hope
in this respect has not been disappointed. Various
matters have been brought under my notice, and these
I now venture to lay before the British Archaeological
Association, a Society which in the past has done so much
for elucidating obscure questions connected with the
Great Seals of England. For convenience' sake I will
refer to the Seals by the numbers assigned to them in
my book.

EDWAED in.

JTtfti) ^cal (of IPresenrf),

Xos. G3 and G4. (AVillis, O.)

" The inscription of this seal was altered, shortly after
3()th August 1:372, as shown by the subsequent impres-
sions, of wliich the earliest I have found is dated 2Gth

140 AI>l>rri(>N.\I. NOTES UPOX

Nov. in the same year"; so wrote my late brother, in llie
Great Seals of England (page 39) ; and previous to the
pubhcaiioii of the book I was unable to supply any
further information as to when the alteration was effected.
The time within which the alteration was made may now
be shortened by a couple of days, as Canon Green well
has written to me, stating : "Among our muniments" (in
Durham Cathedral) " I find a Charter of Edward III,
wliich has appended to it the Fifth Seal of Presence
(Willis, G.), the document being dated Ist Sept. (46
regnal year of England, 33 of France) 1372. The Seal is
no\ the altered Seal (Willis, G. 2)."'

" l^^ 4*^ liegaliuiu Maiuliituni ad levand. trescenlas liii libras

Xo. 7, et xv.s. de Ei)isco])atu Dunelin in pavtein

Sep. 1, 4G Edw. iii solucioi)is quinquagiiita mill. libr. concess.

(1372) per tot : Angliano."

Apud AValyngf(3rd.

It is to be hoped that other documents with this Seal,
before or after alteration, appended may yet be met with
bearing date between 1st September and 26th November
1372.

ELIZABETH.

Xos. 113 and 114.

I believe that I am now able to state by whom this
Seal was eno-raved, havino- met with the followinof
])aragraph in Notes and Queries (3° S. iv, Sept. 12, '63, p.
207) : — " Nicholas Hilliard. The name of this eminent
miniature painter is familiar to all lovers of English art.
From the following memorandum annexed to a particular
for lease of the manor of Poyle, in the parish of Stan well,
CO. Middlesex, dated 1587 (Augmentation Office Ptecords),
it appears that he was the engraver of the Great Seal
employed at that period : —

"Memorandum, i^c. — The; said Lease (o be for 21 yeares to the
said Hilliard, in consideration ol' liis paines in engraving y^ Great
Scale of England.

" Fr. Walsingliam.
W. r.iirlci-h.^'

THE (JKKAT SEALS OF EXtJLAM). 141

Tlie Corporation of the City of Wells has a C'harter
with an impression of this Seal appended, dated 20th
November, 158(1. The lease a[)pears to have been
granted the following year. The parish of Stanwell is
about two miles N.W. of Staines.

Nos. 123 ami 124.

CIFAULES 1.

The difficulty felt b}'' Parliament in ordering another
Seal to be prepared instead of the above-mentioned Seal
I have dwelt upon in the historical notes I have made
respecting this Seal.^ There I have stated that if the Kino-
ultimately triumphed, those who voted for the new Seal
might have had to answer in unpleasant ways for
violating the law (25 Edw. Ill, c. 2), which had con-
stituted the offence of counterfeitinfr the Great Seal an
act of high treason. There was also another difficulty
which I have not mentioned, and that was to get a copy
of the King's Great Seal to work from. The Seal itself
was in the custody of the Keeper appointed by the King.
Impressions of the Seal were of course to be found
attached to various documents, but the holders of these
documents could scarcely be expected to part with the
documents so sealed for any length of time, as all such
documents were of an important character, especially to
their owners or custodians. By an entiy in the MiJd/escx
Counli) Iieco7'ds,- which I have recently^ come upon, I
find that the Speaker of the House of Commons was
visited by the vengeance of the King, Charles 11, after
his restoration in 1G60, for his share in carrying out the
llesolution of the House of Commons ordering the new
Seal to be made ; and I find liow a mould was obtained of
the King's Seal to supply to the engraver from which to
make the new (the Parliamentary) Seal. The following
is the entry : —

"19 N0VE.MI5ER, 12 Charles II. — rieeoonizauces taken before
Thomas Swalowe, esq., J. P., of Edward Merilbild and James Dim-
mock of Cole-yard, in St. Giles's-in-tlie-Fields, co. ^lidd., tobacco-
pi[»e-makers, and Tlionns Holmes of the said yard, tobacco-pipe-

^ 77i^>, Great Seals of England, j)p. 86-88.
^ Middlesex County Record Socicfi/, vol. iii. p. o07.
1S91- 11

142 ADDITIONAL NOTES UFON

maker, ami Tluimas IJawliiis of St. DunstMir.s-in-tlie-AVest, LoiuUni,
gentleman, in the sum ot" forty ])ounds each : For the appearance
of the same Edward ]\Ierifeild, James Dimmock, Tliomas Holmes,
and Thomas Iiawlins, at the next S. 1*. and G. 1). for Middlesex,

'to prefer one bill or more of indictment against John (sic)

Lenthall, esq., for causing and ]>rocuring King Charles the First
his CJreat Scale of England being in wax, and the said \vax-seale
being annexed to a parchment writing, to be by the said Edward
Merifeihl, James Dimmock, and Thomas llnlmes, moulded oif in
tobacco-pipe clay ; lie, the said John Lenthall, esq., sotting by and
assisting them. And n<»t only to prosecute the same, liut also to
uive evidence upon the said indictment.' (S. 1*. Q., 7 Dec, 12
Charles U.)"

In this (locuinent LeiitLalls Christian name lias, I
tliink, been wrongly entei'ed. There can he little doubt
that the accused, John Lenthall, \vas none otlier than
AVilliani Lenthall. the Speaker of the Honse of Commons
ill 1643, to whom the llonse wonld natnrally look for
assistance in carrvino- ont their Resolution. We can see
the care with which the mould was taken, and the care
the Speaker took that the document to wliich the Seal
Mas appended should not go out of his sight during the
operation. Then seventeen years afterwards we see the
tobacco-pipe-makers turning King's evidence apainst Lent-
hall, either for reward or to save their own necks, or pos-
sibly for both reasons.

("HAULES IT.

JTirst ^ral.

Xos. m: aiui i::;8.

Through the kindness of J. Eliofnodgkin,Esq., F.S. A.,
of Childwall, liichmond, Surrey, I have been permitted
to examine some orio-inal documents belono-iuor to him,
which throw mucli interesting light upon the history of
this Seal.

(>harles was at the llairue in the June following his
father's death, and appears to have l)een in an impecunious
state for some lono- time ; but early in the month men-
tioned, it would appear from the following document that
Charles had succeeded in arranging for a loan of some
kind, amounting to :30,000 guilders (£2,500) to be made
to him : and determined forthwith to be provided with
some of the trap|)ings and belongings usuall}'^ considered
necessary Ihr the di^iiitv of a Kino' : —

TH K ( iRKAT SEA T.S OF KXd LA M ). 1 I 3

"Kill-- ('luiilcs n to Sir Kdwnid WiilkrT. Km.,
Clerk of the Council.
•' nun, Juih" r.ih. Tlir- Hn-h.

(.Sinned) " CiiAKLES IJ.

"Our Mill ami -[ileasure is that out of such money as you shall
receive, that you immediately pay to the sevevall persons specified
ill the annexed schedule the severall sumnies sett on theire names
respectively, and for so doinj^' theise shalbee yonr sufficient \var-
I'ant.

"(Jiven under our Si^ne ^ranuall, at the llayli, this sixt day of
dune 1G40."

It is interest ino- to note that this document does not
bear the Signet Seal in the margin, as such warrants had
for many years previously, and subsequently have always
borne : the reason, no doubt, being that no such Seal was
then in the possession of Charles. It is also noteworthy
that the money is spoken of, not as being in the liands of
Sir Edward Walker, but as money that lie would at some
future time receive.

" The annexed schedule", signed at the toji by tlie
King, still remains, the first three items of wliich ai'e so
interesting that I reproduce them here :

(Sii;lUMl) " ClIAIILKS \\.

Grs. St. D.

To Richard lloades and William Armorer, our

Equerries, to ]irovide coach horses, suni])-

ter liorses, saddles, &c. . . .1 CSO 00 00

To the Graver for fower scales . . 010.") 00 00

For castiiio- the great seal by estimate . ]0(iO (lO 00."

The estimate for the Great Seal, 1,000 guilders, was
equal to £83 Gs. Sd., rather less than the sum of £100
paid by the Parliament for their Great Seal in lG4b*.
No doubt the cost of the work would, under all ordinary
circumstances, be less in Holland than in England. The
personal risk of prosecution for high treason to the
engraver of the Seal at the Hague would not exist,
whereas tliat to the engraver of the Seal in London in
1643 was considerable ; a fact which would no doubt
affect the amount asked for the work.

At the end of the Schedule is a very significant note.
" Out of the 500 grs. designed for the Great Seale" are a
number of apparently pressing, although small claims,
accounting for 450 grs. so diverted. There is another

1 1 -

144 ADDITIONAL XOTF.S UPON

document bearing receipts for the sums authorised by the

^van•ant. Anioiio-st them is the following : —

''<stli June, 1G49.
"deceived l)y inec. Tlio: ('liittincli, for to defray all charges for
tlie ( ireat Seale, a cup and cal.biuett for his Majestie, of Sir Edward
Walker, liv his i\Iajesties orders, 500 c;rs.

(S'igjied) "Tho: Chillinch."

Thiit jxirt of this sum of 500 guilders was in full pay-
ment of all charges for the Great Seal I do not suppose.
'J'he estimate was for 1,000 grs., and that I cannot but
believe was the sum ultimately paid for it. It is to be
remarked that the above receipt is not signed by the
engraver, but by one Chiffinch, about whom I will sa}" a
word or two directly. But the receipt is " to defra}^ all

charges ibr a cup", say a silver cup costing about

grs. ()0 (or £5), "and (a) Cabbinett", which, if only a
moderately plain one, would cost probably about grs. 150
or grs. 200 (£12 10.9. or £1G 13.s\ 4c/.),*' leaving only a
balance of grs. 290 or grs. 240 (£24 'Ss. id. or £20) avail-
able for the Great Seal. This balance of £20 or £25
would be about the sum rerpiired for the silver of which
to make the Seal, and this the engraver no doubt would
demand beforehand, and insist upon obtaining, before
purchasing the silver, without which he could not com-
mence his work. When Simon eno-iaved the Parlia-
mentary Great Seal of Charles I he arranged for the sum
of £40 being paid before lie began his work.^ The receipt
is signed l)y Tho. Chiffinch, piuip to Charles II. Chiffinch
may very likely have seen the engraver of the Seal and
ascertained from him that if he were su])plled with cash
ibr procuring the silver he would wait for the balance until
after the Seal was hnished. Then would occur the idea
of using 500 guilders for the very pressing claims above
referred to, and with the remainder Chiffinch niay very
likely have thought of providing for the King some little
luxuries for which his ^Majesty may have expressed a
desire — a silver cup and a cabinet. This Chillinch is not
the disreputable man of the same name mentioned by
Macaulay as being in attendance u})on Charles II at the
time of the King's death; but Thomas was the brother
o(" the disreputable man, and was of no better character,

^ Jdiinuih of ill c Ifuwr of Cmuuioiis, vol. lii. p. \~\.

Tin-: (ii;i;at skals of i;x(;r.Axi). 145

Tliomas Cliiliiiicli was paiidorer to diaries I liroiinlKtut
]jis exile uj)oii the (Joiitineiit. lie reUinied tu England
with his Sovereign in KWiO, ai^d was aj^poiiited ilm
King's Closet-keeper. ]ii 1 COG he died, and was l;uried in
Westminster Abbey.

CHAKLES II.

JTourtI) nnD JTiftl) ^rals.

Nos. 143 :in(I 144.

Tlie Fourtli Seal I described seven years ago.^ Last
January twelvemonths, through the kindness of Earl
Manvers, I saw a Charter belonging to that nobleman,
granting to his ancestors rights over part of Sherwood
Forest. The Charter was placed in a glass case on one
of the walls of the Earl's mansion in Thoresby Park, Oiler-
ton, Nottinghamshire Appended to the Charter was a
Great Seal of Charles II, the throne side of which only was
visible, but on it I noticed a large number of roses on the
field or surface of the Seal. I wished to see the horse
side of the Seal, but the Earl was reluctant to have the
large case taken from its place and o[)ened ; I was con-
sequently left in ignorance as to whether or not there
were roses on the horse side of the Seal. In January
this year, by the permission of the Merchant Taylors'
Company, I examined one of that Company's Charters
with this Seal attached, upon which I found roses on
both the horse and the throne sides. Since then I have
examined several Charters with impressions of this
Charles II's fourth Great Seal attached. Many of these
impressions are only fragments. Some I found to be
marked with roses, and some were without roses. Upon
arranging the Charters inspected according to their dates,
they stand as follows : — -

WITHOUT KOSES.

Public liccord OIUcc . . liOtli Dt-c ICTi'

British ]\Iuseniii . . . li'tli Sept. 1G74

Corporation of the City of Loudon . I'iUh Feb. 1676

Iiulia Ollice . . . 21.st Oct. I(i76

India Ollice .... .3tli Oct. 1677

1 The Great Seals of Emjland. pp. 106, 107.

145 ADDITIONAL XoTKS VVCtS

wim i;u.si;,s.

India Otiice .... l^l^id Xuv. KiTS

Carpenters' Cuiuiiaiiv . . olst July 1G80

India OHice . ' . . . 18tli Sept. 1G82

British Museum . . . 2iia Dec. 1G82

India (Cilice .... 5th July 1G83

Earl Manvers . . . 7th Mar. 1G84

Stationers' Conii)any . . . 22nd May iG84

Corporation of the City of London . 24th Dee. 1G84

Merchant Taylors' Company . , 14th Jan. 1GS5

It will be observed that all impressions of this Seal,
down to 5tli October 1G7 7, liave no roses upon tlieui ;
and tbat all impressions of this Seal on and after 22nd
November 1G78, have roses ii})on them. At some time,
therefore, between these two dates, the Seal was altered,
making it another Seal, tbat is to say, the Fifth Seal of
Cbarles XL

It Is unnecessary here fully to desci'ibe tbe Seal, as its
main description has already been ])ublished.^ All tbat
is necessary here is to state the nimiber of tbe roses and
whei'e they are to be found. They number twenty-two
in all upon the tbrone side and eleven in all upon the
horse side of Seal. Upon the throne side twelve roses
are close to tlie band upon wliich the legend is placed,
and can be found under certain letters, thus —

CAHOI.VS ■ SKCVXUVS • D • GKA • MAG . BUI .

* ^ * *• * %

fi;a . i;t • uiv, ■ i;kx • riD • dhfexsur •

■^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

Anotber rose is placed under the first v in skcvxdvs, but
closer to the centre of tbe Seal. Two nK)re roses, simllaidy
sicuated, ai'c to be found under the D and k in i>I':kensor.
Seven moi'e roses are on the ground in front of the
cusbion upon which the King's feet rest.

Upon tbe horse side eight roses are close to the band
upon which the legend is placed, and can l)e found under
certain letters, tbus —

CAKor.vs . sKcvxi)Vs ■ ni;i • ghatia / .magn.^'. • rritaxni.k-

* * * # if #

I RAXCf.E • KT • IIICEUXL'I-: • KEX • IIDEI • DEEEXSOi;

* *

Anotber rose is placed under tbe letters si^: in .sicvxdvs,
1 TJie Great Seds of Eughnvl, pp. 100, 107,

JW
V

CHARLES II. FIFTH SEAL.

Tin: (;i;kat -skals of knlilaxd. 147

but closei' to tlie centre of the Seal, appearino- on tlie
field between the King's cloak and the back of tlie horse.
Two nioi-e roses are under the lettei-s a and -i: in FiiANCLE,
but closer to the centre of the Seal.

These roses, althono-li distinctly visible on some of the
Seals, are on some so little raised above the ground that
unless one kno\vs where to look for them they are liable
to be overlooked altogether. On the Seals attaciied to
the Charters dated 2-Ind Nov. 1078 and 2nd Dec. 1082,
the only rose showing on each of them is the one under
the word (i rati A on the horse side.

It would be interesting to kuow the exact date when
the Seal was altered, and also the reason for the altera-
tion.^ With a view of ascertaining this, if possible, I
obtained permission to search the'recoi'ds of the Privy
Council. But I regret to state that from them I have
been unable to learn anything, although T have most
carefully searched their records bound u]Mn "Volume xiii,
Charles 11", which contains all the entries made between
2nd May 1G77 and iJlst December 1678, inclusive.

(;k()i;{;e i.

Xus. 155 and l^jC).

In a note upon engravers of Great Seals^ I mention
that John lioos was " Engraver of public Seals", both
under Queen Ainie and George I, but I have hitherto
been unable to state that he was the engraver actually
employed upon any one of the Great Seals of England.
Through the kindness of W. V. Morten, Es(j., I am now-
able definitely to state that the Seal of George I was
engraved hy John Koos. Mr. Morten has .sent me the
original warrant for the payment of this Seal, from which
I make the followino- extracts : —

"After Our heiirty Cuinmeiulac'diis, By veitue (»f liis Mat^Ciciic-
rall Letters Talent Dormant, hearino; date the 1-itli day uf Aunu.st
1714. These are to pray and reipiire Vour Djrd'j) to (h-aw an Ortler
for payinn- unto the Executors or Adniinistratois of -lulm Jfoos,
(Jent., late Cheife Ino-ravcr of his Ma''* Si^iiults and Seales, or
their Assignes, the sum of Five imndred, Fifty-(»iic jKiunds, Six-
teen shillings, and Ten ])ence, witliout Aecoimr, in lull Satisfaction
lor the Severall Seals here under mene'oned. made and deliwred

^ The O'nut fSculs of EiKjlaml, \). IL'U.

148 ADDITIONAL NOTliS UPON

pursuant to the Severall directions he received under his Ma'«
Ifoyall Signe :Manual, the Same having been Examined by the
Principalf Olhcers of his ]M'^ Mint, and the Trices therein con-
tained bv them Certified as reasonal)le to be allowed. That is to

say :-

£ s. d.

For the Great Seal of Great Britain . 200 0 0

For the Silver of the said Seal, weighing llToz.
lOdwt., at five shillings and two pence per
ounce . . . . •

50 7 1

£551 16 10
And let the said-Order be satisfyed out of any money remaining
in the lieceipt of his M^^ Exchequer applicable to the Uses of his
:Majesties Civil Government. And for so doing this shall be your
Lord'ps Warrant.

"Whitehall Treasury Chambers, (Signed)

7 Aug. 1717. "Torrington.

J. Wallop.
(Jeo: Baillic.
"To Our very good Lord George Earl ol
Halifax, Auditor of the lieceipt of
his Ma'* Exchequer."

GEOKGE III.

Whilst dealing with this subject of the Great Seals of
England, I take this opportunity of mentioning that
the Obverses of the two Seals GG7 and 668, described on
pp. 7G and 77 in the Catalogue of Seals in the Depart-
ment of Manuscripts in the British Museum, are, in my
opinion, only impressions of Cireat Seals of George III
taken during the course of their engraving. In both
cases the space left for the Royal Arms and inscribed
Garters are only cut out (or " laid in") in the matrix ; no
attempt has been made so far, when the impressions were
taken, to engrave tlie Arms or to letter the Garter. There
are also several other parts of the Seals in a simihar con-
dition. No. GG7 is the imj)ression of George Ill's Great
Seal of Irehuid, where in the legend mag. is put for
MAGN.E, which ap[)ears in his Great Seal of England.
When Hnisbed this Seal had a harp upon each side of the
Pioyal Arms. Amongst the very many impressions of
George Ills Great Seals attaclied to documents which I
have examined, both at the British Museum and elsewhere

THE GREAT SEALS OF EXGLAND. 149

tliroiu'liout Enoland, I have never come upon one in
which the Royal Arms had been left incomplete on the
matrix ; nor have I been able to bear of anyone else who
has seen siicli a Seal. The casts of the lleverses of both
GG7 and 668 are ])robably both taken from some Seal in
use. In tbe Reverse of 668 the marks of the cord passing
tbrougb tlie Seal are plainly seen.

As a guide to any student of the Great Seals of
England, I desire here to note Mr. \V. de G. Birch's paper
on a Seal of Henry J II, witli altered legend, which
appeared in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries,
Second Series, vol. xii, pp. 426-429.

150

THE DISCOVERY OF A SAXON BUIUAL PLACE
NEAK HEADING.

1!V JOSKl'II STKVKXS, ESQ., M.U.C.I'.L.
QRead during the Winchester Congress, 3/i/ Auj. '[S9o.)

The pai'ticiilars which T now bring to the knowledge of
this Society bear reference to a series of interments,
wliich were dug out in 1891, in removing ballast along-
side the Great Western Piailway, during the process of
Midening the line. The site of the cemetery is a plat-
form of a small elevation (530 ft. south of the Thames,
and about 50 ft. above its level, at about three-quarters
of the distance between the railway bridge at the
Rennet's mouth at Heading, on the east, and the l)rick-
kiln at Earley, on the west, the space in which the
remains were found comprehending 68 i't. from north to
south, and 57 ft. from east to west, in a line parallel with
the railway. The surface at the spot was iiregular, but
there were no indications of tumuli ; and if such had been
present they were most likely removed in preparing the
ground at the tiuje the railway was first constructed.
The distances the interments lay apart favour theo|)inion
that small tumuli M^ere at one time present, although it
is not unusual to tind graves without tumuli in pagan
Saxon cemeteries, of w-hich instances might be quoted in
those of Fairford in Gloucestershire,^ Little AYilbraham
in Cambridgeshire,- and Harnham Hill near Salisbury."
Tlie interments included both the incinerated and in-
humed, the inhumed bodies lying east and west ; and it
is worth noting that in the Saxon tumulus which was
opened at Taplow, a few miles distant, in 1883, the body
was foucd extended in the same direction.

The earlier relics were not found till about the middle
of April, but it was on May 4tli that Mr. George William
Smith of Heading, to whom the discovery is due, and

^ Fairford (Jrave)', Wylie. 4to. Oxford, 18-VJ.
2 Hnxon Ohsequicii, Neville. IjoikIoh, Ib-jli.
^ Ari:hrnolo<jui, vol. xxxv, p. 2.j*J.

SAXOX BUUIAL-rLACE NEAR KEADINCi. J 51

who generously ])lace(I tlie wliole of the relics in the
lieadiug JMuseuni, brought the matter to my notice, when

1 became associated with him in the recognition of the
burials, and in repairing the vessels, which were mostly
broken, and the more delicate ol)jects, which from lying
so superficial had become in some cases ahiiost frag-
mentary.

It appears that two interments had been disturbed by
the workmen before the importance of the discoveries had
been recognised ; but the fragments of the pottery, and
the incinerated human bones, which were subsequently
obtained and examined, sufficiently proved that they
were of the same character as tliose discovered later.
On April 1.5th the first inhumed interment was found.
It was that of a male, extended, as we have already
stated, east and west, at tlie depth of 2 ft. G in. ; but as
i'urther work could not be carried on here at the moment,
the spear-head, knife, and fibula (figs. 1 , 2, 3) were not
removed till April 17th. They were lying immediately
where the bones had lain, and there is no doubt formed
part of the interment.

Interment 4.— On A[)ril 27th, at 34 ft. north of No. 2,
a skeleton was found, at the depth of 25 in. ; but the
osseous remains were so friable that part of the skull alone
was brought away. It lay on its back, oriented as the
others, and with it were two gilded bronze fibuke (fig. 4
shows one with its pin-loop), a bronze arnn'lla(8), an iron
buckle with bronze plate for fixing (7). and at about 1 ft.
on the left, or north side of the body, the plain urn (6).

Interment 5. — On April 27th, at 57 ft. east of No. 2,
and at an angle 15 ft. north of No. 2, at the depth of

2 ft., lay the large urn numbered 10. It was crushed, but
was found to be a cinerary urn, its contents being earth
mingled witli calcined human bones. On carefully
removing the materials among the debris was found a
fragment of the moulding of a bone comb (5).

Intei-ment (>. — I was present with Mr. G. W. Smith
when this vessel (tig.9) was taken up. It lay 2 ft. in deptli,
and was 53 ft. north of No. 5, and 5 ft. west of No. 5 ;
and was somewhat damaged on removal. Its contents
were burnt human bones mingled with earth ; and from
among the materials was picked out the small bronze

152 SAXON' BCRIAL-PLACE

pin (11), which conveys the impression that it was used to
pin the clotli in which tlie fragments of incinerated bone
were inclosed.

Interment 7. — The vessel numbered 14 lay 68 ft. north
of No. 2, and 52 ft. west of No. G, at the depth of 2 ft. (3
in,, in gravel ; but as nothing further could be done here
till May 2 1st the site was marked, when at the same
depth as the vn-n, viz., 2 ft. G in., and immediately on
the north of it, was an inhumed interment. There was
no apparent covering to the skeleton, but on the pelvis
were found two bronze fibuloe (16), one with an iron pin,
and with the bones thirteen beads and an iron knife
(figs. 12, 13). The bones were removed for examination ;
and at a foot to the north, at the depth of 17 in., was a
patch of blackened and burnt mould. I have since
examined the osseous remains, and find that they ai-e those
of an ao-ed female of small stature, and consist of the
posterior two-thirds of the cranium, which is contracted,
and of small size ; the frontal is absent, and all the facial
bones except the lower maxilla. There are the right ulna,
and radius, part of the left ulna, and twelve rertehrce,
various ; head of riglit femur, and part of the jx^lris, part
of a clavicle, and some metatarsal vaid phalangial bones.

Interment 8. — Found on May Gth, at 20 ft. east, and
15 ft. south of urn 7, fragments of a cinerary vessel only,
of same plain character as the others. A few crocks and
some scraps of incinerated bones alone were preserved.

Interment 9.— On May 9th, 10 I't. west of No. 5, at
the depth of 2 ft., the low^er portion of an urn was dug-
out, of plain character, containing some bony remains ;
and among the remains was found what appeared to be
a large iron bead (No. 17). A piece of charred briar was
also present.

Interment 10.— On May 15th, at 30 ft. south of No. 6,
the lower part of an interment vessel was dug out, with
similar bony contents as in the other cases.

Interment 1 1. — On May 24th a small pot was dis-
covered, which might have been used to contain food
(No. 15), with another small urn, which was broken. It
was coloured on its interior as if it had contained lead
oxide, and might have been a pigment pot. The two
vessels were lvin;jc at about 18 ft. from, and on the north
of interment 4.

SAXON REMAINS found near READING

NEAR READING. 15:]

Interment 12. — May 2:nli, dlscoveied a male of large
stature, extended in the same direction as the others,
and at the same depth, about 2 ft. : and with the bones
were removed part of a bone comb {i\g. 18), a double-
pointed bone pin, which appears to be a spindle (%. 19),
and an iron spear-head or javelin (fi<^. 21). The calra-
ria was not removable, as it was pei'ished beyond reco-
very; but both femorce were removed, with fragments
of the ^Jf'/r/.'?, both tihue and fibula', and a few plialamjial
bones. In the top soil of the grave were found various
animal bones, of wliich were recognised jaws of goat, jaw
and teeth of horse {Eqitus cahcdlus), a lower jaw of pig,
and one horn-core of an ox, apparently Bos loiigifrons.
The bones had not been exposed to fire.

Interment 13. — On July 8th, the workmen came on a
contracted interment, apparently the body of a female,
and the articles lying with it were such as would be
buried with a female. In the grave was found the
peculiar vessel, with small Saxon-like foot (fig. 28), and
with the bones were discovered two bronze spiral finger-
rings (22), a bronze girdle-buckle without its pin (24), a
bronze belt-tag (23), with a runner or loop for the girdle
(2.3), and a small greenish glass bead. A Ivoman coin, appa-
rently 8rd bi-ass, holed for suspension, also was taken from
the grave. The removed bones consisted o^ hoih. femorce ,
fragments of pelois, five scraps of cranium, thirteen
vertehrcE (various), and part of coccyx : all the facial bones
were absent except the upper and lower maxilla', but
both claviculce, and the upper third of the right tihia and
fibula, and fragments of humerus and radius, were re-
covered.

In making a careful examination of the Cemetery
ground on November 9th, various articles were found.
They were not associated with interments, but there is
very little doubt that they appertained to burials which
had been disturbed at some time. They include part of a
bronze-mounted iron sword (fig. 27), two bronze buckles
(lig.20),and a very neat object in agate, which being holed
for suspension, was most likely worn as an ornament or
charm. Two other coins, small Ivoman brass, one holed,
were picked up; and the soil contained flint flakes,
scrapers, and other wrought forms, in all twelve specimens,
which were not associated with the interments.

154 SAXOX lirHIAL-rLACE

As the relics were taken to my i-esideiice as tliey were
found, ample opportunities were furnislied of observing
any peculiarities savouring of their resemblance to articles
from other Saxon burial-))laces. The whole series is
thoroughl}^ of Saxon type, the vessels having the peculiar
wobbling appearance characteristic of the plastic art of
that period. This is due to their not being lathe-turned,
and from this they are of much the same character as the
urns found at Frilford cemetery, in the same county.
Of the vessels found at Reading, five were plain and
three patterned, of which two (14 and 28) are ornamented
"vvith similar punched stellate ornamentation, with zig-
zao-s and encirclinfr lines as those on urns from Frilfoixl.'
And the urn 14 is almost identical in its decoration with
an urn found at Kingston, near Derby.^ The small pot
( No. 15) is a clumsy form, with festooned base, scored with
rude lines, made probably with a pointed stick or bone
pin.

There is nothing peculiar in the weapons, bub the
spears have the characteristic splits in their sockets.
The small iron knife can hardly be considered as a srax,
wliich had more the character of a weapon. The knife
from interment 3 is of a more formidable type.

Of the trinkets, many similar examples of tlie beads
(Xo. 12) have been found ; and there are specimens in the
British Museum, notably a string presented by Sir Joseph
Banks. The Heading set consists of thirteen, of which
two are cylindriform, two vitreous apparently, two
cuboid, six of coloured clays, and one of amber. Amber
a|)pears to have been of great interest to the Saxons,
large single beads of this material being found with
Saxon remains, which are thought to have been worn
as amulets. A single large bead of amber occurred
with a skeleton at Panobourne, at the same time the
discoveries were being made at Iveading. The solitary
iron bead lying in association with interment 9 suggests
that it also might have been used as a charm, particularly
as all kinds of ironwork were believed to be efficacious
against evil spirits,^ and which might have been the

^ Scientific Papo's aiiJ Addresses, vol. ii, p. 65o. RuUcston.
- Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, vol. ii, pp. G2-G3.
^ S<wo GrammaticHs, lib. viii, p. 431, ed. Miillcr.

NEAli ItKADIXC. 155

object of placing' tlie tliree laroo iron riiio-s (iigs. 2()) in
f>Tave No. Kl, if they may not be considered as ring
money.

In reference to the beads just described, and as a[)))er-
taining to Berksliire, it might be stated that tlie same
case in the Reading Museum contains another set of
beads, which was discovered by Messrs. Geo. and Walter
BayHs of VVyheld Manor, near Newbury. The place of
burial was about TOO yards west of the farm buildings,
on the East Shefford estate, in the Lambourne Valley.
The bones were those of a female of about forty-five years
of age, and the skull is of medium ca])acity ; but its
dimensions could not be conveniently taken on account
of the absence of the occipital bone and both temporal
bones. The beads consist of the usual coloured clays, of
variegated crimson, blue and white, black and white, and
quite black, while one is of blue glass. The discovery
was made on the 20th of June 1893; and the body lay
east and west, as in the case of the interments already
detailed, at the depth of only 2 ft.

Respecting ihejihuhv, the circular, bronze form (fig. 3)
with seven annular ornaments is identical, save in the
number of the circles in the disk, with a brooch from
Fairford cemetery.^ The peculiar brooches from inter-
ment 4, bearing rude human heads, are sufficiently like,
for comparison in rudeness, a Jihula with similar con-
ventional figures also from Fairford ;- and they ai-e all
wrought on the same lines, — a basal plate of bronze with
an outer casing of bronze foil gilded, in which the figures
are embossed. The brooches from interment 7 are thicker,
and what is left of the outer plate shows gilt scroll of
better design (fig. 16), and more like Roman work.

The plain annilla (interment 4) is simply a thin bronze
spring for the wrist, and resembles the flexible bracelets
found with Roman remains.

The interment ] 2 is chiefly remarkable from the pre-
sence of a bone spindle and part of a comb. The spindle
was without its attendant whorl ; and the discovery is
not common, for although both Roman and Saxon whorls

1 Retnains of Pagan Sa.ctndom, p. G2. Akcrnian.
- Fairford Graves. Aio. Cxfuixl, 18-V2.

156 SAXON BUllIAL-rLACE

are occasionally met with, they are usually unaccom-
panied with spindles. No nails were found, or frag-
ments of decayed wood, in evidence that slahs or coffins
had hecn used. It is worth remaikino- that the Keading
]\luseuin contains part of a similar spindle, which was
found in one of the pagan temples at Silchester.

With reference to hone comhs,they are not uneonunon,
particularly in graves in the north of England. They are
usually ornamented with incised lines and circles, and
were placed in the urns. There is an example in the
Reading Museum of an urn containing a long, douhle-
toothed comb from Brixworth, near Northampton. The
portion of comb from interment 12 is merely an orna-
mental end of a large comb, the middle containing the
teeth being gone. That it is as here stated is testified
by an example in the British ^luseum, in which a comb
is su])ported with similar end-pieces.

The interment numbered 13 contains small objects for
securing the belt or girdle, and some large iron rings ;
but the relics of chief interest are the spiral finger-rings.
These are of bronze ; but they are sometimes con-
structed of wliite metal, as in the case of a ring found at
Harnham. They have also been discovered at Linton
Heath, Fairford,"and Little Wilbraham ; and several of
the " twist-rings" (so called) were removed with the
Romano-British remains during the investigations made
by General Pitt-Rivers at Woodcuts, near Rushmore,^
from which it would appear that the Saxons in some
cases followed the arts of the Romans. The object of
their being made spiral was evidently that they might
be expanded or contracted to suit the size of the
finger.

When we consider the shallowness of these interments,
the presence of secular relics, and the absence of orienta-
tion, there is little doubt that they are pagan, a.though
probably of late date. The contemporaneous practice of
cremation and inhumation is of considerable imj)ortance
in showing when the heathen custom of burning the
dead was on the point of change to the Christian mode

^ E.ixavations in Womlcuts Common, in Cvaithnrne C/mse, vol. i, lc87.
Privately pi-iiitod.

SAXON REMAINS found near READING

XKAll RKAniXd. 157

of st'pulturc. Prof, IvoUcston states tliat the urns from
Frilford and Long Wittenliam were the only ones lie had
seen recorded in Berkshire.^ To these we have now to
add those of Reading ; hut at Frilford, as at Reading,
inhumation was practised at the same time. It appears
(liat there are records of similar finds of urns in ahout
thirteen English counties, viz., Warwickshire, Derhyshire,
Nottinghamshire, Northamptonshire, Lincolnshire, Glou-
cestershire, Yoi'kshire, Oxfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk,
Bedfordshire, Camhridgeshire, and the Isle of Wight ;^
to which may be added Berkshire, Sussex, and Kent,
although the last two appear to have used inhumation at
a prior period, showing that paganism was earlier super-
seded in those counties. As Christianity opposed itself
to the practice of cremation,^ the new discoveries which
are continually turning up (and will to a yet greater
extent as the country becomes more thoroughly broken up
under the exigencies of an inci'easing population), serve to
show, with those already made, how completely England
was overrun with pagan Teutons. Tlie dual practice of
cremation with inhumation, with relics, and without oii-
entation, observed in many burial-places, particularly in
the northern counties, evidences that the one was, so far,
as pagan as the other. Authorities have not been want-
ing who have advocated that the two fornis were co-
existent in time^ and place. There is no doubt of their
co-existence in place ; but if they cannot be correlated in
time, inhumation, although accompanied with pagan
accessories, would appear to indicate that those Avho
practised it were becoming more in sympathy with the
Christian form.

1 Scientific Piipers and Addresses, vol. ii, p. 597.

•^ Ibid., p. 598.

•'' Life of Julian (Neander), English translation, p. 108; ArcJ<^P(jlo(/ia,
vol. xxxvii, p. 467; Ilune Foales (Keniblc), p. 95.

■* lloroi Ferales (Kemble), p. 918; Archceoloyia^ vol. xxxvii, p. 450;
Saxon Obsequies, p. 11, Nevilio.

1S94

158

TWO rREITISTORIC WEAPONS RECENTLY
FOUND IN ESSEX.

BY E. "\VIXSTOM>:, ESQ., M.l).
{Haul itk Ajtrll 1894.)

I HAVE placed on the table two prehistoric implements,
one from Epping, the other from North AYeald, an adjoin-
ing parish. They are similar to bronze and stone imple-
ments found in other parts of the kingdom, and do not,
therefore, claim any description. There are, however,
circumstances connected with the district in which they
■were found, possessing (I venture to believe) archieologi-
cal interest.

The bronze weapon was found in North Weald. Mr.
Francis Hart took it off a heap of old iron gathered on
Caines Farm, a large farm in the occupation of his father.
Unfortunately there is no procurable information as to
when, or on what part of the farm, it was found ; but as
it had been carelessly thrown on the heap of metal, there
is trustworthy circumstantial evidence of its having been
turned up during some agricultural operations.

North Weald parish touches Epping Forest, the re-
mains of a forest extending at one time over the whole
county. Epping Forest was a royal forest, the kings of
England hunted in it, and stringent laws were made for
the protection of the deer. It is due, we may assume, to
the forest rights possessed by the Crown until quite
recent times, that two ancient earthworks of great inte-
rest have been preserved. They are known as Ambres-
buryEank and Loughton Camp. Each is a British earth-
work or oppidinn, — places of refuge for the primitive
inhabitants.

Ambresbury Bank, although now close to the road,
M-as originally in the heart of the Forest. It encloses
12 acres, and must have been the stronghold of a large
tribe, for it would take many warriors to man the ram-
])arts enclosing 12 acres. In the valley of the river
lioden, which it dominates, there is abundant pasturage

PREHTSTORKJ WEAPONS FOUND IN E.SSKX.

159

for tlie maintencance of numerous cattle. Excavations
have demonstrated its having been made long ago, long
hefore our era commenced. The Essex
Field Club, under the management of Mr.
Cole, made, a few years ago, a cutting
through the whole height of a portion of
the Bank enclosing the space or camp.
Every spadeful of earth excavated was
sifted, and the find was pieces of earthen-
ware or pottery. They were submitted to
General Pitt-llivers for identification. He
said they were of British manufacture of
a very crude and coarse character, and
belonged to an early prehistoric date.

Excavations have also been made, under
Mr. Cole's superintendence, at Loughton
Camp, a much smaller and less well-defined
enclosure. A cutter, or stone chisel, and
many flint chips v/ere found. As tlie crow
flies, Loughton Camp is about two miles
distant from Ambresbury Bank. At one
time there were the remains of a path or
trackway (keeping along tlie high ground)
from the high ground a little above Lough-
ton Camp to Ambresbury Bank. Froni
Ambresbury Bank, the way known by the
name of the Mill-ride, as it left the Forest
by the manorial windmill, continued on
the south side of the Purlieu Bank across
Bell Common (at the back of tlie town of
Epping it is known as Hemnel's Street,
being in a manor of that name) to North
Weald, where the bronze instrument was
found.

It is said that roads keeping to the high
ground, along ridges of hills, and having
by their sides, or near to them, moated

Fnuml on Cains or Cannes Farm, North eartllWOlks Or mouuds,

have the characteristics of

ancient British roads; i.e.,

trackways of the primitive

There is at present a road (once a turn-

i2-

Weald Basset t. Essex, by Francis Hart,

Fppiii^. Totallength, lo^ in. ; length

ot bhide, '[Sh in. ; width of ditto at base,

I i; in , tapering to a sharp point.

inhabitants.

IGO TWO I'RKHlSTUltlC WEAruXS

|)ike road) n continuation of tlie road of which I liave
been S])eakin5:,^, through North Weald to Ongar, and in
one direction by Writtle, where some have placed Cfesaro-
niagns (an important Roman station), to iMaldon ; and
in the otiier, through Fyfield and the liodings, to
l)iiiiin.)w, where other antiquaries have located Ca^saro-
magus. The road has the characteiistics of an ancient
British road, for it keeps along the ridge of hills, and has
by its side, or near to it, moated mounds. At one time
there were three, but now only two. The Guardians want-
ing work for the unemployed, had the largest, and the
best preserved, levelled, and part of its site taken into
the new Union Workhouse garden. Of the remaining,
one is in the orounds of the estate called " The Grove",
turned into an ornamental mound ; and the other at the
back of brick and tile-works, where Eoman tiles have
been found. It may be reasonably supposed that as it
retains features of a British trackway, it has taken the
place of the way b}'' which communications were kept up
between the tribes who occupied Ambresbury Bank and
Loughton Camp, and those of North Weald and the
country beyond it.

There are two Wealds, North and South, several miles
apart. The name " Weald"' is said in county histories to
be derived from a Saxon word meanino- wood or forest-
land : but I venture to suo-o-est that the inhabitants were
British, called by the Teutonic immigrants Wealh,Wealas,
or Walla, words sio-nifving; strano-ers or foreio'ners. It
may have been tirst apphed to designate the British, who
occupied the ground, by the Alamanni or Bavarians settled
in the locality, of whom I shall have to speak further on.
The county was covered by woods, therefore to designate
a settlement of any kind as being in a wood would be so
vaofue as to Q'ive rise to the idea that the orio-in of the
name had not been known to later Saxon writers, so
they used tlie word familiar to them. In South Weald
there is an earthwork said to be Pioman, but answering
to the description of a British oppidum.

From Ongar to Dunmow the road passes through Fy-
lleld, a place of no interest to us beyond there having
been found there, in the middle of the last century, pre-
historic remains, with which the bronze da^'o-er on the

IIECKNTI.Y FOl'Nl) l\ KSSKX. 1 C 1

table was probably closely connected. Mr. Gough, in liis
edition oiCam<h'ii (1789), writes : "At Fyfield, by Onoar,
in 1749, were found a great number of celts, with a huge
quantity of metal for casting tlieni ; 50 lb. of wliicb,
with several of the instruments, the late Earl Tilney gave
to Mr. Letheuillier. One Glascock, a farmer, and horse-
leech of some eminence, bought the celts altogether for
five shillings, fancying them gold; and by his idle talk
about them betrayed them to the lord of the manor, who
claimed them all."

As the Cannes Farn\, on wliich the instrument on the
table was found, is not more than six miles from Fytield,
it is probable it was manufactured there ; but whether it
was lost on tlie land at the time, or one of those found
in 1749, there are no means of ascertaining. The arrange-
ment for fixing the handle differs from that In the bronze
instruments usually found. They have the butt-end ])ro-
longed like scythes, sickles, chisels, etc., of the present
time, so as to go through the length of the handle, whilst
the one on the table has the butt-end flattened out. Tlie
handle must have been formed of two pieces of wood,
through which passed the rivets, whicli were then bound
or riveted together to tit the handle to the hand ; or a
groove cut in a piece of wood properly shaped, so as tt)
admit of the insertion of the flat end, and made fast by
the rivets. In the British Museum are some daggers of
a similar pattern, one found in the Thames at Kingston.
In Sir John Evans' Ancient British Instruments there is
a drawing of one found at Coveney, near Downham
Hithe, in Cambrido-eshire, so like the one from North
Weald as to give rise to the supposition that they canx;
out of the same manutactory ; the more especially as
Fyfleld is not very far from Cambridgeshire.

As coal does not exist in Essex, wood had to be used
for fuel ; it is, therefore, readily understood why works
such as those at Fytield should be i)laced where wood
was abundant. But the bronze must have been brought
from a distance, for neither cop])er nor tin is found in
Essex. Mr. Gough says that the metal given to Mr.
Letheuillier weighed 50 lb. Although it is not stated to
have been one lumj), no other conclusion can be arrived
at, for Mr. Letheuillier was an archcuologist, and connected

1G2 TWO PKEHISTORIC WEAPONS

Avitli tlie county fainilies. He would not liave wanted
50 lb. of broken pieces, but would have been interested
in ascertaining the weight of an ingot or lump of metal.
Sir John Evans (p. 423), speaking of imported bronze,
says that it came over in lumps of 30 or 50 lb. The
lump found at Fyheld seems, therefore, to have been of
foreicrn make.

A Avriter in a recent number of Notes and Queries
suggests that the name bronze is derived from the name
of the port from which it was shipped, and suggests its
having come originally from Brindisivnn, now Brindisi.

The Etruscans are known to have excelled in the
manufacture of articles made in bronze, and Brindisium
Mas the port fi'equented by merchants trading with Italy.
The introthiction of bronze, foi' the purpose of manufac-
ture, into England, does not appear to have taken place
before the lloman occupation of the Island, so it may
have come direct from Italy ; but Ciesar, who obtained
from the merchants tradincr to Enrdand the information
he required before attempting his invasion, mentions
bronze being obtained by the Britons from Gaul. In
his time it does not • appear to have been a British
manufacture.

Maldon seems to have been a{)lace of great importance,
even if Colchester, and not Maldon, was the capital of
the Trinobantes. It formed an easy port of entrance into
the county, affording great facilities for trading with the
people. Fyfield is not more than two or three days'
journey from IMaldon for pack-horses, and if the tide ran
up the river Chelmer as many miles as it did up the
I'iver Lea, merchandise could have been carried by water
very far into the country, and witliin an easy distance of
Fytield.

The parish or n)anor of Epping consists of two ranges
of hills, separated by a deep valley. For parochial pur-
poses, the parish is divided into E^plands and Town Side ;
tlie latter comprises the Forest in which is Ambresbury
Bank, and the road leading to North Weald. The Up-
lands is the cultivated portion, the village of E[)])ing is
in it, and also the church, of the time of Henry II.
There are not, so far as I can learn, any earthworks, nor
have there been found flint instruments indicatino- that

RKL'iiNTLY FOUND IN K.S.SEX.

1G3

tliere liad been settlements of the prhnitive people,
iiotwithstaiidiiig that the valleys on either side abound
111 Hint instruments. Mr. Worthington Smith states that
he has found them in tlie valley of the Lea from Dun-
stable to Bhickwall ; and in the valley of the lloden at
Barking, and other places. But he does not mention
having'found them in the district of whicli I am speak-
ing, e'xce[)ting the stone chisel and flint chips in Lough-
ton Camp, and a stone pestle from a place a little below
it. As a valley, and formerly a dense forest, separated
it from the Uplands, there was probably no connection
between the places. The stone instrument on the table

Found on Gills Farm, Epping Uplands, by

Clmrles B. Swordei- of Eppinj,'. Length,

6^ in.; breadth, 3^ in.; thickness, 2 in.;

weight, 2 lb. 2 oz.

Section of the Stone
to show the forma-
tion of the hole
drilled through it.

was found by Mr. Charles B. Sworder of Epping, on
Gills Farm in the Uplands. It was on a heap of stones
gathered off the field, intended for use in mending the
i-oads, where the land had been cut up by the traffic of
carts and cattle through the field gates. He could
obtain no information as to when or where it had been
found ; so the supposition as to its having been gathered
with other stones off the farm can only be accepted as
probable. The material of the instrument is quartzite —
a stone not belonging to Essex nor to the neighbouring
counties, although occasionally found with other stones
in gravel-pits. It seems l)y its high finish to have been of
the latest period of the neolithic age; the manner, more-
over, in which the hole has been drilled, shows that it
was done by a skilled workman. Mr. Worthington
Smith says he has never found a drilled hammer-stone in
the valley of the river Lea : but he has seen one preserved

1G4 iwu riiFJiisTORu; weapons

in the schoolroom at Walthani Ahhey, which had been
taken out of the bed of the river. Sir John Evans has
given in his work, Ancient Stone Instruments of Great
Britain, a drawing (page 518) of a similar stone found at
AVinterborn Bassett, in Wiltshire, and there is also a
drawing of another stone resembling it found at Sporle
near Swaffham, in Norfolk. The Swaffham coach ran
through Epping, so there may have existed in prehistoric
times'a British road between the two places, affording a
means of communication between the tribes. In addition
to the Swaffham in Norfolk, there are two in Cambridge-
shire, near the river Cam, not far from Newmarket. In
the fens, on which they are situated, many stone instru-
ments have been found. But they appear not to be
made of the same kind of stone, nor are they so highly
finished as the one on the table. The hole for the handle
has been bored from each side, and is conical, the hole in
the middle l)eino- much smaller than on the surfaces.
How the handle w^as fixed wants explanation, on account
of the peculiar formation of the hole. If at riglit angles,
like an adze or garden hoe, it would apparently have
re([uired wood to be compressed suBiciently to have gone
tlnough the small hole in the middle, and then for it to
swell ao-ain like chami)agne corks. A handle, however,
might have been made by passing a stick of wood, so
prepared as to admit of its being bent nearly double,
through the hole, and bringing together the two ends or
lengths, and binding them by a leather thong, so as to
make a compact handle. The chi|)ped edge shows that
it has been used. It seems to have been of foreign
introduction. Although the Uplands do not appear to
have been inhabited, along the northern side, overlooking
the valleys of the Lea and Stort, there ran a road, which
apparently was a means of communication l)etween the
capital of the Cassii, the hill on which St. Alban's now
stands, and the country of the Trinobantes, forming a
direct road to Maldon, said by Camden, although dis-
jjuted by other authorities, to have been their ca})ital
town. A portion of the road now remains, known as
Enijiiio- Lono- Green ; the village is ])artly on it, and it is
called, in a deed in my [)OSsession relating to property l)y

r.FA'EXILY FOUND IX ESSEX. K).")

tlie side of it, " 'j'he Kino-'s Ifiglnvay from \iye Hill to
Waltliaiu Abbey"; eiicroachinents have, however, broken
ofi' at llarrolcl Farm its connection as a road with Wal-
tliam Abbey; but from Ilye Hill it continues through
farm-lands — Latton Priory.

Latton Piioiy was once a monastery for twelve monks
of tlie St. Augustine Order, but the church only now
remains ; it is used for a barn, and is therefore well
preserved. In the tield opposite is a moated mound,
characteristic by its presence of an early British road,
by which the road, still kee[)ing the high ground, con-
tinued t)ver Hazelwood Common into the heart of Essex,
and also on to tlie sea coast. The conquest of England by
the Romans commenced in Essex about the year a.u. 47.
At that time Tasciovanus was chieftain over the Cassii —
Avhose capital was St. Albans — and his son, the famous
Cunobeline, ruled over the Trinobantes inhabitino- Essex.
Claudius, having conquered Cunobeline, and having
taken Maldon, advanced against Tasciovanus. As the
most direct road to St. Albans would have been that of
which I am speaking, he and his victorious army
])robably marched along it, by what is now the village of
Epping, to the river Lea at Waltham ; crossing it by a
ford, he would have proceeded up Enfield Chase, by the
road marked in an old map the Camletway, as if derived
iVom Canuilodunum, to where is now St. Albans, the
capital of the Cassii. His disciplined army overcame
Tasciovanus. The llomans there built Yerulamium,
having on one side the river Ver and on the other a
trackway, which subsequently became Watling Street ;
Verulamium for a little time was the lloman stronghold
on the extreme limit of their conquest. A road connect-
ing Verulamium with tlie heart of Essex and the sea
coast was probably of importance, and there are grounds
for the belief that the llomans established on it colonies
of Germans ; and that such a colony gave to the place
tlie name of Epping. About the year 27D, according to
Gibbon, Probus, Emperor of Rome, having depopulated
some of the conquered countries through the demand
male for men for service in the armies of the Empire, en-
deavoured to form colonies in the exhausteil countries

166 TWO PREHISTORIC WEAPONS

by locatino- captives and fugitives. He gave them lands
and agiienltuial instruments, under the hopes of creating
a settlement of agricultural and industrious people, and a
population to su|)ply soldiers for the sei'vice of the lioman
Empire. With this object, it is stated, there were repeat-
edly made in England settlements of South Germans,
Alamannic or Bavarian tribes. Mr. Seebohm, in his book
on Villacje Communities, when speakingof the tei-mination
" ing"," ingas", in the ])lural to the names of places, says :
" That the founders of the termination came from the
German forests and mountains ; that it imjjlit'S a per-
manent settlement, and also, that Roman rule was the
outside influence wliich compelled the abandonment of a
semi-nomadic and the adoption of the settled form of life."
Professor William Arnold also says the patronymic
suffix " ingen", the plural of "ing", is one of the distinctive
marks of settlements of Alamannic and Bavarian tribes."
We have, therefore, reliable information as to when,
probably, and by whom the village of Epping was
established. For the name Epping is evidently the out-
come of " Up-ings", like our Uplands, and denotes the
dwelling-])lace in the hills or Uplands, in contradistinction
to the places in the valleys. Besides the demand for
soldiers in the Imperial armies, the settlements of colonies
of a foreign nationality in a country afforded a supi)ly of
men who had their own lives and property imperilled
by the revolt of the natives, near at hand to assist in
extinguishing the first spark of rebellion. By wdiat little
we know of the Trinobantes they appear to have been a
warlike race; and perhaps it thus arises that there are so
many settlements on the road, or near to it, as it proceeds
to Dunmovv, or through Chelmsford to the coast, etc.,
having " ing" for the termination of their names. The
parish adjoining Epping in the Uplands is Nazing; not
far from the British camp Wallabury is Sheering.
Between Dunmow and Fyfield, where the bronze in large
quantity was found, are several Ptodings. There is also
Matching, and near to Colchester, Booking, and other
places ending in " ing". It seems, therefore, as if, from
some cause, the German colonies were pretty freely
sprinkled over Essex. It is certainly a convenient county
for formino- settlements of innniurants from the Continent.

KKCIiNTLV FUL'ND IX ESSEX. 167

If the Alamannil came down the river llhine, Harwich, or
C\>lchester, or Maldon, were the most convenient ports at
M'hich to land them in Englan(].

lleferrino' ao-ain to the hronze insti'uments. Mr. Thomas
Wi'ight, ni liis work, The Celt, the Roman, and the
Saxon, says that the stock of hronze (similar to that at
FvfJeld) is always found near a Roman road, or in the
neio'hhourhood of a lloman station. A road to Dunmow,
supposed to have heen Celtic, deriving its name from
Dn-num, passes through Fy field, and joins the well-
known Koman road from Bishop's Stortford to Col-
chester. On it, or near it, are eight villages or manors
named Ivodiiig, having, for the most part, attached
to them the names of the families who possessed
them at the time of William I's grand Survey of his
col If] u est.

Before lie came to England the name was in existence,
for tlie monastery of Ely possessed High or Great Boding,
and Aythorp Boding. The name Boding is derived
from the river Boden, and the whole district is fertile,
and called the Bodings. Morant says that some have
thonoht the name to have been derived from British
words, Yr Oclr, meaning tlie boundary. He, however,
repudiates the idea on account of the smallness of the
stream ; but we cannot tell liow broad or deep it was
wdien the Celtic people lived on its shores. Accepting as
correct Brofessor Arnold's and Mr. Seebohm's statement
that the termination " ing" to a place-name denoted the
settlement of Alamannic or German colonies, we have
(juite a nest of such settlements in the vicinity of Fyfield,
and Dunmow, situated on the road marked on maps
" Stanway", — an important means of communication be-
tween Colonia (Colchester) and Verulamium (St. Albans).

At how early a date the manufactiu'e of bronze
instruments was established in England seems open to
disputation ; Mr. Wright maintains that it is no earlier
than the Roman occupation, and supports his arguments
by the circumstance already mentioned, that heaps of
metal, often consisting of broken instruments only, are
always found in localities where the Bomans had
established their powers. At Havering, not very far
from Epping, there has been found a hoard of bi-oken

IGS riiEiii,sTui;ic \\ eatons fuund in e.ssex.

bronze metal, and as its name has " injv" for its termina-
tion, the suu'oestion arises that it \vas under lioman
control.

Tn conclusion, I may mention Sir John Evans states
that on more than one block of metal found in
England are inscriptions in Roman characters. Metal
weapons were in use by the people before the Romans
occupied tlie country. Caesar says they obtained their
bronze from abroad, probably swords and daggers. They
obtained from Gaul ivory bi-acelets, necklaces, glass, and
other small articles. It is, however, foreign to the object
of my ])aper to discuss M'hen and from whence bronze
■was introduced into England. Thomas Wright, Sir John
Evans, and others, have made prehistoric instruments a
subject of their studies ; to tlieir able writings I must,
therefore, refer those who are interested in the question.

1G9

^pi-occrtimg5 of tlje J-iftifii) CongrfSS.

{Contiiiiicdfroiii p. 8(!.)

Wednesday, 2nd August.

Tliis dny the members left, Wiiiclicster l)y the R.25 train for Fare-
liam. Ilei-o, at ton o'clock, a start was made for Titclifield, where the
cliurch was visitrd. The Rev. R. A. R. Wliitc, M.A., gave a description
of the church. He called attention to the Norman west door, the con-
secration crosses, and Wykeham's work, etc. Two frescoes — one over
the chancel arch, and the other at the west end — were quite modern.
The chancel arch was late Norman. Going on to give a few details
concerning the parish, the Vicar spoke of the many finds of interest to
antiquaries in the way of implements and coins. The visitors examined
the five monuments to Thomas VVriothesley, first Enrl of Southampton,
and his wife, and his son, the second Earl. The Vicar mentioned the
curious fact that the bodies were buried in a tluid. The tomb was
erected by the third Earl, the friend and patron of Shakespeare. Mr.
J^rock expressed his belief that the tower was a portion of a Saxon
building, and the rest of the church Norman work. The Rector also
showed a piece of the Communion plate left to the church iu 1G73 by
Thomas Cordcroy.

At Place House the Rev. G. W. ]\Iiiins, LL.B., P.S.A., read a paper
on " Place House", which it is hoped will be printed in the Juurnal at
a future time, he having, by permission of Colonel Delmc, the present
owner, made explorations and investigations on the spot. The paper
was illustrated by views of Place House at different periods.

A cordial vote of thanks was passed to the Rev. G. W, Minns, on
the proposition of Mr. Allan Wyon.

Luncheon was served at the Red fjion Hotel, Fareham.

A drive of half-an-hour brought the visitors to the Norman church
standing in the enclosure of Porehester Castle. The Rev. J. Vaughan,
]\I.A., the Vicar, gave information with regard to the church, wliieh he
said was thought by some to occupy the site of an old Roman temple,
although there was no evidence in support, and nothing was known of
the church till they came to the Nuruian peritnl. It was a church or

170 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE CONGRESS.

clmpel of tlie Austin friars founded by Henry I. During tlio troublous
period of Stephen's reign the monks found tli.at enclosure no fit place
for spiritual devotions, and they retired to Southwick. The font of
the church was celebrated, and he thought showed signs of Saracenic
work. It was entii-elj owing to the exertions and good common-sense
of his predecessor, the Rev. A. A. lleadley, now Rector of Alresford,
that they saw the nave of the Norman church in its present almost
perfect condition. The windows were entirely Xorman, and the west
front was an exceedingly hue specimen of a Norman west front. The
new oak pulpit w'as designed by the son of the distinguished Dean of
Winchester, and was carved by the firm of Messrs. Thomas and Co.

Mr. Brock called attention to the carving of the doorway of the
west front, much of which was of later Norman work than the door-
wa}-, added to older work.

The Rev. G. N. Godwin dwelt on the antiquity of the neighbour-
hood in which they were, and recalled the associations of Porchester
Castle, and its use in later years as a place of confinement for the
French prisoners of war.

The visitors then walked round the enclosure, and were admitted to
the field on the Portsmonth Harbour side, from which a capital view
of the massive walls of the Castle was to be obtained. Sevei'al also
ascended the keep, noticing on the way up the names of French
prisoners cut in the wall.

At the evening meeting the chair was occupied by Mr. T. F. Kirby,
M.A., F.S. A. At the commencement of the proceedings Mr. Allan
Wyon expressed regret that the Mayor was absent, owing to a return
of his illness; a return which it was feared was brought about by his
great kindness in being with the Association on Sunday, INIonday, and
Tuesday, when, for health's sake, he should have been at home resting.
]\Ir. Wyon placed on the table some objects of interest forwarded by
tlie Mayor and Dr. Earle.

The Chaiiman, as Bursar of Winchester College, submitted the fol-
lowing interesting deeds and seals: —

1. Henry de Blois, 1129-71 — Confirmation of Bishop Giffard's
grant of a hyde of land to monks of St. Andrew's Priory, Hamble.

2. John de Pontoise, 1280-1304— Release to John de Wandcles-
worlh of all services due to the Bishop in respect of two liydes of land
at Bishop's Sutton, on condition of paying a relief of two marks on the
accession of every new Bishop.

3. Henry Woodlock, 1304-lG — Grant to William Gcrveis and
Cristina his wife of lands and tenements in Ropley, rendering 13.9. 4'^
rent to the Bishop, and 3.5. to every Bishop on his accession, and 3»'. to
the King on every avoidance of the See.

4. William Edyngton, 1345-G3 — Letter of attorne}' appointing

I'ROCEEDINGS OF THE CON(il!ESS. 171

William of Wykcliani, clerk, his proxy to receive seisin of land at Meon-
stoke. 10 Nov. 1353.

5. William of Wykeham, 13G3-1404— Award oftlio Bishop ihattho
Prior (Robert Eodeburn) and Convent of St. Switliun at Winchester
shall pny the corrody dne to the sequestrator of Hamble Priory, which
the monks had witldield. Dated at Esher, 24 July 1394.

6. Richard Fox, 1 500 28 — Lease to Warden and Fellows of Winches-
tor College for 90 years of lands in Roploy. Dated Jan. 9, 20 11. VIL

7. Thomas Cooper, 1.580-3 — Lease to Warden and Fellows of Win-
chester College for 99 years of Stoke Park. Dated Feb. 7, 31 Eliz.

l\fi'. Wyon, F.S.A., then read a paper on "Seals of the Bishops of
Winchester", which will be printed hereafter in the Journal.

Mr. Walter Bailey (Town Clerk) moved a vote of thanks to Mr.
Allan Wyon, and in so doing expressed the interest he (Mr. Bailey)
took in the visit of the Association to Winchester. On the occasion of
the former visit of the Association, his father, who was at the time
Town Clerk, filled the position he then occupied as one of the lion,
secretaries of the meeting.

Mr. Allan Wyon, in replying, gave additional particulars with regard
to the seals shown by Mr. Kirhy.

A paper was then contributed by Dr. Phene, F.S. A., on " The Tumuli
of Hampshire", which it is hoped may find a place in the Journal.

Dr. Phene acknowledged the valuable assistance he had received
from Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., Pi'ofessor Rupert Jones, F.R.S., and
other gentlemen, on questions of the conditions of certain metals, and
other points connected with their special studies.

A vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Phene for his able paper, and a
similar compliment was passed to Mr. Kirby for presiding,

Thursday, 3i;d August.

On Thursday the morning was passed at Romsey Abbey, a party
leaving Winchester by the 10.17 train. Rev. J. Yarborougli, M.A., the
Vicar, received the visitors, and after a few remarks gave way to the
former Vicar, Rev. E. L. Berthon, M.A., who followed with an account of
works carried out by him, and of the many valuable points with regard
to the building which he discovered in the course of the many years he
wns in charge. He expressed a belief that the founder of the noble
Abbey was none other than Plenry I, who came to fetch his bride from
the convent at Romsey. It was finished in the Norman part by Mary,
the only daughter of King Stephen. Mr. E. P. L. Brock pointed out
that there had been a Saxon church on the site from time immemorial.

The members returned to Winchester at two o'clock, and shortly
after three met at the County Hall. Mr. J. Robinson, C.E., count}'-

172 PROCEEDINf.S OF TIIF-: rONGIJE.SS.

siurveyor, gave a few details with icgaid to llic arcliitccluro of tlic
great hall, and the Rev. G. N. Godwin, B.D., recalled some of the his-
torical incidents associated with the Casde of Wiuchester and its hall,
Tlie remains of one of the towers and the moat weie viewed.

On the way down the High Street, to visit St. John's Church, a luilt
■was made at ilessrs. Dyer and Son's, and permission obtained to
inspect the vaulfed crypts under the premises. At the cliurcli, the Vicar,
the Rev. H. C. Dickins, IM.A., wjis in waiting, and gave particulars as
to the quaint old church and its f-omewhat unusual shape — apparently
intended for a square. The screen was probably of the fourteeiilh
century; tlie Jacobean pulpit was at one time occupied by 13ishofj Ken,
and Wykeham's scholars used the churcli before the completion of the
College chapel. ^Vhat must liave been the unusual size of the rood-
loft was remarked by the visitors. Thence the party walked to St.
Bartholomew Hyde, -where the Rev. Canon Humbert, M.A., the Vicar,
acted as guide, and Mr, Park Harrison, M.A., made a few remark.s
with reference to a .t^upposed Saxon sfoup.

From the church tlie party went to view tiie few fragments that
remain of the once famous Hyde Abbey.

Votes of thanks were accorded to tlie gentlemen Avho took charge of
the party at each of the three places visited during the afternoon.

At the evening meeting Mr. T. F. Kirby, M.A,, F.S.A., again pre-
sided.

}>[r. "W. H. Jacob (Winchester) read a paper entitled "Some Notes
on the Plague in Winchester", which it is hoped will find a place here-
after in the Journal.

In reply to Coi. Lambert, F. S.A., Dr. Langdon gave a few par-
ticulars as to the characteristics of tlie plague, and a hearty vi>te of
thanks was accorded to Mr. Jacob.

Mr. J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A.Scot., had prepared a paper on the
Cathedral Font, portions of which (in his aljsence) were nad by Mr.
Brock. The paper is printed above at pf). 17-27.

Mr. Lynam read a paper prepared by Dr. Josejdi Stevens, giving an
account of the discovery of a Saxon burial-place near Reading, dining
the process of widening the line of tlie (Jreat Western Railway. This
is printed at pp. 140-'*7.

Votes of thanks were accorded the writers of both llic foiegoing
papers.

Fkidav, liii At.GUsr.

A large party reached Soutliampton Docks by nine a.m., where they
were rnet by Mr. T, W, Shore and Mr. W. Dale. Proceeding at once
to the Bargate, Mr. Shore explained the stages of its architecture, and
succeeded in piloting tlio party safely nnderneatli it. 'J'hen, taking

niOCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS. 173

tlicm insiilc, he spoke o? its liiston(;al associations, and tokl, to tlie great
deliglil; of the ladies, tlie story of Sir Bevois and the giant Ascnpart.
^rr. Loftus Brock, F.S.A.., expressed a hope that the Corporation
would have the portraits of these worthies judiciously cleaned. Pass-
ing down Bargate Street, the towers and walls were pointed out, and
the Norman vault entered and its use explained. Then the Norman
house was visited, and its story told. Interest was ai'oused by this
building, and several architects expressed themselves more pleased
with this than anything they had yet seen. Passing up Bine Anchor
Lane, St. Michael's Cliurch was entered and described by Mr. Shore.
The two debatable points — the tower arches and tlie font — came in for
a share of attention. The latter was pronounced Byzantine, and after
examining the tower arches, Mr. Loftus Brock gave his vcrdic-t that they
were Saxon, for two reasons — their extreme simplicity and tlie manner
of dressing the stones.

The ]mrty repaired to the i\[nnicipal Offices at 11 o'clock, where they
were met by the Mayor (Mr. J. Lemon, J. P.) in his parlour, whicdi,
however, proved hardly sufficiently large to accommodate them. His
Worship, however, in welcoming them, said he was glad to see them
assemble in such goodly numbers. He hardly expected to see more
than twenty or thirty, otherwise he should have asked them to go into
the Council Chamber. The town was possessed of some interesting
records, and it. was gratifying to find that it possessed many features of
archaeological interest, more especially with regard to its old town walls
and the remains of old buildings. His Worship then invited Rev. R. H.
Clutterbuck, F.S.A., to sliow those assembled the tliree ancient books
before them, which that gentleman at once proceeded to do, first of all
giving their names — the Oak, the Oaths, and the Black. With regard
to the Oak Book, it was hardly safe to do much more than open it ;
but its contends cliiefly related to tlie ordinances of the guild merchants,
in French, and which had already been printed in the Society's ./^o«nt«7.
The Black Book was not so named because anything terrible was
implied in it, but it formed really the chief memorandum-book in regard
to the transfer and tenure of land. Tlie title of the Oaths Book implied
its purpose. Then there was an enormous number of charters and
documents connected with the town in the possession of the Corpora-
tion. The Oaths Book went back to about the reign of Edward II.

Mr. T.W. Shore, pointing to the silver oar on the table, explained that
it was emblematical of the dignity of the !Mayor of Southampton as
Admiral of the Port ; and Col, Lambert ft)llowed with some interesting
remarks on the Corporation maces. He took one of them to be of about
the tiiaic of Charles 11, and a smaller one to be somewhat old(n- ; but
the small silver maces which were exhibited in a case were considerably
older, and in days long since gone by were very potent in the hands of
IStJ-t 13

17 4 ri^OCEKDlXCJS OF TIIF. C'OXOIiESS.

a slicrifT's oflicer, who en one occasion succcedetl in bringing someono
juack from the Cape of Good Hope who was " wanted", and who received
a veiy long punishment. The cavlj maces exhibited went back to a
very long period — certainly from the time of Edward I down to the time
of Hein-y V — and it was almost certain that it was due to one of thoso
maces that the arrest took place, near or at the King's Yard, of Scroope,
Do Lisle, and Gambi-idge for conspiracy. The Earl of Cambridge,
Earl Scroop, and Loid De Lisle aj-e buried in the Huguenot Chnrch of
St. Julien, in this town.

]\Ir. Wyon, F.S.A., Treasurer to the Association, said that before
leaving that building lie .'^liould like to express the thanks of the
British Archfeological Association to the Mayor for the kind recep-
tion which they had accorded them. Before they came to South-
ampton they expected to see a great deal, and they had not been
disappointed. They had had pointed out to them, in St. Michael's,
sometliing which was claimed to be of Saxon origin, Avhile at the
Bargatc they saw au old Norman arch, and afterwards had various
objects of later dates continuonsly pointed out to them, bringing
them down to events which occurred as recently as one hundred
years ago, when George IIT, whose statue on the B.irgate was shown
to them, came down to Southampton and was entertained there.
!Mr. Wyon Avished specially to express the thanks of the Association to
the Coi-poration for the care which they took of the anoient buildings
which remained, and more particularly for preserving those old town
walls which they had been examining that day, and which, he under-
stood, about foi-ty years ago it was proposed to sweep away. He had
been further delighted by hearing that (here "was some proposal for
maintaining the Bargate in such a way that by having roads on either
side of it it could still be used as a Court of Justice without any inter-
ference with the traffic which now passed beneatli it. He could only
repeat that they felt deeply indebted to the Mayor for the kind recep-
tion he had given them.

'J"he expression of thanks having been accorded with acclamation,
the Mayor, in reply, said there was a sincere desire on the part
of the Corporation to preserve what he might call the ancient land-
marks, and he did not think that there was any chance of the Bar-
gate, although it was an obstruction, being removed. They would
get over the difficulty some day, no doubt, by having a road round it;
but of course that was a matter he could not deal with now, and, more-
over, it was a financial question of some magnitude. He would like to
point out that they had a list of IMayors, SherilFs, and Bailiifs of the
town extending back to the year l-li7. He believed the first Alayor
was appointed about 1217, but he fancied that the inhabitants got
tired of him after he had occupied the position for about twenty years.

PROCEEDmnS OF TftE CONGRESS. 175

Ho (lid not know that tlicre was any town except Loudon — and perliaps
Winclieslci- — wliicli had a better record.

Mr. Shore said the iiinue of one of Ihc early Mayors cai'ried them
back to the time of tlie Crusades, and indicated tlie trade of »Sonth-
anipton with Palestine. The party then inspected the Council Cham-
ber, and left to carry ovit the remainder of the day's programme.

After leaving the Municijial Offices, Mr. Shore conducted the party
down to the West Gate and described it. Then the beautiful garden of
Madame Miles was entered, and the quaint house much admired. The
old guard-house was visited. Mr. A. Wj^on expressed the thanks of
the Association to Madame Miles. The remainder of the morning wos
occupied at the wool house, St. Julieu's Church, God's House gate,
and the south-eastern tower, not forgetting Henry VHI's gun on the
platform. Luncbeon was partaken of at the Royal Hotel, after which
Mr. Alhiu Wyon, F. S.A., expressed the thanks of the Association to
the members of the Hants Field Club for their valuable assistance, and
especially to Mr. Shore. That gentleman briefly replied.

At two o'clock Netley Abbey was visited, where Rev. G. W. Minns,
LL.I3., F.S.A., took up the tale, and most exhaustively dealt with its
history and its beauties. Mr. C. Lynam dealt with the arcliitecture,
and particularly admired the Chapter House, which he said must have
been singularly beauliful. Citterne Manor was reached at a quarter to
five. Sir Steuart and Lady Macnaughten received the party just as rain
began to fall. In an upper room a museum of Roman antiquities was
laid out, on which Sir Steuart Macnaughten and Mr. Shore spoke, and
Mr. A. H. Skelton dealt with the coins. Subsequently tea was kindly
provided, and when the rain ceased some went to the summer-house
to see the inscriptions there. A cordial vote of thanks to Sir Steuart
and Lady ^lacnaughten was proposed by Mr. A. Wyon, F.S.A., and the
party left again for Winchester soon after six.

At the evening meeting, held at the Guildhall, Winchester, the Very
Rev. the Dean of AVlnchester, D.D., F.S.A., presiding, papers were read
by the Rev. R. H. Clutterbuck, F.S.A., on " The Black Book of South-
ampton" and "The Andover Town Records", and by Mr. Norman
Nisbett on "The Churches of Chilcombe Manor".

The following is a resume of the papers read by the Rev. R. H.
Clutterbuck : —

TliG Slack Booh nf SoiitJiampton. — The Corporation of Southampton
has among its records no less than 504 MS. books and 58 charters and
letters patent. Amongst the most important of these are the Oak
Book, so called from the stout boards in which it is bound, one of which
has a hole to put the hand through. It contains an old French version
of the ordinances of the gild merchant, a list of chartered towns, the
extended tables of the assize of bread, a list of customs, etc. 'J'wo

J32

1 7G PROCEEDINGS OF TTFE COX(iRE,SS.

interesting merchants' murks are cnt^ on the cover. Tlie Blaclc Hook
derives its name from the colour of its covei*. It is tlie chief book of
important memoranda throuj^Ii the period occupied hy tlie reigns of
tlie sovereigns from Kichard II to I^h'zabetlu It was esteemed of so
much importance that not only was it ordered to be kept in a chest witli
three locks, but it was a matter of great moment to obtain the enrol-
ment of wills and other deeds in it, Tlie number of entries relating to
the transfer of land is very large, aiid so many particulars are given
that it would be easy to make from it a map of Southampton as it was
in tlie time of Henry V, and to name a large number of the chief
inhabitants who watched his departure for Agincourt through the
West Gate. The wills entered in it give many features of the churches
in the town ; and a copy of a very early transfer of " Serlei" into other
hands is especially interesting, as is a lease of the Water Tower. The
sign manual of Henry VII occurs on a paper connected with a Treaty
of Commerce with the Archduke of Austria. It is remarkable that the
entries in this book are by no means consecutive in date, and that there
are a great many pages at the end which are blank.

The Muniments of Andover. — Andover tells its own history by its
muniments. A series of receipts were selected for the subject of this
paper because they involved in the smallest compass the reference to so
many features of the past. Tlie town of Andover derived possession of
the manor and hundred from charters, the earliest of which is copied in
the Black Book of Southampton, and it had its gild merchant from the
same King, Henry 11; but there is much to suggest an organization
of the gild from as far back as the Council at Greatly, A.D. 930, and
the theory was supported by reference to the map of Andover, which
shows enclosed in the larger parish a smaller one known as Knight's
Enham, which it w-as suggested might be Cnihtenham. The charters
of King John defined the fee farm rent at £100 a year, and the receipts
sjioken of were for this sum fi-om Margaret, widow of Edward I,
Edmund Earl of Kent, and his widow, Margaret Countess of Kent ;
after whose time a gap occurs, and the payment was broken up into
various sums, one of which was for long in the possession of the Queen,
having been part of the jointure of Joan of Navarre, second wife of
Henry IV, The other part camo to Henry VIII through his
" grandam", Margaret Countess of Richmond. The venerable ^Mai-garet
Countess of Salisbui-y was among the owners, as were also Henry VIII,
Thomas Manners, Eail of Kutland, Lady Elizabeth Neville, and, in
1593, William, third Marquis of Winchester. The town still pays quit
rent, though it seems impossible to trace the sums. The present owners
of these quit rents ai-e Lord Scarsdalo, Lord Bolton, and Mr. Duncan.

Mr. N. C. H, Nisbett, A. B.T.B.A., contributed a paper on " The
Churches of Chilcomhe Manor", which will be )>rinted hereafter.

i'i;i)ci':i':i)iN(i.s of the (jun(;uess. 177

After tlio discussion upon the papers it was proposed by Mr. Wyon,
and seconded by ]\Ir. Kirby, and unanimously resolved : —

"That this Congress Meeting of the ibitish ArchEeological Associa-
tion, assembled at Winchester, desires fo express its devoted loyalty to
Her INlfijesty the (^ucen, and its respectful, humble thanks for the
favour of Her Majesty's most gracious patronage of its -Iiibilee ]\Ieet-
ings."^

In the same way the two following resolutions were also unani-
mously passed : —

"That this Meeting records its best thanks to the Right Honourable
the Earl of Northbrook, G.C.S.I., for his services as President of this
Congress,"

"That this Meeting expresses its best thanks to the Vice-Presidents
and Local Committee, who have contributed to the success of the
instructive and interesting Congress of the British Arcliaiological
Association, now di-awing to its close, at Winchester. It particularly
■wishes to record its thanks to the Very Rev. the Dean of Winchester,
D.D. ; the Right Worshipful the Mayor of Winchester, J.P. ; the Bur-
sar of Winchester College, JNT.A. ; and the Honorary Secretaries, Walter
Bailey, Esq., Town Clerk, and H. D. Cancellor, Esq."

Satuuday, 5th August.

This day was occupied with a visit to Basingstoke, and to the site of
Old Basing House, and the party there found extensive earthworks,
enclosing a circular area with veiy deep ditches ; the banks, from which
the buildings once erected on them have been removed, remain not far
from their original condition. It would seem that there must have
been here an ancient British settlement of importance, within signal-
ling distance of other ancient sites. Dr. Andrews explained the relation
of the early sites to one another, and the Roman roads in the locality.
In later times the Normans occupied the site, and Basing Castle is
frequently spoken of in mediceval records.

Rev. G. N. Godwin described the ruins to the party, and related
the story of the Basing House during the civil wars. A visit was then
made to Old Basing Church, Avhich suffered severely in the siege. Its
present condition indicates, to some degree, the extent of the injuries
that it received. lb is remarkable for the large number of armorial
bearings of the Paulett family and their connections, which appear as
ornaments to the windows. At Basingstoke the old maces and regalia

' Copies of these resohitions, engi-osscd on vellum, and beautifully illuminated,
and placed in red morocco cases, Lave been forwarded to Her Majesty the
<ineen and the Earl of Koitbbrook, from whom gracious and courteous acknow-
lediiinents Lavi; l)een received.

178 PllOCEEDIXCS OF THE CONGRESS.

of the Corporation -svcre on view by tbe courtesy of the Mayor, Tlie
churcli is a large building, erected in the light and lofty style of the
beginning of the sixteenth century, the chancel being more ancient.
A visit was then paid to tlie ruins (which arc so well known to
travellers along tbe South Western l{;iilw:iy) of the Cha))el of the
Holy Ghost. But the most consplcnons portions are tiiosc of the
Chapel of the Holy Trinity, formerly attaclied to it.

The closing meeting of the Congress was held at the Guildhall,
Winchester, in the evening; Kev. S. M. ]\[avhew, M.A., presided, and
the following papers were read :

" Old Records in Lambeth Palace, relative to the Diocese and tlie
Channel Islands," by S. W. Kershaw, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Librarian
of Lambeth Palace. (See pp. 28-43.)

"Prehistoric Flint Lnplements found on the South Downs," by
W. Hayden, Esq. (See pp. 131-138.)

"Skull-Goblets," by H. Syer Cuming, Esq., F.S.A.Scot.

" iiamble Priory," by B. D. Cancellor, Esq.

179

procrrtiiags of tlje l3£)Scciatian.

2 1st March 180 1.

Allan Wyox, Esq., "F.S.A., V.P., Hon. Treasurer,
IN THK Chair.

Rev. H. J, DuciviNFiKLD-AsTLEY, M.A., Parkfiekl, South Fields, S.W.,
was duly elected a member of tlie Association.

Tiiaiiks were ordered by the Council to be returned to the respective
donors of the following presents : —

y'o the Society, for "Journal of the Derbyshire Archa3ological and
Natural History Society," vol. xvi, 1894.
„ „ for " Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the

Smithsonian Institution." July 1891.
To the Editor, for '• Illustrated Archa3ologist," vol. i. Part IV.

Mr. D. Lloyd, read a paper on the " Origin of the Parochial
System", which it is hoped will be printed in the Journal hereafter.

Mr. W. de Gray Birch, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, exhibited a tracing of a
figure of St. Felix, from the north window of Blytliborough Church,
Suffolk, communicated by Mr. Hamlet Watling of Ipswich.

Mr. Birch also read a paper by Mr. J. T. Irvine, entitled " Plans of
Discoveries lately made in the Nave of Repton Church, Derbyshire."

Wednesday, 4th April 1804.

Allan Wyon, Esq., F.S.A., V.P., Hon. Treasurer,
IN THE Chair.

Frank George, E.«q., 8 Randall Road, Clifton, was duly elected a
member of the Association.

Thanks were ordered by the Council to be returned to the respective
donors of the following pi*esents : —

To the Society of Antujuaries of London, for "Proceedings," Second
Series, vol. xiv, No. 4 ; and " ArcliKologia," Second Series,
vol. iii.

180 rROCEEDINGS OF 'JIIE ASSOCIATrOX.

To the Suciclij, for the " Juuniiil of tliu Royal SocicI}' of Autiijuaries of
Ireland," vol. iv, I'art I.
,, ,, for "Rapport sur Ics Fouilles praiiqaees et a pratiqner a

Alexaiidiie, par lo Dr. G. Batte, Conservateur du Alusee d'Alex-
andrie," issued by the Archaeological Societ}' of Alexandria.

]\rr. A. Oliver exhibited a carved face of sycamore wood, f(jund in an
Egyptian tomb, and originally forming j)art of an outer mummy case.
IMr. Oliver also exhibited a bronze lamp of the Roman style, a terra-
cotta lamp of ancient date, and two pairs of bronze handles from
Graeco-Roman vases.

Mr. Wells exhibited a money-box of curious design in earthenware,
liighl}' glazed, with splashes of various colours ; it possesses fom- handles,
and four small slits to admit the coins. It was thought by some of
the members to be of Corean origin, and not very old.

Dr. Benjamin Winstone read a paper on " Prehistoric Instruments
found in Essex", and exhibited an almond-shaped stone hammer-head,
with a central circular hole to receive the handle, and a bronze dagger-
blade with rivets for the handle, which was now missing. It has been
piinted in the Journal, and the objects ilh;stratcd in it. (See pp.
158-1G8.)

Dr. A. Fryer sent the following note : —

" rreservation of Ancient Ilonuments — St. Pirmi's Oratory. — It is
alwa\'s a pleasure to record the preservation of ancient monuments,
and the care which has been expended in protecting the ruins of the
ancient Oratory of St. Piran, situated in the sandhill to the north of
Penanporth, Cornwall, deserves our thanks.

" In August 1892, the Rev. C. E. Meeres, vicar of Perranzabuloe,
!Mr. J. C. Danbuz, and ]\Iajor Parkyn, took the necessary steps for
initiating the work of saving this valuable ruin of a fifth century rural
church from premature destruction. A sum of more than jE40 was
collected, and the little Oratory is now enclosed with a strong iron
railing, let into blocks of granite fii'ndy sunk into the sand-bed, and of
sufficient height to prevent intrusion. The sand inside the ruin has
been removed, and the concrete fiour, with low stone seatinir ruunin<''
round three sides of the building, exposed. The rough stones of the old
altar tomb are replaced as nearly as possible in their original j)ositions,
and for the purpose of protection are covered with the granite slab
introduced by the Rev. William Haslam, fifty years ago."

Mr. Birch i-ead a paper by Dr. Fryer, entitled "Notes on American
Tumuli", which it is hoped will bo printed hereafter.

rilOCKKI)lN(;.S OK Till': ASSOCIATlOX. 181

AVkd.xksdav, l.'-iiii .\ i'i;iL 181J4.

Ai.r-A.N W'yo.v, E.sy., F.lS.A., V.P., IIox. Ti:ka.siii;i:i{,
]N Tin: CiiAii;.

William Holmes, Esq., Curz:)u Park, Clicstci-, was duly elected a
nijml)ei' of the Association.

Thanks were ordei-ed bj tlic Council to be returned to the respective
donors of the following presents: —

To liev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.C.L , for " The Pilgrim Fathers in
Holland", Bosloti and Chicago ; and for " The Queen of
Egy[)tology — Amelia B. Edwards."

To the Socieh/, for "Proceedings of the Society of Ant iquarics of Scot-
land," Session of 1802-3, vol. xxvii. Edinburgh. K-!0o,
,, ,, for"Annales de la Societe d'Ai'cheologio do liruxelles,"

fome Vlir, livr. ii ; lavr. 1894; and "Bulletin Historique,"
4"2e an. 1G8 livr.

Mr. E. P. L. Brock, F.S.A., Ifun. Sec, announced that the Congress
at Manchester would, in all probability, commence on Monday, July
30th, subject to approval by (he President and the Local Committee.

j\Iiss Swann, of Oxford, exhibited a photograph of an ancient carvinrr,
which was accompanied with the following : —

"I send a photograph of a roughly carved stone, which has been
built into the outer north wall of the nave of the church at Clifton
Hampden, Oxfordshire. It has evidently, at some time, formed a
))oriion of a tympanum. It is about 4 ft. iu length, and has never, I
believe, been figured. The sul>ject appears to be a wild boar attacking
with his tusk an ass, behind which stands a man dressed iu a short
tunic, and with nplifted hands ; beneath the boar is a human head or
skull, and a second ass is on the left side of the man. In the Andqiiari/
of November 1803 (page 180) a sketch is given of a somewhat similar
stone, built into the south wall of the church of Tutbuiy, Staffordshire,
but, in this example, the boar is not the attacking party, but is him-
self attacked by dogs. Clifton Hampden Church is most beautifully
situated on the Thames, a few miles from Oxford ; it has some trood
Norman work remaining."

Mr. J. W. Bodger, of Peterborough, sent for exhibition some curious
objects of burned clay, with the following descriptive note: —

" No. 1. Brick found of sun-dried clay, and containing pieces and
marks of stubble, 10} in. long, 1 J, in. wide, gradually tapering to f in..
To in. deep or thick, i^quare lieaded,the base slightly j)ointed ; weight,
iTi^ ounces, found 8 ft. deep, together with several fragments of the

182 mOCEEDlXGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

same class of brick (wliicli bad been carted away with the soil and
rubbisli, and wbich I could not recover, — one such was saved by the
workman to sharpen his knife on), in the angle formed by tlie nortli-
cast corner of the cathedral {i e., by the junction of the nave with tlie
transept), April 18, lb93. Six stone coffins were also found lying
direct east and north. Three were opened, and contained bones only,
so the other three were left undisturbed ; also one coffin-lid carved on
both sides, all buried outside the old Saxon church.

" No. 2. Two bricks of similar character to the above, but only about
half the size, found with hundreds of others under the bay of the west
wall of the north transept of Peterborough Cathedral, immediately
north of the arch at the east end of tlie north aisle of nave. Found
in a ditch descending into the rock, and extending east and west in a
line in front outside of noith wall of nave aisle. This during the
internal underpinning of the west wall of transept, 1889.

"No. 3. One of two bricks found by Mr. J. T. Irvine in a ditch at
Woodstone, of which no trace remained on the surface, October 1884.

"What were these used for? Is it not highly probable that they
were used for sowing the ground as a means of defence for tripping the
enemy, when an attack was made on the old Saxon church of Peter-
borough, which would in part account for the great number of small
frao-ments found in the ditch surrounding the stockade*? An attack
on the Saxon church was made by the Danes from the north side, from
Font Hill, and these bricks standing in the ground Avould serve as a
o-ood defence, in the same way tliat General Gordon surrounded
Khartoum with soda-water and other glass bottles."

Mr. Oliver exhibited an oak carving from the Bateman Collection,
It is of the fifteenth century, and represents the taking down of Our
Lord from the Cross. It was originally preserved in Oakelcy Hall,
Northamptonshire.

Rev. T. H. Owen, M.A., of Valle Crucis, Llangollen, read a paper on
the recent excavations and discoveries on the site of the CisterciaTi
Abbey of Valle Crucis, near Llangollen, in North Wales, which, it will
be remembered, was visited during the Congress held at Llangollen in
1877. He exhibited a considerable collection of photographs of the
buildings; some interesting speeinicns of encaustic tiles, and tiles cut
in low relief with elegant patterns; an ancient key of curious shape ;
and also several fragments of coloured glass of destroyed windows of
tlie monastic building ; and a skull with a large orifice nearly at the
summit of the cranium, bearing evident traces of a severe wound, either
inflicted by the hand of an enemy, or the result of a surgical operation
during life. It is hoped tliat this paper will bo printed and illustrated
in a future part of the Junnial.

In thanking Mr. Owen for his paper, the Cliairinan announced that

rilOl'EKDIXaS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 183

!Mi'. 0\ve:i liud that day been elected an Honorary Corresponding
Member of" the Association.

Mr. Audieas Cokyane sent a rubbing from a newly discovered pig
of lead, with a Roman inscription, found at JNlatlock. Mr. J. D.
Leader, F.S.A., of tShefliuld, sent a similar inscription, and Mr. 11. D.
Hurd, of Portland Grange, Matlock, sent a third example of the same.
Upon this interesting I'elic of Koman times Mr. W. de Gray Birch,
F.S.A., read a few remarks, as follows: —

"Our member, ]\[r. J. D. Leader, F.S.A., of Sheffield, brings to
notice a pig of the highest interest. He writes : — ■

" 'A fortunate discovery, near JMatlock, of a pig of lead of ihe Roman
period has been made. The find occurred on the 24th March, on the
farm of Messrs. Hurd and !Son, known as Portland Grange, Avhieh lies
at a height of about 500 ft. above the valley of the Uerwent, to the
oast of the turnpike road running from Matlock to Chesterfield.

PRVBRIABAS^tMEAm-LVTV DARES '

luscri^jtion on Leaden Pig recently found at Matlock.

Messrs. Hurd have been for several years engaged in reclaiming this
land, which they purchased of the Duke of Portland, and are bringing
it into cultivation. On 24tli ]\Iarch one of their labourers, in trenching
a piece of the rough to a depth of about 2 ft., struck with his spade
what proved to be a pig of lead. It lay face downwards, and when got
out was found to bear a very finely lettered Latin inscription in raised
letters, L^^y in. in de^^th. It reads thus: —

rUVBlil : ABASCALFITMETALLl : LVTVUARES.

"'The letters cal, fit, and et are ligatures, but the lettering is
])erfectly clear. The pig weighs 175 lb. It has sloping sides, and
measures along the base 22| in., along the summit I'Jy in. The end
measurement is: base, 5| in.: summit, oh in. Depth, ^{'^ in.

" ' In the latter part of the last century three pigs of lead were found
in this neighbourhood — one on Matlock Moor, very near the present
tind, which for some years belonged to Adam Woolley, Esq., and is now
in the British Museum. On each of these pigs occur the letters mkt. lvu
or METAL . LVl VD. Various conjectures were made as to the meaning of
these contractions, but Mr. Hurd's inscription gives the words in full.
Tiie eai'lier part of the inscription gives us the name of the mine owner
or merchant, with words following on which we do not venture as yet
to record our conjectures, awaiting with interest the opinion of learned
epigraphistb. Messi's. Hurd deserve the highest praise for the manner

184 rnocEEDiNGS of the association.

ill wliicli tliey have taken care of tlie treasure that so unexpectedly
fell into their hands.' — Sheijidd Independent, April 3, 1804.

" ^Ir. Leader sends also a pall from a stereotype cast, which he places
at our disposal. I am, however, unable to accept the reading given
above, and propose to read :

p. HYliHI . ABASCANXr . METALLI . LVTVDARES.

"There is no stop in the cast after p, but from the analogy of L.
Arnconi Vcrecund', on the IMatlock Moor pig, and c. IVL. pkoti
on that found at Hargrave Park, near ]\Iansfield, co. Nottingham, ami
now in the British Museum, it will not be unreasonable to suppose that
the owner or farmer of the lead mines was of noble or patrician rank,
and rejoiced in a full triad of names. At the same time it may be pre-
ferred that his first name should be read Pruhri. After the C in the
next name is a monogram, formed of an A without horizontal bar for
A, and a vertical down-stroke joined to it, making with it, in my
opinion, an x. The following capital T has the vertical stroke pro-
longed above the bar, and I read it as xi. We thus get the word
ABASCANTi ; but if the N is rejected the down-stroke may be an I or i.,
neither of which, however, appears to be so suitable a reading. The
use of the genitive form in this name is in accordance with the evident
rule followed in the two cases mentioned above, of L. Aruconus
Verecundus, and C. Julius Protus. The pigs which bear the names of
the emperors, viz., Nero, Vespasian, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Veras,
give these names (when at length) in the genitive case, except in one
instance, where the dative, " Domitiano .... ccesari" is found.

"The second portion of the inscription reads metalli lvtvdares. The
ET of the first word is a monogram formed by prolongation of tlie
vertical line of the E upwards, and adding the bar of the t, after the
manner usually found on ligatures in Roman epigraphy. The second
L is small, and enclosed, so to speak, in the first, which is of full size.
In the second word it is noticeable that the x between the two v's is
carried up above the line.

" Mr. Leader, to whom I communicated my observation on the read-
ing (ihascaiiti, says in roply : —

" ' I have been w-riting a longer account, but have not yet published
it, pending the preparation of a zinco diuwing. The insci'ipUon, though
clear as to lettering, is i-ather puzzling — particulaily the monograms.
Your suggestion, ' abascantus', seems scarcely to dispose of the ' cal fii'.
Then there is the difficulty of the genitive singular, ' metalli', with the
nominative plural ' Lutudares.' As regards the position of Lutudarum,
it is worthy of note that the site of the present find, and those on ]\Iat-
lock Moor (Hiibner, C. I. L., Nos. 1214 and 1215), and the one on
Cromford Nether Moor (No. 1208), are all within a narrow area. There
are traces of lead working, both ancient and modern, all around, and it

PROCEEDINCS OF THE ASH0('IATT0X. 185

is iTporfecl of No. 1214 that it was found ncnr a liole or open licartli,
and heaps of slag. Wiiksworth lias long been a centre for Derbyshire
lead mining, but I do not know of any Roman remains llicrc.'

" The fixing of locah'ty of the MetalU Ltituclares, if it could be
ascertained, woiald be an interesting addition (o onr knowledge of
Ilomano-British sites. Mdallas is a synonym of mefalliim. The itine-
raries give no help. The Lutudaron Ifansio, or town of the Lutu-
dares, is mentioned by Lysons as on the road between Deva (Ches-
ter) and RatjB (Leicester). [Hiibner, C. /. L., vii, 1208]. But this
is vague. There are three sites which might be intended, each of
which appears to contain a corrupt form of tlie pi'imeval word —
(1) Ludlow in Salop; Loughborough in North Leicestershire, on
the border of the great forest of Charnwood, and Ludgerhall on
the Watling Street, in the same county, on the south. Of these,
Loughborough seems to bo the most likely. It is worthy of notice
that pigs bearing LVT, are found at Matlock and Wirksworth, co.
Derby; Pulborough, Sussex; and Hargrave Park, near Mansfield,
Nottinghamshire; and lvtvd. at Matlock Moor. It would seem,
therefore, that the Melalli Lutudures, which have furnished about one-
third of the whole number of pigs extant, were of capacious output of
metal. Of the form of this word in the singular we know nothing as
)-et; future discoveries will alone decide whether Lutudas, Lutudar, or
Lutudaris is the true word. The site has been stated to be 'in finibus
Brigantum', a somewhat broad description ; and the abbreviations
Lut., Lutud., have been conjecturally filled up as Lutudensia. These
leaden mnsses are found in many places — Somerset, Derby, Cheshire,
Salop, Gloucester, Stafford, Nottingham, Yorkshire, Hampshire, Sus-
sex, which is not unexpected, for Pliny bears testimony to the
fi'equency of lead in Britain, and the Roman knowledge of it.

" The word capascas on a pig of lead bas not been explained. But it
will be noticed that the second example on tlie table, inscribed Tl. CL.
'lit. LVT. BR. EX. AKG., a pig of the age of Claudius, found at ]\Iatlock,
consists of thirty layers ; now, as capascas is used with the numeral
XXX on a specimen of the age of Nero, nearly contemporary with the
preceding one, it may be fairly conjectured that crqxisca is the word
used for a layer. Whether a native British word with a Latinised form,
or a word derived from C(i])io and capax, and signifying a certain
cajytciti/, I caimot say.

"The phrase ex ai;g. may mean : taken from or derived from silver
ores ; or that which is exargentated, and had the silver removed from
it. It comes to the same thing in the end, that the lead is pure and
has no admixture of silver, as far as the sepni'ativc processes known to
the metallurgists of the time could be carried ; that their knowledge
ill this respect was inaccurate and their methods inellective, is well
known."

186 PROCEr-:mxc;s of titr assoctatiox,

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.

Wkdnksday, i.Ni) May 1804.

Ar.LAX Wyox, Esq., F.S. A., Hdx. Timcaslmm:!;, ix the Ciiaik.

The Cliairman announced the ballot for tlio ofllcers to be open, and
appointed Messrs. J. Romilly Allen and W. E. Ilnglies to be scrutineers.
The C/'hairman read the following

Address.

During the year ending to-day the British Arclia^ological Association
has completed its fiftieth year of existence, llefercnce was made to
this at the Eifiieth Annual Congress, Avhich was held at Winchester at
the end of July and the beginning of August last year. That Congress
\vas well attended, the subjects brought under the notice of those
present were of much interest, and were ably described and discussed,
and the whole proceedings were characterised by a most pleasant and
genial spirit.

The Journal of the Association has maintained its character during
the past year for the variety of subjects treated upon, and for the
ability with which these subjects have been dealt with. The number
of illustrations has been much increased, thus enhancing the interest
of the publication.

Our evening meetings this session have been better attended than
for many sessions past, the short social intercourse that now takes
])lace after each meeting enabling the members to talk over various
subjects in a useful and agreeable manner.

^Vllilst thus the Association has various bright and pleasing matters
to look back upon during the past year, it has also the melancholy
duty of I'ccording the loss of the following niembei-s by death: — •

The Right Hon. The Earl of Warwick, M.A.

G. Berrey, Esq.

R. S. Ho'lford, Esq.

Herbert New, Esq.

Algernon Pcckovcr, Esq., F.S. A.

The Jtcv. J. N. Simpkinson, M.A.

The Rev. C. Soames, M.A.

On the other hand the Association has been strengthened by the
addition of the following Associates and others to its mendjership : — ■

Associates.
The Right Rev. The Loi-d I'.ishop of Winchester, D.D.
Edward Arnold, Esq.

rTlOCKKDINCR OF 'I'lII': ASSOCI ATlOX. 187

Tlio Rev. IT. J. Diickinncl.l-Aslley, M.A.

]\rrs. CollitM-,

Alfred J. H. Ci-espi, Esq.

Win. G. Ellwell, Esq.

Frank George, Esq.

J. G. Holmes, Esq.

!Miss Lambert.

Edward Tenton, Esq., F.G.S.

George Henry Turner, Esq.

William W. Wooder, Esq.

HOXORART CORRESPONDENrS.

J. H. !Macmicliae], Esq.

The Rev. T. H. Owen, M.A.

I\[rs. L. C. Skey.

]\riss Swann.

J. P. Wilkinson, Esq.

The Rev. Wm. Copley Winslow, D.D.

The scheme of union with another Archoaolngical Society, to which
I referred at the last General Meeting, has fallen through, the report
agreed to by the delegates of both Societies failing to receive the
approval of the Council of the other Society. The negotiations were
opened by this Association solely at the request of the Council of the
other Society, on a basis proposed by them to which the Council of this
Association assented ; but it appears that although the report of the
delegates was iu strict harmony with the basis thus proposed, the
report itself was never laid before their Council, the majority of their
Council having appartMitly changed their minds as to the proposals
which they had made.

We are now looking forward to the Congress to be held this year at
Manchester, to which place we have been invited by the Lord Mayor
and Corporation of that important city. Better known as Manchester
is for its factories, its ship canal, and other marvellous achievements of
modern enterprise, its very name shows it to have been of Roman
foundation, and it yet has some buildings and other remains of ancient
date within its own boundaries; whilst within easy access of the city,
lying in many directions all around it, are buildings and places of deep
interest to all those who delight in the examination and study of the
remains of the past. It is to be hoped that the attendance of the
Associates may be so numerous as to make the Manchester Congress
as successful and profitable as that which we held in Glasgow in
18S8.

188 rROCEEDlNGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

The Cliairman then read t!ie

Treasurer's Report.

The bahmce sheet shows an increase in the fuiuls of the Association

of £5 4s. 5(1 on 31st December last, as compared witli the hvst day of

tlie preceding year. The net balance in favour of the Association on

31st December, 1892 was £80 Us. 3d. ; the net balance in favour of

tlie Association on 31st December 1893 was £85 los. 8(/. It is not a

large balance, but as it is an increased balance after a year in which so

many voluntary Societies like ours have been complaining of greatly

diminished support and large deficiencies, it is satisfactory that the

balance to the good has not become smaller, but larger. This, too, has

been achieved, although the receipts from the annual subscriptions

show a decrease. The receipts from sale of publications have increased

by about £12, and the proceeds of the Congress at Winchester show

an increase of over £28 as compared with that at Cai-diff in 1892.

The Journal of the Association for last year was more fully illustrated

than those of the last few preceding years, but the cost of producing

the Journal did not exceed £7, the sum paid for the same object in

1802, whilst the whole sum was diminished by a special donation of

£12, received on account of the illustrations, leaving the net co.st of the

publication £5 less than in the preceding year. The otber items call

for no special remark.

Allan Wyox, Hon. Treasurer.

The Eeport was unanimously adopted.

The thanks of the meeting were unanimously tendered to the
Auditoi'S for their services.

Mr. W. de Gray liirch, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, read the

Secretaries' Report for the Year lS93-i.
The Honorary Secretaries have the honour of laying before the
Associates of the British Archajological Association, at their annual
meeting held this da}^ the customary Report of the Secretaries on tlic
state of the Association during the past year 1893-4.

1, Daring the past year a considerable number of works have been
presented to the Library. The action of the Library Sub-Committee
will determine, or has determined, the future of this property of the
Association.

2. Twenty-eight of the more important papers which were read at tbe
recent Congress held at Cardiff, and during the progress of the Session
hold in London, have been printed in the Journal for 1893, which
is illustrated with si.tty-onc plates and woodcuts, many of which have
been wholly, or in part, contributed to the /Nssoeiation by the lil)erality

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] 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

of fiicnds niul Associntcp, to •\vlicm grateful recognition is dne in this
behalf.

3. The addition of the copious Index of Archceological Papers, pub-
lished in 1892, issued under the direction of the Congress of Archoeo-
logical Societies, in union with the Society of Antiquaries, enables
our readers to extend the field of their researches in a far more
■widely reading manner than heretofore, and its insertion into our
tTctirnal will be recognised ;is of paramount advantage to all interested
in the study of antiquities whether general, local, literary, architectural,
or scientitic.

4. The Honorary Secretaries are glad to say they have in hand a
fair amount of papers -which relate to the Winchester Congress of lH9o»
and others i-cad in London, which h.ave been accepted by the Council
and Editor for publication and illustration in i\\c Journal, as circum-
stances will permit, they desire it to be more generally known that
authors should transmit their papers to the Editor as soon as convenient
after being read, in view of their publication in the Journal in due
course.

W. ui; G. BincH, )
\'j. P. L. BnocK, j
It was unar.iinously resolved

" That the Secretaries' Repoi-t be adopted, and that the best thanks
of the Association be presented lo Mr. W. de G. IJircli and to Mr. E.
P. Loft us Brock, the Honorary Secretaries, for their unremitting
attention to tlie affairs of the Association during the past year."

Mr. C. H. Compton proposed the following addition to the
Rules:—

" If there shall be any ground alleged, other tlian the non-payment
of subscriptions, fi)r the removal ofaii}- Associate, such ground shall be
submitted to the Council at a Special Meeting to be summoned for tliat
purpose, of which notice shall be given to the Associate complained of,
and in default of his atteuding such meeting of Council, or giving a
satisfactory explanation to the Council, he shall, if a resolution be
passed at such meeting, or any adjournment tiiercof, by two-thirds at
least of tlie members then present for such removal, thereupon cease
to be a member of the Association. Provide! that no such resolution
shall be valid unless nine members of the Council at least (including
the Chairman) shall be present when the resolution shall be submitted
to the meeting."

It was seconded by Mr. Hughes, and carried unanimously.

The usual time liaving expired, the Chairman closed the ballot, and
the scrutators delivered the result as follows : —

rriOCKKDIKOS OF 'J'llK ASSOCIATION.

191

President.

Vice-Presidents.

ExolHcio — The Duke of NoufOLK, K.G., E.M.; The Mahquess op Bute,
k.T.; The AIakquess op Ripon, K.G., G.C.S.I. ; The Kahl or IIaud-
avicke; The Eakl op AIount-Kdocumue ; The Kaul Nelson; The
Eai(L op NouTHBiiooK, G.C.S.I.; The Eakl of Winohilsea and Not-
tingham ; The Lord Bishop op Ely ; The Lord Bishop op St.
David's; The Ljkd Bishop op Llandaff ; Sir Charles II. House
DouGiiTON, Bart.; James IIevwood, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.

Colonel G. G. Adams, F.S.A.
Thomas Blashill, Esq., F.Z.S.
Cecil Brent, Esq., F.S.A.
Arthur Gates, Esq.

C. 11. CoMPTON, Esq.

William Henry Cope, Esq., F.S.A.
II. Syer Cuming, Esq., F.S. A.Scot.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L.,

LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.S.A.
A. W. Franks, Esq., C.B., D. Litt..

F.R.S., P.S.A.

Rev.S. A[. MAYHEw,M.A.,F.S.A.Scot.,

F.R.LA.
J. S. Phenk, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,

F.G.S., F.K.G.S.
He V. W. Sparrow Si MPSON,D.D., F.S.A.
li. AI. Thompson, Esq., C.B., F.S.A.,

D.C.L., LL.D.
Sir Albert Woods, F.S.A., Garter

King of Arms
Allan W yon, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.A. Scot.,

F.R.G.S.

Honorary Treasarer.
Allan Wyon, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S.

Sub-Treasurer.
Samuel Rayson, Esq.

Honorary Secretaries.

W. de Gray Birch, Esq., F.S.A.
E. P. LoFTUs Brock, Esti., F.S.A.

Palaeographer.
E. Mauxdh Thompson, Esq.,C.r.., F.S.A., D.C.li., LL.D.

Council.

J. Romilly Allen, Esq., F.S.A. Scot.
Algernon Brent, Esq., F.R.G.S.
Rev. J. Cave-Browne, M.A.
J. Park Harrison, Esq., M.A.
Richard Horsfall, Esq.
W. E. Hughes, Esq.
A. G. Langdon, J]sq.
Richard Lloyd, Esq.

J. T. Mould, Esq.

\V. J. Nichols, Esq.

A. Oliver, Esq.

George Patrick, Esq.

W. II. Rylands, Esq., F.S.A.

R. E. Way. Esq.

Benjamin Winstone. Esq., M.D.

Auditors.

C. Davis, Esq.

C. J. Williams, Esq.

A unanimous vote of thanks was accoriled to the scrutators.

The lists of Honorary and Foreign Correspondents were adopted
unanimously.

Votes of thanks were unanimously tendered to Mr. A. W3'on, F.S.A.,
Treasurer, and Mr. 8. Kayson, Stib-'freasurer, for their services.

The jiroceedings tlien closed.

1 4 -

102 run('Ki:i)TN(;s or Tin: asso([ation^.

M'ednlisday, IGth ^Iay 1891.

Allan Wyox, Esq., V.P., F.S.A., Hox. TuEASUREn,
IN THE Chair.

Cliarles Evans, Esq., of Latliom Loilgo, 97 Lougliborongli P;.rk,
lii-ixton, was elected an Associate.

The progress of the arrangements for holding tlie Congress at ^Tan-
chester was detailed, and many of the places to bo visited were men-
tioned.

Mr. S. F. Wells cxhibifed a curious article of iron, apparently of
Roman date, Avhich was recently discovered in excavating the founda-
tions for some new buildings in Great Swan Alley, City, at a great
depth below the modern level. It is of a type occasionally found in
Eno-land, and specimens have been met with on Roman sites on the
Continent. These are known as " hor.seshoes" by antiquaries, and,
like the specimen exhibited, they consist of a flat jdate with a curved
loop behind, with stubbs and projections in front, the horse's hoof
having l)ecn supposed to be tied in by thongs attached to the loops.

An interesting discussion followed, in which jNfr. Barrett pointed out
the small size of the interior, large enough only for the foot of a small
horse.

]\Ir. E. P. Loftus Brock, F.S.A., Hmi. Sec, promised to exhibit, at
n subsequent meeting, some drawings of the foreign specimens referred
to. There are examples in the British Museum, one of which has a
horseshoe of ordinary form welded on its lower surface, with gravel
Btill adhering to it. The remarks of 'Mv. Wells and ^Iv. Barrett will
form the subject of a paper hereafter.

Mr. J. M. Woods described some excavations that had been made,
under his direction, for the laying of new pipes for the supply of Col-
chester with water. Some of these had been laid through the opening
(if the Boman gateway on the Balcan Hill. Great care had been
taken to avoid the ancient foundations, and the works had been carried
out without any injuiy being done to them. Much of the ancient
work was found to lest upon rubble-masonry laid dry, and not in mor-
tar. ]\lany fragments of Roman, Samian, and other pottery had been
found, some of which were exhibited.

Mr. Barrett reported a discovery which he had made at the Victual-
ling Yard, Deptford. Having seen an old map of the buildings, Avhich
appeared to agree with the position of some still in existence, he had
paid a visit to determine if any of these were of ancient date. He had
found one portion to be of the sixteenth century; and he exhibited

iM;()ri;i:i>iN(;s of riii; assuciatiox. 1D3

drawing" of ;i window of clc^'ant (orni, constructcil of moulded htick-
work, on wliich were the initials of IIoMiry Vllf, and the date ir»13.

I\lr. B.irrott also describod a recent visit which he had paid to the
Holy Well at Tissington, co. Derby, where ho had witnessed some of
the decorations placed on the Well annually on Ascension Day. Ho
referred to several other h()ly wells in various parts o? Knt^land.

A paper prepared by Miss Russell of Galashiels, on the " Vitrified
Forts of Scotland", was then re;id, iu the author's absence, by Mr.
E. P. Loftus Brock. It. is hopr'd that this will appear in a future part
of the Journal.

An animated discussion followed, in which Dr. I'heiie and several
(ilhers took part. Dr. Winstone pointed out that the salt in seaweed
would alone be sulHcient to form a binding glaze if burnt; and Mv.
E. P. Loftus Brock referred to the two or three exam[)les of vitrified
forts which exist at Cliftorwand in its locality.

The following is the substance of Dr. Phene's remarks. Tiiey were
illustrated by the exhibition of a curious specimen of red sandstone
fused to black trap, from the fort in Brittany referred to.

" In commenling on tiie paper by Miss Russell, it may be well to give
the result of personal observations made by m3'self, assisted by highly
scientific men, on the vitrified forts generally, extending over the
largest known area of such works.

" I was attracted to the vitrified forts of Scotland from continually
finding them in the vicinity of a class of special works which I was
examining, but which time will not now permit me to dilate upon.
Suffice it to say that this continual recurrence led to the conclusion
that the works I was searching for were by the same peo[)le as those
who constructed the forts, or by people who drove awa^-, or were
driven away, by these fort-builders. The examination took place
about thirty years ago, when the forts were in a much more perfect
condition than they now are. The mere collection of specimens has
nmcli reduced them, to say nothing of tlie mischief pleasure-seekers
delight in. The examination included excavations, tests of the con-
ditions under which the trap-rock fused, and the materials which pro-
duced fluxion. The latter were, in most cases, found near at hand.
Various kinds of fucoids, some known under the term "kelp", when
burned with the basalt, caused a ready flow fi'oni the soda and sand
which they contained.

"The examination in Great Britain extended over a lai'gc portion of
the west coast, and some portions of the east coast of Scotland, and
southwards to Brittany, in which the largest vitrified fort was located.
In the neighbourhood of the last thei'e was found no onicmp ol trap,
which indicated that the material had been liniuglu by sea. This
helped much to clmir up a diiliculty which, had arisen in the cxauiina-

194 I'HOCEElJlNGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

tion. Nolwitlistandiiig (lie coniplete blending of llie trap with saml-
stoue (so complete as to m;ike tlic place of junction or contact imper-
ceptible), yet in many cases portions were only partly melted, and in
tiiese the trap appeared in an unaltered condition. A peculiarity in
these unchanged specimens was noticed : there were certain sharp
angulations which were not found in the adjacent local trap dykes,
and which did not appear in experimental fusion.

" The impression that the material for the fort in Brittany had been
conveyed there, opened the question as to whether these angular parts
Vverc not the remains of other basalt than that of the local dykes. In
result, the same angulation.s were obtained in partly fused basalt from
the Giant's Causeway and from Staf^a. It was assumed from this
that the material was brought to the western coasts as being moi-o
suitable for the special purpose of the constructors of the so-called
'forts' than the local and less compact trap.

" The columnar basalt on the Nile, between Antseopolis and Tentyra,
was ci.mineicially valuable for producing fluxion in metals, and the
lai-ge quantities of copper and other scorias still found where the
Egyptians sent colonies into Iduma3a and Arabia, and evidences of
Egyptian smelting-houses on the western flank of Mount Sinai, told
that flux in working metals was anciently well known. Tlie precious
metals also in the region of Thebes, and the two distinct roads lead-
ing to the Natron (soda) Lakes of Libya, showed the need for the pro-
cess and the niateinals for producing it. This article was necessaiy
to produce the basaltic flux. Deserted tracks bordered by ruined
brick pyramids, and other signs of once settled, life, show wealth to
have followed these routes. The Phoenicians traded with all these
localities by sea and land.

" I mention these as evidences, as the well-known story by Pliny, of
the accidental discovery of vitrification, ^.e., glass, may be looked upon
by some with doubt, though it is easily explained, as the Sidonians
took large quantities of tine sand from the Syrian coast (wdiere the
story is located) to be used in the glass factories of Sidon and of
Egypt ; and it is highly probable that the I'hocnicians occasionally
tested the qualities of the sand, as a guide to their glass-making, to
the astonishment of the local people of the coast, from whom, no
doubt, the story was derived.

" The point of all this is, that while it is necessary to be cautious not
to bridge over a diOiculty by the usual popular reference to the Phoeni-
cians, yet, as it was the west coast that the Phoenicians frequented in
particular, and as the works I was searching for have all the evidence
of Eastei-n, or rather of African construction, the fact that a pc(i})le
fully acfpiaintcd wn]\ the proct.sh; of vitrification did frnjucnt this
coast seems of great weight.

ruoci«:EJ)iN(;.s ov tiik associatiox. 195

" For wIiuL i)ui-j)o.s(! tlicse ' forts' were constructed is a distinct ques-
tion ; hut a careful collection of facts niny indicate a cause. 'J'he
wliolc of the western coast of Wales and Scotland is still, and has, no
doubt, in early times, been abundantly metalliferous, — lead, tin, gold,
copper, have been found and worked for perhaps three thousand years.
The rocks in which the metals were found would give up their impri-
soned treasure more easily under the ed'ect of tire, and the storage and
accumulation of sucli I'ocky material before reduction wouhl requiro
considerable space. As the rock was brought, it must have been locatcti
somewhere.

" riie 'forts' indicate repeated burnings, and my impression is that
these (circles were depots for metals, which were continuously reducetl
by smelting, on the external boundaries of the depots. This would
tend to several other points of interest which came under observation
during the examination, the meanings of which were not at the time
apparent, and which were only opened up by comparisons, when oppor-
tunity permitted, with other similar remains and localities.

" In my paper in a recent number of the Journal of the Association I
mention the tine specimens of Sidonian glass found by me in the dig-
gings in the mounds in the Troad, which had been cast aside by the
excavators, with (he soil, in opening the various tumuli. It hardly
needed this to show communication between Phoenicia and Troy.
Homer mentions many nations as joining the allies in defence of Troy,
who were in the highway of Phcenician commerce both by land and
sea, and some near the Phcenician border. There nre constructions in
the Troad and also in Bohemia (in the latter case near similar vitrifica-
tions) akin to those I was seaching for on the coasts of Scotland ; and
in addition large quantities of scoria3 were found at Hissarlik by Dr.
Schliemann, which I examined.

" When I visited the vitrified ' forts' there wei'C quantities of loose
pieces which differed materially from the walls, which from tlieir
enclosing the inner areas originated the word ' forts'. These frag-
ments were little heeded, being looked on as bad specimens ; perhaps
detached by earlier examiners, and cast away. The difference between
them and the walls was, however, material, as the loose pieces had the
appearance of slag. There were also specimens of rude pottery, more
or less similar to specimens abounding in the Troad. From the large
quantity of scoriie discovered by Schliemann, and tiie masses of broken
pottery, it is apparent that some connection exists between them.
The conclusion I arrived at was that much of the coarser pottery
formed the remains of crucibles used in smelting. The vitrified
'forts' seem to have been so used; i.e., for locating crucibles for
smelting.

" With the exception of the 'fort' in Driltany. wliicli really has the

19G pi;ocei:dinos of the association.

appearance of a fori, aud, moreover, luid its granary of wheat, appa-
rently to resist a siego (tlie corn still reinains, burnt into one immense
Wock), the walls of the 'forts' in Scotland were unequal in height,
part of one side nearly always being found at a very slight elevation,
Avhile the remainder was pretty fairly uniform. The depression would
give ready ingress and egress to tlic interior by bearers of material,
■whether men or quadrupeds. The burning, for reducing the rock and
procuring tb.e flow of metal, may have been on the raised portions,
which would, from this cause, gradually increase in height.

"If crucibles were used, with perforations in the sides, the eliminated
metal would flow into vessels or moulds for ingots beneath ; and tho
intense heat of the trap-wall, and its acting as a screen from cold
winds, would prevent the sudden chill which might stop the stream.
For this purpose, as well as others, the form may have been chosen as
circular, as afl'ording shelter from cold blasts, so that with varying
directions of the wind a sheltered side could always be obtained.

"The insides of the circular walls were generally more upright than
the outsides, which were broader in the base, and so gradually up-
wards, afl'ording facilities to an attacking force, which could by that
means easily mount them, rendering them unsuitable for defence ;
while the constant addition of material for burning would produce that
eff'ect outside, as it would be necessary to preserve the vertical line of
the interior.

" In the case of separate chambers in one of the * forts', these might
have been for housing the different kinds of the extracted metal.

"The suggestion by an early examiner of these ' forts', that they
were natural igneous formations, probably arose from the quantity of
Bcorise which formerly lay in and about them ; the rude pottery, if
noticed, being attributed to casual visitors.

" It was a long time before I could see any connection between either
of these examples of refuse, and what I then supposed to be remains
of articles for domestic use ; and probably I should still have come to
no conclusion but for the similar evidences in the Troad.

" Sir J. W. Dawson mentions basaltic rock on the same route in
Libya. Schweinfurth found a quarried rock of basalt near the Eed
Sea; and Sir John Evans states that articles of Roman use, formed of
basalt from Andernach on the Rhine, uvc found in England, proving
marine transit.

"Tho Hpccimens which I produce illustrate the principal features I
have referred to."

rUOCKEDINGIS OF TIJE ASSOCIATION. 197

WiodnilSday, Gill Junk 1891.

C. jr. CoMI'TOX, PJSCJ., V.P., IX TlIK ClIAU;.

Stewart F. Wells, Esq., Milestone House, Den mark Hill, was elected
a member of the Association.

Thanks were ordered to be returned to the resi^ective donors of the
fullowing pi-esents to the Association : —

To the Board of Trustees, for " ]<]Ieventh Annual Report of the Publio

Museum of tlie City of Milwaukee. 1893."
To the Editor, for " Tiie Illustrated Avcheeologist", vol. ii, No. 5.
To the Museum, for " Archives do ]\[useu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro",

vol. viii. 4to.
To the Smitht^onian Institution, for "The Internal Work of the ^Vind".

]5j !S. P. Langley. 4to.

^Ir. Barrett read a sliort paper on the curious horseshoe of Roman
origin, exhibited by ]\Ir. ^Yells, which will be printed hereafter.

Mr. A. Oliver exhibited a large series of rubbings of brasses in
St. Alban's Abbey Church, and read notes on them, which will bo
printed in the Journal at a future opportunity. Mr. Oliver also exhi-
bited a triptych of carved ivory, representing the Descent from the
Cross, and St. Christopher, apparently of seventeenth century date.

Mr. Barrett described and exhibited sketches of a crypt on St. Law-
rence Pountney Hill, close to Merchant Taylors' School, now being
demolished.

Mr. C. H. Compton read a paper on " Kirkhani Priory and Wardoii
Abbey", which it is hoped will be printed in a future part of the
Journal.

Mr. E. P. Loftus Brock, F.S A., Jlon. Sec, read a paper on the " Dis-
covery of Roman Buildings in Chester", by Mr. Fi'ank AVilliams, which
we hope to print in a following number of the Journal.

198

Sntiquaiiau JIiitflltQcnrf.

7%e Stoi'i/ of Ejll Skallar/rlmHon, an Icelandic Faiuih/ Hlstori/ of the
JViut/i (Old Tenth Centuries. Translated from tlio Icelandic bj liic
Rev. W. C. Green, Editor o^ Aristophanes, Author o^ Homeric Similes,
etc. — The family history here given to the Enoli.sh public (the best
comment on which is a recommendation to read it) is bracketed by the
translator, as well as sotne at least of the critics, with tlie other Saga
well known to English I'caders under the name of The Stori/ of Burnt
Kj(d. But while they are both of high mei'it, as the best of the Ice-
landic literature is, the resemblance between them does not strike us
SIS very close : in fact, the second title of the present translation is
somewhat misleading, for the interest of the story is not in its being
Icelandic, but in its being so far Norwegian. It is mainly the history
of a powerful Norwegian family who refused, except as far as some
individuals were concerned, to accept the supremacy of Harold Fair-
hair ; but it is in reality a historical work, written between two and
three hundi'ed years after the events, by somebody (supposed with
probability to be a member of the family) who had the power of selec-
tion in a high degree, for he covers a great deal of ground in this
small work, and the greater part of it is very curious and interesting.

The Stonj of Burnt Njal is the opposite to this in many respects, for
while there is nothing in the present translation, as the translator
truly says, which equals in interest the tragedies to which the other
works up, it seems to partake of the nature of an actual record. Not
oidy are tiie law-pleadings given at great length, but there are pages
and pages of proper names and pedigrees which have no immediate
bearing on the story; and there is comparatively little, if anything,
beyond what concerns Iceland at that place and time, while Tlie Slory
of Eijil gives the idea that he and his set must be the ancestors of a
large pai't of Eur()po. It is expressly said that many famous men were
descended from him.

Egil's grandfather, whose name was Ulf, but who is called KvelduF,
withdraws to Iceland, or, rather, dies on the way, his eldest son taking
service with Harold. The youngest son, Skallagriin, is one of the
early settlers in Iceland, — a farmer on a great scale, and personally an
accomplished smith. There is a touch of mythology about the stone
(probably an ice-carried boulder) which ho was said to have used as
his anvil.

ANTJQUAIUAN INTELLIGENCE. 199

The cliiff peculi;iiify niciitidiicd in boili fallicr ami mm is tliat tlioy
got up very oarly in llio morning, ami looked afler tlieir workpeople,
jiiul tlien slept all the evening. The workpeople did not appreciate
this at all, and the father's epithet of " Kveldulf" (evening woli)
meant that he got so savage in the evening (presumably when dis-
turbed) that no one liked to go near him then.

Egil, the younger son of Skalhigrim, is the remarkable warrior whoso
adventures fill the latter half of the Saga. Like his father and grand-
father, he is very tall and powerful, dark in complexion, and considered
T)lain by his surroundings; but he is quite a different man from cither,
though the same type of reckless athlete turns up in IJritain still,
wlietlier or not from the strain of Viking blood. In favourable cir-
cumstances, of course, it developed early. Egil's precocity is probably
exaggei'ated, l''or all the dates are more or less uncertain ; but at seven
he is said to have killed an older boy with an axe, after a great game
at ball. Instead of whipping him well, the two parties to the match
met and foufht about it, and several men were killed. At about
twelve he wants his elder brother, the handsome Thorolf, to take him
on a Viking cruise ; and when he refuses, because he is so very ill-
behaved, he cuts the ship adrift. She is recapturtd, and Egil eventu-
ally allowed to go in her; and when afloat, his capacity for doing
whatever he undertook must have been recognised.

Some of Harold's conquests in Norway are given ; but the most
important event in the book is the battle of Brunanburg, or Vinheidi,
in Eno-land. The translator doubts the identity of the two battles,
but there seems no reason for this beyond the general doubt about the
dates. The writer of the Saga certainly gives no idea of the forces
Athelstan had to contend with, being chiefly occupied with the despe-
rate valour of the band of three hundred Vikings in Athelstan's ser-
vice, brought by Egil and by Thorolf, who is killed in the battle. The
Olaf the Red, King of Scots, of the Saga, must be at least four war-
riors rolled into one. Indeed, the battle was partly about his affairs.

The writer rather attributes the fictitious negotiations which brought
about the victory to the advice of the Northern leaders ; and it seems
likely to be true that Athelstan was anxious that Egil should remain
with him. As it is, he goes off" apparently because he wants to marry
his brother's widow, who had been brought up with him in Iceland.
One of the ways in which he plunges into trouble in Norway, where
he is not allowed to remain, is about her inheritance. She was the
daughter of one of the runaway couples who are known to have esta-
blished themselves in the Burg of Mousa in Shetland, for which Moss-
ey-towu is surely a mistranslation, for there is apparently no room for
a town on the small island, and the name is always given as Mosey-
arbor«-. There is an engraving of it (i.e., the ch-ystouc towei) in 'J'/ie

200 ANTI(^»rAKIA.\ l.\Ti:iJJ(iEX('l':.

IJluslnded Archceolor/isi foi- December 1803. It is possible it nmy owe
its state of comparative preservation partly to Norse repairs.

The dauglitei', Asgerdr (who seems to have been by no means
anxious to marry her formidable brother-in-law) is said to have been a
beautiful and clever woman. She managed the property in Iceland
during Egil's later absences ; but he gradually settled down more com-
pletely than these heroes sometimes did, and eventually died in his bed
at an advanced age, as Harold himself had done. A curious bit of
character is his desperate grief for a son who was dr')wned at tlie age
of sixteen. The family seem to have thought him quite capable of
starving himself to deatli.

There is not the sliglitest appe.iranco in this Saga of a preference
for violent over natural death, and Egil sends Harold's wai-riors, nob
to Valhalla, but to the higli hall of Hehi, there being no reason, appa-
rently, why a brave man should not go thei'c. In fact, Otlinism (as
Tsilsson calls it) seems to have had but little hoKl on these Norwegians
in Iceland. Hiilf the people mentioned, or at least a large proportion
of them, are called Thorolf or Thora, or something of the kind.

Furthei", though there are many mai-ringes in the book, anything
like "marriage by capture" seems entirely unknown to the writer. In
one case, of importance to the narrative, the status of the sons depends
on whether they can produce evidence that their father had j^aid an
ounce of gold for their mother. This was to her own father. The
wedding ring has been supposed to represent such a payment.

Anotlier, less explainable, custom it is interesting to have on such
high authority; but the ceremony Egil goes through when he is
obliged to leave Norway, and curses Eric Bloody Axe and his Queen
and their territory, is said to bo still practised, or at least remembered,
in jjaiis of England, — a horse's skull is put up (generally during tiie
night) opposite the house to be cursed.

The account of how Egil buried his brother on the field of Brunnan-
burg shows that cairn-burials with weapons are not necessarily very
old. He buries him with his weapons, and clasps a gold bracelet on
each arm, presumably those he was wearing himself; then they cover
the grave with stones, throwing iu earth. The stones would, better
than anything but a very deep grave could have done, pi'otect the
body from wild animals ; bat the steel weapons might rust away very
quickly. Athelstan subsequently gives Egil the bracelet he is wearing
himself.

The most probable theory about the Berserkers seems to be that
which makes them a class of warriors who, when fighting at sea
became common, discarded armour, which ensured their being drowned
if they fell overboard. This would lead to a difl'erent style of fighting,
something like the headlong rush of the Scotch, who, luiig after the

ANTHJIAKIAX 1 NTKLI^K I l'.N( K. 201

time of Hninnaiibni;^^, threw oil' tlicir pluicls in going into .iclioii. I5iit
(his tlioorv allows I'ov exiiggcnit ion in the case of the Berserkers.

Tlie translator f^nys nmeh of the intentional obscurity of the poetry,
of which there is a great deal in Egil's history, for among other
enrious things he was a poet of u high order, and the injpossilMlity of
iinilafing the forms in English. He wonders liow people can have
nnderstood or liked such compositions; but though Egil's are better
than those of other Skalds, veiy similar rhymes are copiously fur-
nislied to the British public by the weekly papei-s, in the shape of
" double acrostics", which, though they may have a pun here and
there, consist almost entirely o[ kennings, — unusual descriptions of the
objects in question, like the class of poetry described.

Not the least curious of the keiuiings here is that of reindeer-trod hit's
when Scotland is meant. It is stated elsewhere that the Norwegian
.Tarls used to come over to Scotland to hunt the reindeer as well as the
red deer; but little attention had probably been paid to the statement
till the distinctive horns of the reindeer were actually found in the
rubbish of the Brochs by tlie excavatoi-s of recent years.

The absence of mosqnitos in liritain must have been a great recom-
mendation to northern sportsmen. It was probably from his incapa-
city to take part in these riddles that an evening sleeper was a marked
man in Viking circles.

Irish Druids and Old Irish lleJigions. By James Boxwick, F.R.G.S.
— Most readers who know anything of J\fr. Bonwick's other works
will probably be rather surprised at seeing his name on the title-page
of this one. In fact, it would be rather an astonishing performance if
the same phenomenon did not repeat itself in other cases: that of a
ti-aveller and observer who can himself describe graphically, and to all
appearance truthfully, wliat he has himself seen, and is well able to
weigh evidence where the facts are at all within his knowledge; and
yet who, in dealing with other people's writings, seems totally uncon-
scious of the inaccuracy of the great majority.

Nobody is better than Mr. Bonwick, as regards the best of his colonial
books, as to telling the things which people are to know; and it is
impossible to imagine anything more sober-minded than his little
work entitled Pi/ramid Facts and Fancies. The Great Pyramid is un-
doubtedly a very solid fact; but Mr. Bonwick treats facts and fancies,
of which there are plenty in connection with it, all in the same matter-
of-fact way ; while in Irish Druids, which is almost as much of a com-
pilation as the other book, other people's theories seem all to have run
mad together, like the Gadarene swine; only that one dare not indulge
the hope of hearing no more of them in consequence.

When Mr. Bonwick is on the scene himself, it is very different. His

202 ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE.

visit to Tava is admirable. The old woman who was in charge of it,
and who boasted of luiving raised the neighbourhood, and routed
intending excavators, sang to the visitors (presumably in English) "a
long ballad of past glory", touching on O'Connell and the Repeal
Meeting at Tara, which she remembered. In fact, the sobering influ-
ence of solid objects appears in the short chapter on some of the mega-
lithic remains of Ireland.

It should be mentioned that Giraldus is not otherwise ai seer than as
Mr. Bonwick is. He was a Norman with a keen eye for folk-lore.

It is difficult to give a fair idea of the theories ; but on the subject
of the Round Towers, fifteen are named, while there is no mention
(unless it is included in the et cetera) of that which makes them places
of refuge for the priests of the church, with the church plate, which
was a great object of the Norsemen's incursions. This would make the
oiliest date from the ninth century. It is certain, in two cases at least
in Irish history, that ecclesiastics took refuge in them.

Mr. Bonwick is probably right in supposing (what is hardly denied
now) that there are many old Ossianic poems (all comparatively short),
but none of the authorities he quotes, except j\liss Brooke, seem to see
that any historical basis they may have must belong to the former
period, the ninth, tentli, and eleventh centuries, as they chiefly concern
fights with the Norsemen.

The "old religions" mentioned by Mr. Bonwick arc chiefly Oriental,
and have no connection with Ireland.

As to the Druids, he certainly gives them a wide scope, his views
about them being decidedly eclectic. He identifies them with the
Ollimhs mentioned by the Four Masters in the tenth century B.C. ;
with the old missionary, and probably Patrician, Church of the Seven
Bishops (in lona) ; with the Cnldees, of whom we know very little,
except that they appear as married clergy (apparently in the position
of canons) in the centuries immediately before that in which the mar-
riage of the clergy was finally prohibited. If the Four Masters really
mention them in 80G, it must be about the earliest occurrence of the
name, and the animosity which it is alleged Bede entertained against
them must be interpreted as referring to the much secularised Irish
clergy. Further, it is said that Druidism probably lingered among the
Irish clergy down to the sixteenth century. But there is no need to
limit it at all. Dr. Joyce, who is, perhaps, more in touch Avith the
subject than any other writer, says that in the west of Ireland a
cunning-looking man would be called a Shan-dree, or old Druid, still ;
and in some parts of the Scotch Highlands a witch is a Ban-drni, or
woman-Druid. It may be added that in the parts of the Highlands
where the English-Latin equivalent has not been adopted, "sending
for the doctor" is respectfully phrased as "askin;,'' tlie Olla" ("i" learned
man) " to come."

ANTIQUARIAX INTKLLICENCE. 203

Stomhenrje and ?7a' i;Vr//r/wr/iVs'.— Tlic existing works on Stoiiclicngc
are either expensive iKoiiograplis like tluat of Stukcley's (now out of
print), and tlicrofore inaccessible to the general public), or small hand-
books which deal with tlie subject in a very superficial manner.

The object of Mr. Edgar Barclay's pi-oposed volume on Stonehenr/e
ami its EartJiU'orJcs is to give a concise summary of the infor'mation
already published and the various theories held by the leading author-
ities, supplemented by copious plans and general views, wdiich will
enable the reader to test the value of the theories for himself. Repro-
ductions of old drawings of the monument will form an important
feature in the work, as an opportunity is thus given of understanding
the changes that the stones have undergone in the last few centuries,
and of comparing tliem with the author's representations showing the
state of the monument as it is at present.

It is hardly necessary to say that great care has been taken to ensure
absolute accuracy in all views and plans given in the work; and it is
hoped that the volume will prove useful both as a handbook for per-
sons visiting Stonehenge, and also as a book of reference for the
library. It will be published by Mr. Chas. J. Clark, 4 Lincoln's Inn
Fields, at the subscription price of 10s. (jd.

Dictionary of British Fulk-Lore. Edited by G. Laurence Gojlmr,
Esq., F.S.A., President of the Folk-Lore Society, etc. Part I, "The
Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland; with Tunes,
Singing-Rhymes, and Methods of Playing according to the Vai'iants
Extant and Recorded in Different Parts of the Kingdom." Collected
and annotated by Alice Bertha Gojimp. (Vol. i, xx-4:J3 pp. Demy
8vo. Cloth, 12.*;. Gf?. net.) —The work here annou:iced will be com-
pleted in two volumes, the second of which will be ready in the autumn.
It forms the first section of^ a Dictionary of British Folk-Lore, (ov which
the President of the Folk-Lore Society and Mrs. Gomme have been
accumulating material during the last fifteen years. It depends upon
the reception accorded to this, the first instalment of the Dictionary,
whether the remainder of the work shall see the light. If, as may be
hoped with some confidence, that reception is of a nature to encourage
Editor and Publisher, the " Games" will be followed next year by the
" Traditional Marriage Rites and Usages of the British Isles."

The scope of the work is sufTicieiitly defined by its title ; its merit is
sufficiently guaranteed by the name of the Editor to preclude the
necessity of dwelling upon either. It need only be noted that the
second volume will contain an elaborate Appendix, which will, to quote
from the Preface, " give a complete analysis of the incidents mentioned
in the Games, and attempt to fell the story of their origin and deve-
lopment, as well as compare them with the games of children of foreign
countries."

204 ANTIQUARIAN TNTELLICEXrE.

Tlie price of the present volume lias been fixetl at l:2.s-. Gd. net, anil
it may be had post free from Mr. U. Niitt, the publisher, or from all
booksellers, at this price. The publisher reserves the ri^ht of raising
the price latei'.

Mrs. Gonime has also made a selection of the Chief Singing Games
for the Nursery and Schoolroom, illustrated and decorated through-
out b}- Miss Winifred Smith.

Li/Jd and Us Chnrch. By Thomas H. Ovi.kr. (London : Chas. J.
Clai-k, 4 Lincoln's Inn Fields.) — This work is in the press, and will be
ready in a few weeks. It contains a full description of the architec-
ture of the church, and the whole of the inscriptions witli their quaint
phraseolog}' ; also numerous interesting extracts from the town records
and other sources. The book will be illustrated from original sketches.

This little volume has been compiled by the author with a twofold
design. On tlie one hand it is hoped that the care which has been
bestowed upon its preparation will ensure it a welcome from the anti-
quary as an accurate and thoroughly trustworthy epitome of the pre-
sent state of a most interesting church and its monuments. On the
other hand, the addition of matters of less moment, but of greater
general interest, should commend it to the attention of visitors and
tourists.

Price to subscribers, bound in cloth, 1.?. 6(/. ; post free, \s. Sd. The
price will probably be advanced after publication, as only a limited
number of copies will be printed beyond those subscribed for. Sub-
scribers' names should be sent to the Autl.or, Langley Lodge, Sutton
Valence, Slaplehurst, Kent ; or the publisher.

Til i; .lOURXA I.

BiittsI) !3rf|)atolocj:ical !3ssoctatton.

SEPTEMBER 1894.

THE VITRIFIED FORTS OF THE NORTH

OF SCOTLAND,

AND THE THEORIES AS TO THEIR HISTORY.

BY MISS IIUSSELL.
{Head HUh .Vai/ 1S94.)

Thk vitrified fort of Duniiagoil, in the island of Bute,
which was seen hy the Association during the Glasgow
Congress, was, I find, the starting-point of all the more
modern investigations of that curious class of structure.

The subject was pretty well worked in the last century,
when attention was first drawn to it, and I do not know
that any one has seriously carried on investigation of
them since, until the lamented Dr. Angus Smith was cap-
tivated by the chemical and archaeological problems in
combination, which they offered him. But Dunnagoil
was the one originally known to him, and he says he had
some specimens from it, though it is not quite clear
whether his analysis was made from them.

Some years before his Loch Etive papers ajipeured (that
is, in 1869), an excellent paper on the general subject, also
to be found in the Proceedings of the Antiquaries of Scot-
land, Avas written by Dr. John Stuart, partly from per-
sonal observation, on the occasion of receiving, through
Dr. Ferdinand Keller, who translated it, an account of
similar-vitrified forts in one part of Bohemia. They nnist
be v^rymuch like the Scotch forts, sometimes supporting
a great mass of loose stones.

lS9t lo

20 G tul: vnirriED furts

One is known in Brittany, and four or five in Ireland,
on the side towards Scotland ; hut much the greater
nuniher of those known to exist are in Scotland, north
of the Fortli and Clyde; Avhile there are said to he ahout
some foui' or five in Gali0^vay and Carrick, immediately
south of the Firth of Clyde.

It should he explained here tliat the vitrified forts are,
generally speaking, hill-forts, in most respects precisely
the same as the other hill-forts which so abound in Scot-
land both north and south of the Firths, and which have
ramparts either of loose stones, or, at all events, stones
without mortar, or of eartli. These latter often of such
comparatively small size, that, as Dr. Joseph Anderson
remarked in one of his well-known lectures, they give
the idea that they must have been supplemented by pali-
sades. They are generally placed either on the tops of
the lower hills, or on rising grounds or knolls, the lines
of M-hich are followed l)y the ramparts. And Mr. John
Williams, who is still jjrobably the best, as he was the
earliest, autliority about tlie vitrified forts, lays great
stress on their identity, in all respects, with the other
forts, except for the peculiarity that the geneially small
stones of which the ramparts are constructed have been
cemented together by fire ; that is, ])artly melted so as
to adhere together, which they do still, in long lines of a
sort of artiticial rock, or rather lava, which they more
resemble than true stone.

Mr. Williams certainly had great adv^intages for ex-
aminino- them, lie was a minino- eno'ineer employed by
the Commissioners of Fortified Estates after the "civd
war", as it was called, of 1745; who, contrary to what
might have been expected, seem to have gained golden
opinions in Scotland. By their directions Mi". Williams
made an examination of the vitrified forts. He came to
tlie conclusion that they were artificial, not natural, and
tliat they could only have been constructed by some such
process as this : the erection of two banks of earth along
the line of the intended wall, and the filling of the space
between them with wood and branches; and on the top
of tliem, loose stones. lie supposed that the wood was
set on fire, and allowed to burn out ; and that when the
wood was coinpleteK' burnt,, and the stones sunk to the

OF THio xoirni of .scoti.axd. 207

bottom of the lono- pile, that frewh wood ;iii(l fresh stones
were put in; and the process repeated until the vitrified
wall had reached the lieight Intended.

Mr. WilHanis' book (letters published in 1777) seems
to have been the signal for a crop of other theories, for
before that they are said to have been considered as
natural rocks; and, indeed, that is the impression a casual
view of almost any one would give to a spectator who
did not examine it particularly ; for there is no trace of
human handiwork about them, while they are too much
scattered over the Highlands to be very readily compaied:
indeed, before the country was opened up by the military
roads, it would have been a matter of very great diffi-
culty ; though as they became accessible, they became
objects of curiosity.

I doubt if there is any general description of these to
be found before the time in question.

One theor}^, which has certainly much appearance of
probability at first sight, was that they were, as Mr.
Williams asserted, hill-forts not differing very much from
others not vitrified ; but that the stone ramparts had
been combined with palisades of wood and branches, and
that the stones had become vitrified accidentally, when
the palisades were burnt at different times, not by the
inhabitants, but by the enemies they were intended to
exclude. The drawback to this theory is that such a con-
flagration in the open air would not produce the eflTect.
It is matter of daily experience that h.ouses and other
buildings, partly of stone and partly of wood, are burnt
down without the ruins being vitrified to any perceptible
degree, and that, though sandstone is much used as a
building stone. Something like Mr. Williams' stoking
process is required ; and, as will be shown, that not only
would, but actually does, produce vitrification in the pre-
sent day.

The theory that the forts were the sites of beacons
has also an apjiearance of probability, as the stones in
the case would liave been su))jected to a succession of
hot fires ; but, on the other hand, as Dr. Angus Smith
says, those who maintained that theory can only h; ve
seen small ones like the one at Dunnagoil, in Bute, a..d
that in the Greater Cumbrae, one of the smaller islands

152

208 Tin-: vh'imfied forts

ill the Filth of Clyde, — tlie clera'vman of wliicli. it used
to be allec^ed, prayed weekly ior "the neighbouring
islands of Great Britain and Ireland"!

But the popular theory which, in spite of its absurdity,
has scarcely ceased to be heard of yet, was tbat the vitri-
fied forts were, one and all, extinct volcanoes. It is,
generally speaking, only for those who have not seen
them tliat this notion can have had any plausibility, for
the artificial lava not only does not form the hill the fort
stands on, but does not run down it, except at some
spots ; but forms a long mound going round the top of
the hill, and in some cases ceasing at the jioints where
the sides of it are too precipitous to allow of the fort
being attacked from those quarters.

The author of a sensible, if r.ither puzzled, article on
the subject (article " Forts'") in the Encj/chypcedia Britaii-

liica (ed. 3rd, 1797), says, " where shall we find, in

any other part of the world, an example of volcanoes
ejecting lava in the form of ^^alls enclosing a regular
area ? This would be attributing such a singularity to
the volcanoes of Scotland as the most extravagant ima-
gination cannot admit." Dr. John Stuart says, in his
paper on the subject, "To those who have seen the ex-
tent and regularity of some of these vitrified walls, it
will seem surprising the volcanic theory could have gained
any footino-." And Dr. xAngus Smith says tliat he only
mentions the theories whi(;h make the forts works of
nature, because they are those of men whose opinions on
other subjects are "^to be respected. He mentions the
liyhting and the earthqitale theories, ^^hich I do not
know of otherwise.

As might be expected, there is an explanation of the
prevalence of the volcanic theory, a reason for it in some
degree. The period was that of the dawn of geology,
wlilch was quite a subject of the day ; and people, espe-
cially in Edinburgh, were full of the idea of volcanic
forces, while they had not yet risen to the idea that the
more mountainous of the Hebrides were the roots of
gip-antic volcanoes, and that the island called the Bass
Ptock, which ri.ses 300 ft. straight out of the sea, and is
not very n.ucb moi-e in diameter, was the lava which had
cooled in tho thioat of a dying-out volcano; these rocky

OF TJIK NollTll OF .SfUTl^AND, 20.0

islands liavuio- been compressed into stone by the super-
incumbent weioht, tlie loose materials of which were
readily scattered.

Hutton, the founder of geology as a science, who nuist
have been always a scientitic man, at one time occupied
himself in introducing the modern system of agriculture
on his own small estate in Berwickshii'e. I rather think
he, like various other gentlemen at the time, employed
an English ploughman to show the neighbourhood that
plouo-hino- could be done without a team of oxen : but
when he thought he had done everything that could be
done to the land with profit, he let it, and settled in
Edinburgh to work seriously at science. He maintained,
and so far his theory has stood all subsequent tests, that
forces akin to those of volcanoes and earthquakes luive
been the principal agents in forming the present crust of
the globe ; partly, of course, by exposing the materials
to the action of w'ater at different levels ; and that even
the sedimentary rocks, and those obviously containing
shells, had been hardened by heat combined with great
pressure.

And a further reason why this theory might be mis-
leadino' to the unscientific is that Hutton, while he lived
(and he lived into this century), strenuously deprecated
experiments to work out his theories. He said he was
convinced of the truth of them himself, but that it was
quite impossible the great forces of nature could be suc-
cessfully imitated on a small scale, and he did not want
his views discredited by failures.

It is difficult to imagine how he had arrived at his
results without experiment, for when he died, and his
disciples, with great trouble and patience, worked out
the problems in practice, he was shown to be perfectly
right ; that is, as to his main theory. And incidentally
they showed that no great heat could have been neces-
sary for the formation of the vitrified forts. A period of
three weeks, including gradual heating and cooling (but
the greater part of the time at a steady red-heat), was
enough to turn loose materials, under a heavy weight,
into actual stone undistinguishable iVom spei-iiniMis of
natural rock.

Hutton probably did not care to enter into the vitrifi-

2 1 0 THE VITRIFIED FORTS

cation controversy ; but bis inseparable friend, Dr. Josepli
Black, tbe Professor of Chemistry in Edinburgh, did. It
appears he says in a letter to Mr. Williams, " There are
in most parts of Scotland difierent kinds of stone which
can without much difficult}^ be melted or softened by
fire to such a decree as to make tliem adhere too:ether."
A still more noted scientific man, no other than James
Watt, wrote, after examinino- Craiir P had rick, near Inver-
ness, "I think it is a woik of art, probably formed by
piling up layers of stone and wood, and setting that on
lire." Black was nnich the greater chemist.

Lastly (as regards this j^art of the subject), the gist of
the whole matter lies in the letter fi'om Mr. Hamsaj',
Head of the Geological Survey, to the late Dr. Hill Bur-
ton, with which the latter had furnished Dr. Stuart. He
had seen and examined Knockfarril, and was subse-
quently struck by the way in which sandstone was stoked
to harden it into good road-metal, in the district of York-
shire west of Barnsley. It was partly [it least quarried,
and built into a heap about 30 ft. in diameter, and 10 or
12 in height, with some brusliwood interspersed (but not
very much), and two or three tliin layers of coals. An
opening for more fuel was left towards the ])revailing
-wind, and lire was lighted in it, and being smothered by
the stones, went on burninu* for about six weeks, after
which the stones were found to be partly vitrified. " I
examined them carefully. Slabs originally flat had be-
come bent and contorted, and in mniierous instances
stones originally separate had become, so to speak, glazed
together in the process of vitrification ; whicli 1 imagine
could not have been effected but for the presence of the
soda or potash, and of the iron, which aie part of the
constituents of felspar and mica."

As to the appearance of the forts, I think the term
vxiU is rather deceptive. The vitrified ramparts are
rather mounds whose heinht and breadth Jire about
equal. They are so spongy in appearance that it is rather
startling to find how very hard they are. They are often
quite low ; and Dr. Angus Smith suggests, with great
ingenuity, that when a wall thus la1)oriously constructed,
but not more than 2 or 8 ft. high, is found surrounding
a fort at some distance down the slope of the hill, it has

OF Till-: NORTH OF .S('()TI..\\I). 211

In all })iol)al)ilitv supported a wall of loose stones, wliicli
on a steep slope could otherwise have been readily under-
mined by an attacking enemy. He goes tlic leiigt]) of
saying that they are never above the working height of
a man ; but this does not seem to be invariabh'. From
Dr. Jameson's account of Finhaven, in Foilui-shire, that
nuist have been a vitrided wall of considerable height,
I'onning the nucleus of great ramparts of dry stone. A
wrought stone (apparently part of a (juern), stuck in the
vitrihed wall here, was an interesting point. The tire
has generally obliterated any such details. It is another
exceptional case, that a friend of Hugh Miller had found
the print of the kelp seaweed used in glass-making on a
stone in Knockfarrih

But one of these low walls, of whatever date, I believe
surrounds the old Castle of Dunolly. ^ The niodern
mansiondiouse, though near, is not within the circuit ;
and the same is said "to be the case at Dunadeer in Aber-
deenshire; though if the vitrified wall is the line round the
green liill visible from below, it is a very faint one. Speci-
mens from this wall, which contain a good deal of iron,
are curiously magnetic. This is in the neighbourhood
of Tap o' Noth, which one cannot help tldnking has had
a good deal to do with the volcano theory. It is on a
conical hill, and the calcined stone is unusually black,
owing, it is said, to the ])resence of manganese. _ It. is
mao-netic also. Tliere seems no story about this fort
whatever.

Knockfarril in Strathpetier, which, like Tap o' Noth
in the Garioch, commands a fertile valley, is also called
Fingal's Hill. Fuigal properly means a Norwegian ; but
this^is probably a modern name, given in honour of the
legend that Fionn (who is called Fingal by Macpherson)
had jumped from it on to one of the other hills, ])robably
on the other side of Strathpefter. The line of the ram-
parts follows the outline of the hill-toi) here as elsewhere.
I should describe it as a sort of ])ilgrim-bottle shape,
rather oval in the larger part, but with the sides
approaching in one place. The rather artilicial-lookmg
conglomerate of the hill has been decidedly scarped at
the entrance, to make it slippery, which it is. Inside is
fine tufa. The rampart is about 3 It. high. The accr.unts

212 THE VITRIFIED FORTS

differ, so tliat one would like to know what tlie rate of
waste has been ; but it does not seem to have been
known as higher to the present generation. The small
pieces ("specimens", in fact) usually found alongside all
these ramparts are, no doubt, detached bv water lodging
and freezing in the holes in the mass ; but there can be
none of the splitting Avhich takes place so constantly in
this climate where stones are in layers, either natural or
artificial.

On consulting Mr. ^Yilliams' own account of it, it
appears that there must have been in his time (and must
he now) more vitrified remains underground at Knock-
farril than above the surface. He made a deep cut across
the ridge, and found not only remains of vitrified house-
walls, but found also that the present wall or mound
enclosing the top of the hill was only the ruin of a much
higher one, which had fallen outward on both sides.
Even so there was a considerable height underground.
The builders had evidentlv been too ambitious, usino' the
rude methods they did. The line of the present vitrified
wall, close to the edge of the steep bank, is quite con-
sistent with this ; for in its present position, the mound
of earth which would have been rerjuired to produce the
vitrification could on the outer side have found no place.

Mr. Williams says he found no relics but bones, which
the Highlanders said were those of deer. He probably
did not riddle the earth ; but short of using the sieve, I
do not know tliat any of us have improved much on his
work.

I have not had the opportunity of reading his book
very thoroughly, but I rather apprehend that a letter in
which he says he had given all the traditions he could
hear of is not included in it. However, he says that the
Highlanders attributed all the vitrified forts to Fingal
(meaning, of course, Fionn), and all the dry stone ones to
the Picts ; which shows the people of the country had
noticed the former as a class. He calls the size of Knock-
farril 120 ft. by 40; others, 90 by 40. Possibly this
shorter measurement may not include the entrance, the
neck of the bottle,

Piegarding Craig Phadraic, near Inverness, it is only a
conjecture, but nevertheless a probable one, that it was

OF THE NORTH OF SCUTLAND. 213

tlie sti'oiig-lioltl of the King- of the Picts visited by St.
Columba. I should be liiclliied to think it was older than
the sixth centurv ; but the geography of their distribu-
tion rather points to these forts being connected with
the Picts, who seem to have been the old Gael of the
country ; their predecessors, if any, having been the
dark haired non-Aryans, who, judging from a few words
remaining in the names of places, uuist have been rather
Basques than Finns. The name of Craig Phadraic is
favourable to the idea about the King of the Picts and
Columba, which I think was Dr. Hill l>urton's.

Columba was far from being primarily a missionary to
the heathen. He came over from Ireland to establish a
monastery among the Christian Scots of Argyleshire, and
he apparently did not settle at first in lona because there
Avas still an old church establishment there, the remains
of one of the groups of the Irish missionary church. But
he eventually converted and baptized the King of the
Northern Picts ; and if this was his castle, it seems likely
enouo-li it was christened also, as the Hock of St. Patrick.
Columba, who was himself an Irish Scot, did not beard
the King of the Picts altogether without protection. He
was accompanied by two powerful Irish Abbots, who are
still vrell-known Saints, and who were both Irish Picts
by race.

There is a full and interesting description of Craig
Phadraic by Mr. Tytler (a Judge as Lord Woodhouselee),
a partisan, if not the originator, of the conflagration
theory before mentioned. It must be, or have been then,
a fine specimen of its class. While the entrance was by
a zigzag road deeply cut in the rock, overhanging which
were pieces of loose rock, apparently intended to be
thrown down so as to block it, if necessary, the end at
which it would have been naturally most accessible had
a very large mound of vitritied stones, probably the largest
mass of them in Scotland ; and the vitrified rampart is
double, though the outer.one on the slope of the rock is
sometimes little raised above it. It also appears to have
been angular, and to have consisted of an inner and an
outer long square, though the lines are not straight or
regular ; and Mr. Tytler thought there were the remains
of towers at the corners. He remarks that one part of

214 THE VITUIFIEI) FOKTS

the inner area appeared to have been separated from the
rest by a Hne of stones firmly fixed in the earth, and con-
jectures it might have been the residence of the inhabit-
ants of higher rank, which is not without interest in the
circumstances.

The same general jilan appears in one of the forts en
the Firth of Clyde. It is by no means the same kind of
commanding stronghold; but is not j)articularly small,
occupying the end of a small promontory which forms
one side of (Jarradale Bay, on the east coast of Kintyro,
looking towards Arran, across Kilbrannan Sound. Whe-
ther the two lines of rampart are true concentric paral-
lelograms or not, they have the appearance of being sym-
metrical, and the lines are straight. Owing probably to
the accumulation of soil, they might be described as re-
tainino- walls, between 2 and 3 ft. liia'h, the inner enclo-
sure occupying the highest part of the ridge.

On the opposite coast there is said to be a vitrified fort
at Turnberry, in the southern part of Ayrshire. This,
at all events, connects with a historic stronghold ; and
there is said to be the peculiarity of a great deposit of
Avood-ashes remainino- in the neio-hbourhood ; thouo-h,
from the data given above, it appears the vitrification
could be managed, if carefully done, without any great
expenditure of fuel ; and for those on the coast seaweed
would be available.

The supposed fort at Turnberry is not mentioned, as
far as I see, in any of the lists ; but that does not much
tell against its existence, for these west-coast places are
often more inaccessible in the present day than sites in
the central Highlands.

Dr. Stuart says tliat Dr. Hibberd gives a list of forty-
four, of which three are in Galloway, on the north-west
of Scotland, and one on the Cowdenknowes Hill in Ber-
wickshire. Galloway is too obviously open to communi-
cation with the West Highlands, and is also too noto-
riously a Pictish district, for the j^resence of vitritied
forts there to import anything particular ; while Mr.
Cvole's careful and laborious examination of the forts of
Galloway and Ayrshire raises a strong susjiicion tliat
there are no vitritied forts at all there, though the pro-
cess may have been attem])ted without having the n'cipc.

OF THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND. 215

But the case of the alleged one on the Cowdenknowes
Hill is dilfereiit. In the (irst place there is no analogy
for it in the east of Scotland, south of the Forth ; or,
indeed, as far as I know, south of the 'J ay; and secondly,
there Is every reason to suppose its existence was altoge-
ther a mistake, the bits of calcined stone which may be
iuund by a careful search among the grass on the top oi
the hill being in all probability the remains of the lime
the ground has been dressed with. The small level
])lateau on the top of the hill not only has all the appear-
ance of having been under cultivation, but is known to
have been ploughed within this century. I imagine the
nearest approach to a rampart it has ever had was the
low line of stones, about a foot high, running round it.
These must have been gathered off the small field, and
have been used as part of the fence round it. Lime is or
was worked in the valley of the Leader, and burnt stones
may be found in many fields in the country.

It should be added the aspect of the site is very sug-
gestive of a fort. It has a general resemblance to the
Taj) o' Noth ; and the red sandstone, of which there is a
great quarry in the hill, would have supplied the mate-
rials, if the vitrified wall coidd have been found ; while
across the Tweed, on the northernmost of the thi-ee Eil-
don Hills, there are the ramparts of what must have
been a town or large village, the predecessor of the pre-
sent Melrose. In fact, I doubt its being even prehistoric,
though Dr. Christison calls it so. But while the Eildons
and the ground about them seem to have been part of
the line of defence facing south-east, on the north side of
the river it is the deep valley of the Leader, a tributary
of the Tweed, which continues the line, as we know it
was theoretically the frontier of Cumbria ; and the Cow-
denknowes Hill' is on the wrong side of that for purposes
of defence, being on the east bank. The i)res_sure was
generally from the south, influenced by successive inva-
sions from the Continent.

That there are apparently no real traces of fortification
on this hill is rather interesting in this light, as the
demarcation here is probably older than the time n{' the
Piomans, and was only obliterated far on in the .Aliddle
Aoes. An eminent scientific man who had been nnich

21G THE VITRIFIED FORTS

interested about the burnt stones on tbe Cowdenknowes
Hill, beino- asked about them years afterwards, said that
they had been quite vmable to find any tradition or know-
ledge of a fort on the hill ; and though the ready can-
dour with which he said this did him credit, the expla-
nation that the stones were the refuse of lime-dressing
may not have been altogether unacceptable scientifically
as explaining the appearances.

As said before, the only investigations or excavations
of the forts which have been carried on quite on the
raodein lines are those of Dr. Ang-us Smith at Dun Mac
Uisneachan, in Loch Etive. In the first of his Loch
Etive papers {Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., Feb. 13th, 1871) he
says he w^as at Oban for rest, when he was advised to go
and see the vitrified fort on what is not really an island,
but a somewhat inaccessible peninsula in Loch Etive.
He seems to have poked about the remains, and satisfied
himself of the general plan of the stronghold. He sub-
sequently made an analysis, in his own laboratory, of the
vitrified stones apparently both from this place and from
Dunnaxroil. He savs he was not satisfied with the result,
th\ough it had taken several weeks to arrive at. He gives
the average result, however, and it is that 28 per cent.,
or more than one-fourth, was made up of materials easily
affected by fire, oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, potash, and
soda, all of which would act upon the rest.

Another year he got permission to excavate, and inves-
tigated one of the principal points about the hill-forts,
the water-supply. Knockfarril, 'i'ap o'Noth, Craig Pha-
draic, and, no doubt, others, have what are called wells,
but which I should rather call rain-water reservoirs, 5 or
6 ft. dee]) at most. An old man told Dr. Smith that
though it was now filled up nearly to the top, the well
in Dun Mac Uisneachan was so deep that his father
remembered throwing stones down it, and wondering at
the leno'th of time it was before he heard them fall ; and
yet, when it was cleared out, it was only about 5 ft. deep,
and filled with water by the drainage of the area of the
fort. The bottom was the natural rock which the builders
do not seem to have anywhere meddled with.

This is rather an interestino; case of one of the vaf/aries
of tradition, wliich is sometimes curiouslv retentive and

or THE NOllTH OF SCOTLAND. 217

exact. What had happened in this case pi'ohably was
that the elder old man had somewhere in his tiavels met
M'ith a very deep well, and that liis son had always sup-
posed it was the one in the Dun that he meant.

The absence of any appearance of a water-supply
struck Dr. (Jhiistison much in the high-placed hill-forts
of Peebleshire. The draining- which has drawn ofl* or con-
cealed the springs in many ])laces can liardly liave taken
place on these rocky hills ; and no doubt they were sup-
plied by collecting the rain-water in this way. The
botanists have remarked a water-plant growing in one of
the forts of the Gala Water line, where there is now
neither moisture nor any remains of a reservoir ; while
one of the well-know^n hill forts of Northumberland, the
interesting one of Old Bewdck,lias the rain-water cisterns
still remaining, — one a shallow pond, shaped much like a
saucer, about G ft. across, and on one side at least neatly
cut out of the rock. This is still used by the cattle ;
while what the people call "The Bloody Trough" is evi-
dently an arrangement for getting a small supply of
drinking-water every time it rained. It is an oval hollow,
perhaps ] 8 in. long, on the top of the rock, outside all
the fortifications, wdiich is so profusely marked with con-
centric circles, — charms, no doubt (especially since the
discovery in Rome of a mosaic representing an eye pierced
by a javelin), against the Evil Eye, and for the welfare
of the settlement.

The trough is probably a natural hollow enlarged, and
several small channels in the rock lead into it, so that
the lightest shower would fill it, and it is exactly at the
height from tlie ground that is convenient for drinking.

It may be added that one circle of moderate-sized
stones (the last remains of the beehivediuts, the"conick
houses", of which Mr. Williams found so many in the
Highland forts) was remaining a few years ago at Old
Bewick.

Dr. Smith's continued exertions at Dun jNfac Uisnea-
chan showed that a vitrified wall, somewhere about 4 or
5 ft. high, seemed to run round the top of the rocky
peninsula, intermitting where the rock outside was quite
precipitous. The vitrified wall is lined or backed by a
reo'ularlv built drvstone wall, which must be older than

21S THE VlTltlFIKD FORTS

the other, at one point at least, wliere the vitritied mat-
ter has run over it. This is rather an important point
as to construction ; and I see the same thing is the case
at Dunnagoil, of which there is a short notice in the
Proceed iiif/s of the Scotch Antiquaries for 1892-3. The
regularly laid backing-wall is there, and in one point at
least, in this case also, the slag from the vitrified rubbish
has run amono- the stones.

I do not think that Dunnagoil, from the descriptions,
can be so small as Dr. Smith calls it ; but the large size
of Dun Mac Uisneachan, 250 yards in length, was one of
the things which impressed him so much. The name of
Bere(jonium, by which it actually appears in the maps,
seems to be an attempt, as old as the Ilenaissance, to
identify this great stronghold with one of Ptolemy's
localities.

I do not know that Dr. Smith's excavations add much
directly to our knowledge of tlie vitrified forts, except on
the point mentioned, where they show that one at least
of the two preliminary mounds or walls inferred by Mr.
Williams as necessary to the stoking process has in these
cases been, not of earth, and temporary, but of stone, and
permanent. For anything we know, the other may have
been of stone too. The same loose stones might be used
again and again; and in this case the process would very
closely resemble that described by Mr. Ramsay as in use
in Yorksliire at the present day for hardening road-metal.
In fact, the probability is in favour of this modification
of the theory, for earthworks can hardly be made with-
out spades, while loose stones of moderate size, such as
abound in most parts of Scotland, need no tools whatever.
On the other hand, the intense human interest this old
settlement excited in the excavator is both interesting
in itself, and suggestive on a good many different points.
He says he had got no clue to the date of the vitrifica-
tion, but some idea of that of the occupation of Dun Mac
Uisneachan. He found the unvitrified walls of small
buildings (probably separate dwellings), and in one part
G or 7 ft. of rubbish full of the bones of modern domestic
animals. The more personal finds were : some inches of
an iron sword, with the tang for the hilt (this fell out of
the drystone wall), Ijut no doubt that nnist have had to

OF THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND. 219

be constcantl}^ rej)alre(l, like otlier (Irystoiie walls, so
tells little as to date ; the ring- part ot' an iron circular
broocli ; a piece of bronze wire made by banmiering' ; a
piece of mica " very clear and briglit", which suo-o-es(s
windows ; and a small enamelled bron/e ornfunont, which
appeared to have been the ca|) of something, havino- a
depression on one side. The pattern was the venerable
one of concentric circles.

Now all these relics of habitation correspond well
enough with the ]~)eriod to which the present name of the
fort refers. Though the people of the country, Dr. Smith
says, call it Dun Mac Sniochan, it is understood that this
is a corruption for a name meaning the P'oi-t of the Sons
of Uisnech, the heroes of a celebrated Irish legend or
romance which is in all j)robability historical in the main.
And Mr. Skene, who knew the West Highlands well,
says that some of the poems about their settlement in
Alba, Scotland, aj>pear to have been composed by some-
body who knew this district of very marked Highland
scenery.

The story is alleged by the Irish writers to have hap-
pened about the Christian era. I should infer, from ana-
logy, not quite so early; but it must belong to the earlier
period of Irish history, that is, before the coming of the
Norsemen in the ninth century; and, indeed, it seems to
have happened before the foundation of the kingdom of
the Irish Scots in Argyleshire, which would take it back
to the fourth century. The Ilomans did not interfere
much with the west coast of Scotland, nor directly with
Ireland at all.

The irihabitants of Britain, when the Roman first
encountered them in battle, used swords of soft iron,
which got blunt ; and the fragment of a sword found in
Dun Mac Uisneachan came apart, as if it had never been
thoroughly welded. There are two iron brooches, Dr.
Smith says, in the Dublin Museum ; and the enamel is a
British manufacture, well known as such to the Komans.

Altogether these relics rather point to the centuries
just before the Ilomans entered Scotland, and we have
no evidence that the vitrification is oldci". And what
Dr. Smith says about the one case known in France,
that the \itrifled fui't at Pei'ran, in Brittany, was proba-

220 THE VITRIFIED FORTS

Ijlv made bv inunigraiits from some other coiuitiy, lias
an interestino- suo'o-estion tliat the art had not been
altogether forgotten during tlie lioman period. Tt is
near St. Brieuc ; and a gentleman living there told him,
when he visited it, that he had examined the fort
in twelve or fourteen places, and in every excavation
found Roman bricks underneath the lines, and had also
found a " Germanicus". It stands on a plain, and the
lines are unbroken ; while the fact that there is a great
deal of vitrified matter, and yet the vitrifaction has not
generally been sufficient to cause the complete cohesion
of the masses, which was the object, points to the pro-
cess being imperfectly understood.

And St. Brieuc is the only place where I have been
able to find any actual tradition of the migration from
Great Britain into Armorica, said to have taken |)lace
after the final de])arture of the Romans ! The popular
theory that the whole population of Brittany came over
then is absurd, for they were of the same race as the
inhabitants of Great Britain in Caesar's time ; but pro-
bably a great many of those who could, did get away to
territory still under Roman protection. Mr. Rimmer
says everybody would who could ; but I would except the
Cumbrian nobles, the Men of the North, who, I imagine,
had been holding the northern Roman wall from the
time when the inscriptions cease, with those of the Anto-
nines. That is my solution of the question as between
Dr. Bruce and Mr. Skene.

St. Brieuc is a British Saint, and there are dedications
to him in Rothsay, at the ))arisli church, at Dunrod in
Galloway, and on an island in the South Esk. I do not
at this moment know of any in England or Wales; and
in a Life of the Saint, which I got at the town of the
name, it is stated that a noble Briton, Count Rivallon
(who, I think, is lieard of elsewhere in Breton tradition),
who had come from Great Britain after the leaving of
tlie Piomans, was lord of the district at the time that
St. Brieuc, with a band of companions, came from Rritain,
and settled themselves on the site of the present town
(a mile or two inland from the coast of Brittany), and
began cutting down trees, and building the huts of a
monasterv. The Count was intenseK' indiijiiani when he

Of THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND. 221

beard of this invasion, and was preparing to deal sninma-
rilj^ with the invaders, wlien some one explained to him
who the leader was, when he exclaimed, "It is my cousin,
Germain Brieiic", and went to meet him Avith quite
changed intentions, and granted him the land he wanted
for his monastery.

The name of Germain, even if assumed in religion l)y
an ecclesiastic, probably dates this incident after the first
mission of St. Germain of Auxerre to Britain in 42<),
while it shows that Brieuc was a surname. The Gaelic
hreac is the equivalent of Pict ; or, as I believe in this
case, tartan-M'earers : hreacan is tartan or a plaid. The
Welsh sons of Brychan are known to have l)een Irish -
Gael by descent ; the sons of Uisneach were Irish Picts
also, whether they were the builders of the Dun or not.
But was the fort at Perran built for Count Hivallon
under the superintendence of St. Brieuc ?

It is interesting to notice the Saint of Bourbriac is a
different person. He seems to have been christened after
the elder Saint, and is distinguished as Briac Franco,
apparently as being a Frank by nation. I have no doubt
the Picts were the people who originally called them-
selves Man. The Ordnance Map of Scotland shows how
the Mannan and Minnoch names mark their limits in
Lothian and Galloway.

Whether vitrification was a British art or not (it was
Dr. George Petrie who connected the forts with the
Picts in Ireland, and his inferences are indications not to
be lightly regarded), I am inclined to see a trace of still
earlier occupation at Dun Mac Uisneachan, with its inac-
cessible situation and commanding outlook, " really one
of the very finest views in Scotland", says Dr. Smith.

The theory of an early non-Aryan population in Britain
has been made to do duty in such queer ways that I can
quite imagine people being shy of it ; but the very com-
mon river-name "Ur" is certainly the Basque word for
luater ; and "Lour" (not an unconnnon element in place-
names, especially in Scotland) is the Basque for land.
The Mendips and Mendicks may be the Basque mendi,
hill ; and I see I had remarked, within the last few
months, in a paper written for a local Society on some
Scotch place-names, that the Gaelic name of Loch Etive

1894 16

222 The vitrified i^orts, etc.

(that is, Loch Etchi) might be from the Basque etchi,
which is the regular word for liouse, referring to the fort
or fortified town. And also that there is a small level
shelf on Ben Cruachan, called "Auchenetchi". Auchen is
field ; and there is no house or shed there now, but it
seems not an unlikely place for some sort of shelter to
have been erected. Etchi, supposing it to have been
Basque, would be nothing but a proper name to the
Celtic Picts.

But having recently propounded this theory, I was
interested, on looking through his papers, by what Dr.
Smith says, or rather quotes, about the name of Glen

Etive : " I am inclined to add a remark made to me

by Mr. Duncan Clerk of Oban, to whom I am indebted
for many kindnesses. After saying that the name of
Glenetive means the Glen of Storms, or the Wild Glen
(according to the Highland Society's Dictionary and the
Neiv Statistical Account) , he says, ' it occurred to me that
it was somewhat different from the names of the other
glens, inasmuch as they are generally made to point out
some physical feature, such as Glenfinlay, Glenlonnan,
and others. The scenery about Glenetive is wild and
grand in the extreme, and the names might have been
chosen to be in character. Larigoillt is the Pass of Terror.'"

These remarks do somewhat bear out my supposition
that the name of Glenetive is the House Glen, and of
the former order ; while as to Larigoillt, larre is a hill-
pasture in Basque. But it does not follow that the vitri-
fication is as old as the pre -Celtic period.

Note.— The names and localities of the Bohemian vitrified forts,
which I had some idea of giving, do not convey very much idea in this
country. The paper, which seems to have been written in German, is
either the actual report upon the forts drawn up for the Austrian
Government, or at all events is written by the same gentleman. Dr.
J. E. Fodisch, and is not intended for travellers. Anyone thinking
of going in search of them should see the paper, with Dr. Stuart's
comments, in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
for "Slnj 10th, 18(39, at the British Museum or elsewhere; while Mur-
ray's Handbook will probably supfily ^^1 information for getting to them.

It should be mentioned that the magnetic, vitrified stone of Tap o'
Noth and Dunodcer contains about 10 per cent, of iron ; while tlie same
stone, in its natural state in the neighbourhood, contains about 14,
but is not magnetic. The gentleman who analysed them for the
Huntly Field Club remarks that the proportion of iron is much below
what could be profitably worked.

223

NOTES OF A IIAMBLE IN EAST ANGLIA.

BY T. CANN HUGHES, ESQ., iM.A.

(Local Member of Council for Cheshire.)

(Read 7th Feb. 1894.)

A LONG series of duties in a densely populated northern
city had prevented my obtaining my usual summer vaca-
tion, and it was only on Christmas Eve, or rather the
Saturday before that day, when I got away for a short
sojourn in country scenes, and amidst historic sights and
shrines. Christmastide itself was spent in the '' rare old
city of Chester", whose beauties have long been dear to
me as a native, and whose history is, in the main, well
known to the antiquarian world. Only on the day after
Bank-Hohday did I take train, and was borne along
through the midst of a landscape brightened by sunshine
and keen frost, through liugby and Northampton and
Cambridge (of which \iiore anon) to the " bright little
town" (pace Charles Dickens) of Bury St. Edmund's.
Here, indeed, was a feast for a lover of historic lore.

I knewBury of old, having spent many a pleasant hour
with my present host. Dr. Joseph Squier Hinnell, a fellow-
collegian of fourteen years ago. I w^as well acquainted
with the fine old Abbey and the two grand gateways,
and the sister churches of St. Mary and St. James, with
their monuments. The Abbot's Bridge, too, and Moyses
Hall and Thingoe Hill were not forgotten on former visits.

On this occasion, however, only one fresh object of
interest attracted attention, and that for a special pur-
pose, the Museum of the local Society in the Bury Athe-
naeum. Here I found a fine collection of books, and a
very good assortment of Roman and other relics, some
curious carving (cornices and corbels) from one of the
local churches, but not the " misereres" of which I was in
search. The courteous Curator informed me that never,
during his tenure of office, had they been under his care.
The local histories say that the carved " misereres"
formerly existent in the Church of St. James, hard by,

16*

'224 NOTES ON A RAMBLE

are preserved in this Museum, and this negative evidence
was therefore valuable. Where they are seems a mys-
tery. Mr. Henry Prigg (the Curator said), had he been
alive, could have doubtless told me their whereabouts ;
but, alas ! for the interests of our Association, he is
numbered with the dead.

On Thursday morning I set out in earnest on my
arclia^ological ramble, the main object of my quest being
carved " misereres", and general church architecture a
subsidiary study.

I was first driven through countr}^ lanes to the fine
parish church of Rougham. It is dedicated to St. Mary,
and consists of the chancel, nave, aisles, fine south porch,
and interesting tower at the west end of the church.
The chancel, nave, and porch are Decorated ; the aisles
and tower, in the main. Perpendicular. The church has
been restored ; and the stalls, if they ever existed, are
gone. There are some very good poppy-head bench-ends,
and some with animal finials. There is a fair east win-
dow and a low side-window^ (which has been filled up).
There are no traces of a rood screen. There is a note-
worthy timber roof with hammer-beams formed of angels.
The font is Decorated. The sides of the porch are curious,
having three open lights on either side. The tower is
massive, and of great beauty. The church is built of the
flints customary in East Anglia. On the south battle-
ment of the tower is the inscription, "Pray for the soule
of John Tillot." In a chapel is the very fine brass of
Sir Robert Drury (1418) and his wife (1405).

In the churchyard some coins ofCnut have been found,
but in whose possession they now are I was unable to
learn.

From here I was driven on to (Jreat Barton. Here,
again, was a most beautiful edifice, dedicated to Holy
Innocents. It has an Early English chancel. Near the
priest's door is a curious coliin-licl which bears on its sur-
face a cross ; it is built into the outside wall, with an
arched recess over it. The tower is Perpendicular, very
fine, well proportioned, and doubly embattled. There are
no " misereres", but bench -ends of interest ; also some
fragments of ancient glass in various windows.

Hence we returned to Bury St. Edmund's, and in the

IN' EAST ANGLTA. 225

afternoon I walked out to Foriiham All Saints to see my
friend the Hector, the Rev. Cliarles Lett Feltoe, whose
bent is distinctly antiquarian, and who is, in his loving
interest in the edifice under his care, a pattern to all his
clerical brethren. This church, though not so fine as
Great Barton, has much of interest. It has been restored
under the direction of Sir Arthur Blomfield. The lower
part of the tower and the north door are Transitional
Norman ; but In the latter, the restoration of the pillars,
separated from, and not built into, the main structure,
seems curious. The chancel is Decorated, and there Is
some graceful tracery in the east window. There are no
carved stalls remaining. The brasses to Dr. Barwich
(1599), Thomas Manoch (1G08), Mary Manoch (1615),
have been placed on the wall of the north ti'ansept. 'I'lie
church, in general form, reminded me very much of that
of West Thurrock, near to Grays, Essex. The livino- Is
in the gift of Clare College, Cambi-Idge; and several well-
known scholars have been amongst its rectors, and are
interred in the churchward. A description of the church,
with an Illustration and a ground-plan, will be found In
Gage's History of the Hundred of Tliingoe, with much
interesting information on the history of the parish.

One of the brasses has the following words upon it,
most needful now as heretofore : " Let noe man stele
away this brasse but hee who knowes himself unworthie
memorie." The bells are interesting. They are four in
number. (1) and (2) are Inscribed, "John Draper made
me, 1623"; (3) has " + Hac in conclave Gabriel nunc
pange suave", In old English lettering; (4), "John Draper
made me, 1624." The third has three Norwich ermine
shields.

Mr. Feltoe informed me that there was one "miserere"
at Fornham St. Martin converted into a reading-desk,
but I had not the chance to see and describe it.

On the followinoc niornin"' I had intended to visit the
churches of Lavenham, Sudbury, and Cockfield, and to
describe the " misereres" which exist there; but T received
a letter from Mr. T. A. Martin, bai'rister, my colleague In
the work, stating that he had details of these churches,
and requesting I would go further afield. I was sorry
to miss Mr. Methold, F.S.A., who was most kind in invit-
ing me to Lavenham.

226 NOTES ON A RAMBLE

I set out early for Cavendish, a quaint village on the
borders of an extensive green, Avith curious old-world inns
and posting-houses. At the end of its one long, straggling
street 1 found the church, surrounded b}^ a group of trees.
Here again I learned, to my disappointment, that though
" misereres" had existed within the memory of persons
living, they had been " restored" away some years ago.
The church (which is dedicated to St. Mary) is mainly
Perpendicular, but contains traces of earlier work. There
has been a chapel on the north side of the cliancel, the
piscina of which still remains. There is a fine, flat timber
roof. The tower is very striking. It is late Early Eng-
lish with buttresses. The tower story is vaulted, and
contains lancet-windows. The second story has a curious
original fireplace. There are two chained books, one
being Jewell's Defence of the A'pologie of the Church of
England, 1611; and the other has lost its title-page.
They have been rebound. There is an unusual crown on
the belfry, somewhat similar to that at St. Giles', Edin-
burgh ; and an outside bell ; and an altar-tomb, which is
placed at right angles to the altar, on its left-hand side.
There is a rare token from here, by Thomas Fuller, un-
dated.

After rambling around this pleasant village, I walked
on two miles to Clare ; and here a rare archaeological
treat awaited me. Seldom, I think, have I seen, in a town
of such a size, so very much to repay a visit. I first bent
my steps to the beautiful church. It is dedicated to
St. Peter and St. Paul, and consists of chancel and nave,
both aisled ; north and south porches, the latter with
a chapel on its east side. There is a good west
doorway, and the woodwork of the doors is worthy of
notice. There is a handsome brass memorial to the late
Duke of Albany, erected by the local Lodge of Free-
masons. The woodwork in the chancel is very good, but
no "misereres" remain. There is a beautiful Perpendicu-
lar font.

The church contains a peal of eight bells inscribed as
follow : —

Treble. " Given by voluntary subscription, 1781. Mears
fecit."

2nd. '• Mears of London fecit, 1829."

IN EAST ANGLIA. 227

3rd. "Miles Graye made me, 1640", with a shield of
arms.
4th.

" Whilst thus we join in cheerful sound,
Let love and loyalty abound.

Mears, London, fecit 1779."

5th. "Miles Graye made me, 1661."

6th. "John Dier made mee, 1579."

7th. " 0 trinitas sancta campanam istam conserva."
The initial letter of every word is crowned.

Tenor. "Charles Newman made mee, 1695."

"John Kenyon, Vic; William Wade, C. W."

The word " John" on the 6th is reversed.

The Clare Registers contain many interesting entries.
The following memorandum is probably unique :

"Memorandum that I Susan Ward of Clare doe resigne all my right
in John Mamon to Susan ffrost so that they proceed to marriag in
witness of the truth herof I the said Susan Ward have set my hand
this the 5 of Januarie.

" witnes John Prentice The mark of

" Susan + Ward."

In the churchyard are many monuments of the worthy
burghers of this once thriving town. There are two stair-
cases to the rood-loft.

From the church I strolled round the quaint old town,
and had a pleasant chat with Mr. Stokoe, the genial
chemist-photographer, in the Market-Place. Having
refreshed the inner man at the Bell Hostelry, and seen
the Bear and Crown Inn (formerly the Wool Hall), and
an interesting house dated 1347, in the street close to the
church, and having a highly ornamental plaster front
with the three chevronels which form the Clare arms, I
inspected Clare Hall and the fine ruins of the Castle, of
which the keep is imposingly placed, overlooking the
Railway Station.

There have been many interesting discoveries in Clare
and the neighbourhood. Roman urns were found in 1856
between Clare and Cavendish ; and a very handsome,
good reliquary was discovered at Clare Castle in Dec.
1865. Mr. Napper has argued in the East Anglian that
Clare is the site of the Roman station Cambretonum.
William Colte, of Clare, issued a token in 1664.

228 NOTES ON A RAMBLE

From Clare I walked on to Stoke-hij-Clare, a pretty
village with a church dedicated to St. Augustine, plea-
santly nestling in trees. The chancel and nave are both
aisled. The tower joins the church irregularly. The font
is very good ; and there are some exquisite bench-ends,
some old glass, and some brasses. There were once some
" misereres" in this church, but they are all gone. The
church was formerly collegiated for seven secular canons.
The pulpit is the smallest in Suffolk, handsomely deco-
rated. Its internal diameter is only 20| in.

From Stoke I passed to Long JMdford, and after walk-
ing up the one long street which forms the village reached
Long Melford Hall, a fine old mansion on the right
hand of the road ; and, noticing on the right a fine speci-
men of domestic architecture with a poi'ch of which the
pillars were figures of a man and woman, I crossed the
capacious village green, and came to the Hospital founded
in 1580 by Sir William Cordell. After passing this one
has a full view of the very noble church of Long Melford,
without exception the finest specimen of church architec-
ture I inspected in my week's ramble.

The church is a rectory, dedicated to Holy Trinity, and
is of the latest Perpendicular work of very hne character.
There is a beautiful south porch. The walls, of flint and
the stone of the country, are like inlaid work. The inte-
rior is most impressive ; the east window very fine ; the
massive timber roof is worthy of note. Beyond the main
church is the Clopton Chapel with its piscina, double
sedile, and inscribed ceiling. This church in itself was
worth my journey from the North to visit, and is, I think,
the finest ))arish church T have ever inspected.

On the following morning I commenced my rambles
early, and passing Pakenham with its Norman tower I
reached the extremely interesting church at Norton.
I nmst pay a tribute to the great courtesy extended
to me by the Rev. Horatio Nelson Grimley. Here I at
last was rewarded by finding a most curious set of" mise-
reres", of which the following description may prove of
interest : —

Norili side, heginning east. — Elbow, cowled head.

1. Martyrdom of St. Edmund. Supporters, archers.
Elbow, angel with shield.

IN EAST ANGLIA. 229

2. Monk at meditation. Same subject at Worcester.
Supporters, floral. Elbow, griffin.
South side, beginning east. — Elbow, gurgoyle.

1. Martyrdom of St. Andrew, patron Saint of cliurch.

Supporters, floral. Elbow, monk with a casket.

2. Pelican in piety. Supporters, floral. Inscription,

" In omne op'e memento finis." Elbow, head.

3. Female blowing fire. Supporters, floral. Elbow,

floral. Elbow, angel.

4. ]\Ian struggling with lion. Supporters, floral.

Elbow, monkey.

5. Manticora, broken. Supporters, floral. Elbow,

two monks playing leapfrog.

6. Two dogs or foxes. Supporters, floral. Elbow, dogs.
The stalls are flxed on metal hinges.

There is a very flne Perpendicular font, beautifully
carved, having the symbols of the Evangelists on four of
its faces, and on others, the pelican, unicorn, and double-
headed eagle, all favourite subjects on " miserere" stalls.
There are some poppy-heads, and some beautiful glass,
much of which yet requires description and elucida-
tion. The bells in the church tower are of great inte-
rest, and are fully described by that excellent antiquary,
Canon Raven, in his Church Bells of Suffolk.

From Norton Mr. Grimley directed me over the fields
(beautiful in their covering of frozen snow) to the superbly
situated church of St. George at Stowlangtoft. This
church is said to have been erected by Robert Day, of
Ashfield, in 1340. It is, therefore, Early Per]:)endicular
in the main. There is a piscina at the south-east end of
the nave. The font is octagonal, and elaborate in its
details. The monuments of the D'Ewes family, in the
chancel, aro noticeable.

The following is a detailed description of the fine
stalls. There are only six stalls. All are re-turned.

On north side. — Elbow, griffin.

1. Pelican. Supporters, grotesque heads. Elbow,

mask.

2. Horned and winged bull. Supporters, grotesque

monk. Elbow, grotesque head.

3. Winged lion. Supporters, grifiins. Elbow, cowled

mask.

230 NOTES ON A RAMBLE

On south side. — Elbow, head.

1. Winged bull. Supporters, angels on clouds.

Elbow, head.

2. Crowned angel bearing label. Supporters, sun-

heads. Elbow, griffin backwards : head gone.

3. Dragon, very spirited. Supporters, Tudor roses.

Elbow, cowled head.

I have careful measurements. The stalls are fixed on
wooden pivots, and there is evidence of their having been
more numerous. There are four bells :

Tenor. "John Draper made me, 1631."

2. "J. D., 1614."

3. "4- Subveniat digna donantibus banc Katerina."

This bell is in black-letter, and bears Brazier's
diapered shield.

4. " -f- For the service of God. Cast at the expense

of Henry Wilson, Esq., 1856. Taylor and Son,
founders, Loughborough."

From Stowlangtoft I walked through pretty Suffolk
lanes to Hunston, a small, and from the outside most
disappointing edifice. It is dedicated to St. Michael,
and is of Early English architecture. The east window
has three lancet-lights. The south priest's door is very
beautiful, the head being in the form of a segmental
arch, trefoliated. There is little else to notice in the
church. There are three small bells ; two dated 1614
and 1617.

Hence I went on to Woolint, a truly beautiful church
with a fine spire. It is dedicated to St. Mary. The roof
is most ornate with hammer-heads, and there is one
" miserere" stall in the chancel. The south porch is very
fine Perpendicular, with a groined roof The rood-screen
is the feature of the church, and is one of the very best
in East AnMia. It has recentlv been redecorated under
the direction of the liev. James Hipwell, Vicar of Elms-
well, who was formerly Curate of Wool pit.

From this place I retraced my steps to lilmsiceU, where
the Vicar received me most courteously, and conducted
me over his church, dedicated to St. John. The tower
and porch are good flint work. The fine octagonal font,
of Decorated period, is supported on four eagles.

On the Sunday morning 1 went over to Haivstead, a
very fine church, where Mr. Gibson Cullum, F.S.A., of

IN EAST ANGLIA. 231

Hard^Yick Hall, bad kindly arranged for his Vicar, liev.
Leslie Mercer, to show me all the lions of the locaUty.
In the churchyard one of the late Vicars lies between
his two wives.

The church is fully described, with ilhistrations, in
Gage's History of Thingoe Hundred. Tlie church is dedi-
cated to All Saints. The chancel is Early English, with
Decorated and Perpendicular insertions. Tlie font is
plain, but believed to be very ancient. Thei'e are no
" misereres"; but a portion of the rood-screen with an
interesting Sanctus bell on the top. The lectern is good
Perpendicular. In the north wall of the chancel is a
figure of a knight lying below the present level of the
cburch. The brass, just outside the chancel, of Sir Wm.
Drury, two wives, and thirteen daughters, is worthy of
notice. There are several fine monuments in the chancel.

In the churchyard is a base of an interesting cross with
apparently interlaced work.

The last day of the old year was closed by attending ser-
vice at the fine church of St. James, in Bury St. Edmund's.

On Wednesday I went on to Cambridge, where I in-
spected the very fine Romanist church in Hills Road,
and explored the interior of the quaint old building in
Trinity Street, until recently used as Foster's Bank, and
spent some time in wandering through the various col-
leo-es. In the evening I dined at the Founder's Feast at
my own College of Pembroke, founded in 1347 by Lady
Mary de Valence, Countess of Pembroke, and was much
interested in the old customs of the toasting, " In piam
memoriam fundatoris nostrcTe", which were carried out to
the letter. The ritual observed was very impressive. We
drank from the famous " anathema cup" presented to the
College by Cardinal Wolsey, and two men stood up dia-
gonally opposite each other ; and as one sat down, the
corresponding man opposite got up ; and the man who
remained standing passed on the cup to the new man,
repeating the Latin form.

I had intended to accept the kindly extended hospi-
tality of Canon Raven at Fressingfield, and under the
leadership of that distinguished campanologist and anti-
quary to visit several Norfolk churches ; but the bitter
weather compelled me to seek warmer climes, and thus
ended my winter ramble in East Anglia.

232

NOTES ON AMERICAN TUMULT.

BY DR. A. C. FKYKR.
(^liead Wi April 1894.)

An American writer has said recently that " there is no
truth in the attractive notion that once a mighty nation
occupied the Valley of the MississipjDi, with its frontier-
settlements resting on the lake-shores and Gulf-coast,
nestling in the Valley of the Appalachian Range, and
skirting the broad plains of the West, — a nation with its
systems of government and religion, which has disap-
peared, leaving behind it no evidence of its glory, power,
and extent, save the mounds and what they contain."

These mounds are of many and various shapes ; but
their usual form is a low, broad, round-topped cone ; and
we are told that some of them attain a height of 80 or
even 90 ft., with a diameter of 300 ft. at the base.
Others, which appear to have been rarel}^ used for burial
purposes, are constructed like walls, and are 20, or even
in some cases 40 ft. wide, 3 or 4 ft. high, and 100 ft. long.

The reason for the erection of these mounds is still a
mystery. The so-called effigy-mounds are found in Wis-
consin and in parts of Iowa. These mounds are said to
represent birds and many kinds of mammals, — deer, ant-
lered elks, bears, rabbits, etc. Some of the birds have a
spread of 250 ft. from one wing-tip to the other wing-tip ;
and it seems probable that some of the mounds which
were formerly supposed to represent men, are swallow-
tailed birds. The so-called "elephant" mound is now
thought to represent a bear. " One of the most remark-
able features of these effigies", says a writer mIio has
studied them, " is the imitative curving and rounding of
the bodies of the animals. Looking over a specimen
which has suffered but little wearing av/ay by weather or
other causes, it is difficult to get rid of the notion that
the builders actually had the animal lying before them
when they constructed the mound."

During the past few years a great advance has been

NOTES ON AMERICAN TUMULI. 233

made in the knowledge of tliese mounds, which are scat-
tered over the greater part of the United States in vast
numbers. It is now considered that the box-shaped
stone graves, with tlie mounds containing them, found in
Kentucky and northern Georgia, are the work of the
Shawnee Indians, while those in the Valley of the Dela-
ware and in Ohio were created by the Delawares. In
northern Mississippi the tunudi are principally attributed
to the Chickasaws, and those in the Gulf States to the
Muskokee tribes. It is also thought that the mounds in
the Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, in western North
Carolina, and in eastern Tennessee, were created by the
Cherokees.

In one tumulus in Iowa eleven skeletons were disco-
vered in the central chamber. These were arranged in a
circle, with their backs against the walls, while a sea-
shell, which had been converted into a drinking-horn,
had been placed in their midst. In cavities in this
mound, dust (which is supposed to have been the ashes
of burnt flesh) was discovered, while in other mounds a
" peculiar, black, felt-like substance" (which is thought
to have been human flesh) was found. An American
writer, speaking of these discoveries, says, " Many tribes
of Indians, in ancient times, made a practice of removing
the flesh from the bones of the dead, commonly by ex-
posing the bodies on elevated platforms, where they were
permitted to undergo the processes of decay. Very likely
the practice had its origin in an obvious precaution
against the digging up of corpses by hungry wild beasts."

In another mound in Iowa, a skeleton measuring 7 ft.
6 in. in length was found. A collar of bears' teeth was
around the neck, while numbers of small copper beads,
formed by rolling strips of the metal into little rings,
were across the thighs. It has been conjectured that
these beads may have adorned a hunting-shirt.

There were many mounds surrounded by a wall of
earth on a farm^ in Bollinger County, Missouri. The cul-
tivation of the soil for forty years has unfortunately
levelled them to a considerable extent. However, it
appears that some years ago two stone coffins were dis-

1 Mr. Peter Bess was the owner of tliis farm.

234 NOTES ON AMERICAN TUMULT.

covered while ploughing. Each coffin contained a skele-
ton, and a gourd-like vessel, filled with lead, had been
placed with one of them. The owner of the farm is said
to have found the lead so pure that he afterwards melted
it into bullets.

During the last few 37ears we learn that more than two
thousand mounds have been excavated, and pins, needles,
bracelets, silver brooches, pearls, engraved shells, a silver
plate with the shield of arms of Spain, a fur-covered brass-
nailed trunk, a copper kettle, and many other things
have been discovered. Many of these articles point to
the fact that mound-building and also burial in mounds
were carried on long after the white races had landed on
the shores of America. " In fact", says Major T. W. Pow-
ell, " I myself have seen such mounds in process of con-
struction by Indians. There has never been an atom of
evidence to prove that any other race than the Indians
themselves was concerned in the erection of these works."

It is interesting to notice how articles obtained by
barter on the coast passed from tribe to tribe, and how
sea-shells are found in the mounds of Illinois and Wis-
consin, while in the mounds of West Virginia articles
made from native Wisconsin copper have been discovered.

The opening of these tumuli seems to prove that the
Indian did not adopt the habit of roaming until after the
invasion of the whites. He seems to have cultivated the
land, and it has been demonstrated that maize was his
chief food. American students now tell us that " these
tumuli were never built for sacrificial purposes"; and the
oldest mounds are those of the most elaborate patterns,
such as the effigies.

Where the Indians did originally come from is still a
question in dispute among American students. Dr. Brin-
ton considers that they may have come from Europe
during the great ice-age, by way of a land-connection
which once existed over the Northern Atlantic. Others,
however, think some arrived from the Pacific, and others
from the Atlantic side, and after a long period were
moulded into a homogeneous race. Much has been writ-
ten on this question, and the last word in the contro-
versy has not yet been said.

235

THE

ORIGIN OF THE PARISH CHURCH BUILDINGS

AND INSTITUTIONS IN BRITAIN

m THE SEVENTH CENTURY.

B^ K, DUPPA LLOYD, ESQ., F.R.IIIST.S.
[Jlead 2\st March 1894.)

Thk historical or archaeological records, that can be de-
pended upon to retrace or evince the origin of the insti-
tutions and architectural constructions of early Christi-
anity, are exceedingly rare, for from the first up to the
commencement of the third century the Christians had
usually held their assemblies (to which they gave the
name of churches)^ in private houses. The very first
notice of such meeting may be said to be given by the
Saviour (St. Matthew, chap, xxvi, v. 18), "I will keep
the Passover at thy house." After the Resurrection the
Apostles assembled at a house. St. Peter held an assembly
at Jaffa, in the house of Simon the tanner. St. Paul
held an assembly of the church in an upper chamber,
when the young man fell from the third story. Unco-
vered, in the open air of the Areopagus, St. Paul held
forth on the catholic doctrine that maketh one blood
of all nations and peoples, and the Lord of heaven
and earth, who dwelleth not in temples or buildings
made with hands ; so that, at this epoch of Christianity,
no ecclesiastical or sacerdotal construction was even
thought of.

From the death of St. Paul and St. Peter, in 6fi, and
during the time of the Empire under Nero (64 to 68),^
Domitian (9 5), Trajan (106), Marcus Aurelius (166 and
167), and Septimus Severus (199, 204), the Christians
held their assemblies in private houses, in sequestered,
desert places, in ruined temples, ancient tombs, subterra-
neous excavations, and catacombs.

1 The collective body of Christiaus which grudually fox'nied an inde-
pendent, republican state in the heart of the Empire.

2 The ten persecutions of the primitive Christians.

236 CHURCH BUILDINGS IX BRITAIN

About the beginning of the third century (that is,
after Septimus Severus died at York, in Britain), the
Christians were permitted, for the first time, to erect and
consecrate convenient edifices for the purpose of religious
worship, to purchase lands for the use of tlie churches,
and to conduct the assemblies for the election of their
ecclesiastical ministers in public. During this long repose
of the Church, the ancient laws of persecution against
the Christians, without being repealed, were suffered to
sink into oblivion, and the disciples of Christ passed a
long interval of peace and prosperity. The rapid pro-
gress and extension of the Church through every part of
the Empire, especially through Gaul and Britain, awak-
ened the enemies from their supine indifference to what
had been looked upon, up to this time, as an obscure
sect.

The bishops held an honourable rank in their respective
provinces, and almost in every city the church buildings
were found insufficient to contain the vast multitudes of
proselytes, and many more capacious and splendid edi-
fices were erected. It is probable that the first ideas in
Europe of church architecture were taken from the cata-
combs, the ruined towers, and the circular tombs of the
ancient Etruscans and Romans.

About the end of the third century we find Galerius
and Maximian, the subordinate Emperors to Diocletian,
entertained the most implacable aversion for the religion
of the Christians, and during the winter of 303 it was
determined to set bounds, in every part of the Empire,
to the progress of Christians. On the 24th Feb. 303, the
edict against the Christians was issued by Diocletian for
the destruction of the church buildings^ in all the pro-
vinces of the Empire, that all the volumes of Scripture
should be burnt, and sentence of death was denounced
against all who should hold any assembly in any building
whatever for the purpose of religious worship.

The consideration of these events brings us down to
the epoch of the mild administration of Constantius Chlo-
rus in the subordinate station of a Caesar in Britain (292-
306). All his principal officers at Eboracum (York) were

^ The .'emolitioii of the churcli buildings of Nicomedia.

TN THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 237

Christians ; but he dared not reject the edicts of Diocle-
tian, or disobey the commands of Maximian. He was
closely watched by the S[)aniard Uetlanus, It is gene-
rally agreed that the proto-martyr of Britain, St. Alban,
of Verulam in liertPordshire, suffered martyrdom during
events of the edict of Diocletian, and the reign of Con-
stantius in Britain, about 303, and of course the destruc-
tion or the abandonment of all church buildings.'^

The violence of this policy came to an end during the
civil wars between the Emperors and the Caesars until the
month of March 313, when Constantino and Licinius pro-
mulgated the famous edict of Milan, giving peace to the
Church, and absolute power to the Christians to follow
their religion, and to em[)ower them to build and obtain
suitable conventicles for the pvu'poses of their assemblies.

It is important to record that neither the founder nor
any of the immediate disciples left any specific directions
eitlier as to ceremonies or arrangement of buildinf/s suit-
able for a priesthood, nor any rules for the liturgical
forms or sacerdotal government of the Church.

The Christians up to this epoch had been indebted for
preservation to their regular discipline, union, obedience,
and subordination to the presbyters and bishops of a
superior metropolitan or pontiff, throughout the whole
extent of the Empire, from the Euphrates to the Clyde,
without any distinction of peoples or nationalities. They
began with great enthusiasm to rebuild, repair, and
beautify their churches, and to make use of the basllicse
or public halls either of justice, exchange, or other busi-
ness, which had been conceded to them. The plan of
the basilica was adopted in after ages, and became a title
of honour to metropolitan churches ; and from this epoch
may be dated the indissoluble connection of civil and
ecclesiastical affairs in the government of the Empire, —
originating the Church and State of the modern nation-
alities throughout Europe.

But at this epoch came into powerful activity mona-
chism,or the institutions of monastic life, differing totally
in form and principle from imperial and episcopal organ-

^ The antiquity of church buildings referred by Tillemonfc to the
time of Alexander Severus for the first construction, 222-35 ; others
refer to the peace of Gallienus, 232-68.

1894 17

238 CHUECH BUILDINGS IN BRITAIN

isation. During the severities of the early persecutions
many Christians fled to remote wilds of the deserts of
the Thebais, and took refuge among the tombs and
lonely, ruined temples and towers in upper Egypt. Under
the guidance of Antony (b. 251, d. 356), Basilee (b. 329,
d. 379), and Pacome (b. 292, d. 348), Anthony, a man of
great wealth, gave up all his lands and property, and
supported himself by agricultural labour on the borders
of Egypt.

There gathered around St. Anthony^ a swarm of refu-
gees and devoted followers, and the first rudiments of a
monastery and monastic life grew up in these remote
regions, near the vastly ancient ruins of Pyramids, tombs,
and Temples of the Sun. In after ages there can be little
doubt that the knowledge of the science of agriculture,
the legends of religion and poetry, the arts and science
of arcliitecture, were diffused all over Europe, but more
especially in Britain, by the migration of the monks of
Egypt.

To Pacome or Pachomius is attributed the first com-
plete organisation of monachism, the foundation of clois-
ters, chapters, and the several classes of monk, each with
all the architectural appurtenances suitable for every sort
and station of social life, fi'om the lowest labourer to that
of the lordly and powerful abbot.

In the distracted state of the Empire and the Church
about 326 arose the archiepiscopal throne of Egypt, occu-
pied by the immortal Athanasius. He frecj^uently travelled
to the confines of Nubia, humbly associating with the
populace, the saints, the hermits, and the monks of St.
Anthony. Athanasius (296-373) was five times driven
into exile ; the first time, in 335, to Treves in Gaul, and
afterwards he took refuge in Piome, in 341.

Athanasius introduced into Rome the leading Egyptian
monks and the knowledge of the monastic life, with its
science of labour, agriculture, and the arts of architec-
ture, differing entirely from the episcopal systems of the
West. The progress of the monks westward was rapid
and universal. With the assistance of the established
Bishops, Ambrose of Milan (340-97), St. Augustine (354-

1 Anthony ultimately fixed liis residence on Mount Colyim,near the
Red Sea. Pachomius occupied the Island of Tabcrme, iu the Nile,
near to Denderah.

IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 289

430), Martin of Tours (31G-97), unci St. Jerome (331-420),
the monasteries in Gaul and Britain were establislied.
Glastonbury, with Bangor in Flintshire (which contained
more than two thousand monks), diffused over Ireland
and the northern regions the arts, the sciences, and the
social institutions of the Eastern and Egyptian monks.

About the end of the fourth century (that is, from 370-
394, about the time of Gratian and Valentinian II), the
son of a British Roman chieftain, Ninias or Ninian, was
sent to Home to study the orthodoxy and discipline of
the Cliurch. Ninian undertook to establish a monastery
in the British Roman province of Valentia. In returning
from Rome he stayed at Tours, in Gaul, and applied to
St. Martin, the Bishop of Tours, to furnish him with i^lans
and masons, so as to enable him to construct a church
according to the usages of Rome. This new Cathedral
and Monastery adjoining, under the denomination of Can-
dida Casa (or White Horn),^ was consecrated to St. Mar-
tin, the Apostle of the Gauls. Ninian returned from his
northern mission, to die in his Monastery, about 452 a.d.
This is the first and only authentic record of any masonic
architectural construction in Britain, for the specific ser-
vice of the Church, which served as a type and example
in future for ecclesiastical buildings.

Of all countries that have risen from the destruction
and dehris of the Roman^ Empire, England or Britain is
the most indebted to the monks for its wealth of agricul-
ture and industry, with the arts of civilisation. Their
existence was a long struggle against a rude climate and
painful experiences in forest-labours. They consecrated
their lives entirely to the transformation of lands of
wild brushwood and heaths into fine, productive pastures
and arable lands. The inaccessible marshes were turned
into fisheries and irrigation- works, and the results of
their science and industry were the vast landed pro-
perties of which posterity has received and enjoA'ed the
benefits. Their text, " Qui non vult operari, nee mandu-
cet", was followed by the constant ap])lication of the
maxim, " Labores manuum tuarum manducabis." There
w^as no exaggeration in the legendary metaphor that the

^ HorD = /it'r?t = «er;i = (tni, maison, liouse.

2 There were niuety-two considerable Roman towns in Biitain. In
thirty-three of these cities there were distinsrnished Eoninn families.

1 7 -

240 CHURCH BUrLDINGS IX BRITAIN

lands were ploughed by the cross of the Saviour, and
where the Saint Abbot struck his staff, the kindly fruits
of the earth, for the existence of mankind, arose.

But now began the first dawn of a great, silent revo-
hition which ultimately changed entirely the British
character, and destroyed the wealth and existence of the
Celtic monastic civilisation ; a revolution which destroyed
the independence of Britain, and substituted a foreign
hierarchy in the Church, by gradually making over to
the foreign monks and foreign monasteries of the Bene-
dictines of Monte Cassino^ all the wealthy properties, and
jjvestige in Britain, and the complete supremacy of the
Papacy with the Pioman Pontiff over all the churches and
the monasteries in Britain, of whatever origin or anti-
quity.

This Papal Benedictine conquest of Britain was brought
about by the conversion of the pagan Angles, Saxons,
Jutes, and the Teutonic invaders, by the missionaries
from Rome of the Benedictine monk, Pope Gregory, who
established themselves among the pagan Jutes at Canter-
bury, under Augustine, and who gradually forced on
their Saxon converts to destroy the Celtic Church inde-
pendence, and to replace the Celtic monks and abbots by
foreign and native Saxon or Teutonic people, under the
strict domination of the Benedictine lioman Papacy.

When the Emperor Honorius abandoned the province
of Britain, in 410, the Celtic Britons were the only people
of the Roman Empire who had a glorious history of wars
and defence of their country and their freedom against
the vast flow of Teutonic barbarian invaders.

The Celtic monastic Church could not succeed in creat-
ing a new social world with the Teutonic barbarians,
neither could it transform the baseness of Rome, or main-
tain its own integrity. The Church was confined, through
centuries, to the moral world ; it emancipated the souls
and the spiritual life of mankind, apart from its political
existence. But the time had come when Britain, wath its
institutions, should be forced into the political arena of

1 St. Beucdict (St. Benoit), boi'n at Norsie (Norcia), in Umbria, 480>
died 553. ]\[onte Cassino, near the smiiU Neapolitan town, San Gev-
inano, the cradle-Abbey of 37,000 Benedictine Monasteries before the
end of the thirteentli century, — the Sinai of Europe.

IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 241

the nations. The Benedictine monk, soldier, statesman,
and ii^reatest of the Sovereign Pontiffs of Rome, under-
took the conversion of the Saxons and tlie entire spiritual
conquest of the island of Britain hy the estahlishment of
the complete supremacy of the lioman Pontiff over all the
churches of Britain, of whatever origin or antiquity.

A brief retrospective review of the state of the popu-
lation of Britain shortly before the arrival of St. Augus-
tine in Kent, is necessary to form an idea of the position
of the Church at Canterbury and its relation to the more
ancient Churches of Britain.

The vast movement of the Asiatic people that sub-
merged the Roman world, forced on the shores of (.im-
brian, Loegrian, Celtic, and Roman Britain the cUhris of
more than thirty Avar-bands, and tribes of Teutonic
peoples, and strange adventurers, — the greatest part
under the name of Jutes, Angles or Engles, East and
Westphalian Low Germans, Saxons, Frisians, Flamands,
and Franks ; all attended by bands of slaves, and all
equally ferocious and barbarous, who fought with each
other, as well as with the more civilised Britons, for the
plunder of the rich Roman provinces. Many of these
bands retired into the wild fa^stnesses of moors, marshes,
and mountains, to defend their marauding isolation, with-
out being gathered to any of the numerous kingdoms
which had replaced the Roman provinces ; but they
eventually grouped themseh^es into Northumbria of the
Bernicians, Mercia of the Angles, Mercians, and Deirans,
and W^sex of the South Saxons. The ancient Cam-
brians, Coranians, and Britons joined the Teutonic in-
vaders to form the kingdoms of Mercia, Deira, and Ber-
nicia. Cornwall, Wales (as far east as the Severn), North
Cheshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and fill
the west lowlands of Strathclyde, remained purely British
and Celtic.

The name of the great Gregory will ever remain iden-
tified with the establishment of the Roman Church in
England, and tlie word-play of the fiimous Roman deacon,
"Not Angles, but angels", indicated his resolution to
send missionaries to Britain. When Gregory^ became
Pope, the Roman Abbot, Augustine, was chosen, who
landed in the Jute kingdom of Kent, in 597, and was

1 Born 540, died (JOJ.

242 CHURCH BUILDINGS IX BllITAIN

conducted to the ancient church of St. Marthi. The
Pioman faith, the Iloman law, and the Latin language,
were thus again introduced into Britain.

Pope Gregory being ignorant of the implacable hatred
which the Celtic monks bore to the Teutonic invaders, and
ill-informed as to the history and existence of the British
monks, Christian clergy, and the Christian faith of the
British people, imprudently constituted Augustine, with
his Church, the absolute, supreme ecclesiastical Romau
power over all Britain ; but the irritable zeal of the
haughty Britons opposed a jealous and obstinate resist-
ance to these first pretensions of Rome, and they refused
to join the Roman monks for the evano^elisation of their
Saxon enemies.

Augustine feeling his weakness and inability, con-
stantly solicited the assistance of the Celtic clergy for
the conversion of the pagan Saxons. Augustine sent
Miletus into East Anglia and Essex, where he founded
and constructed the Church of St. Paul, in London, on
the ruins, and with the debris, of a Temple of Diana, and
established himself there as the first Bishop of London.
Justus was appointed Bishop of Rochester in the Cathe-
dral of St. Andrew, his diocese comprising the Jute
kingdom of Kent. When Augustine^ died, his successor,
Laurentius (who had been beforehand consecrated, at
Rome, Archbishop), together with Miletus, founded the
Abbey of St. Peter of Westminster, in Thorney Island,
on the site of the ancient Temple of Apollo.

But now a dark shadow rose over the Church of Can-
terbury. The East Anglians and the Saxons of Essex,
together with the Jutes, relapsed into a barbarous idol-
atry, renounced Christianity, [)lundered the churches and
monasteries, and drove away their Bishop. Miletus and
Justus, with all their clergy, decided to quit Britain and
return to Ptome. Of all the conquests that Augustine
made, there remained only a few Christians grouped
around their Archbishop, Laurentius, and the two great
monastic sanctuaries at Canterbury, of Christ Church,
and the Augustine Abbey of St. Peter and St. Paul.

When the Pope (St. Gregory) sent Augustine to Kent,

^ Augustine appointed Archbishop, 598 ; St. Lawrence, Gil ; Mile-
tus, 017; Justus, 624.

iN THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 243

he gave him instructions to send one of his companions
to the ancient seat of Chrlstianitv, the lloman capital,
York, as archbishop over twelve bishoprics, the fonnfla-
tions of which he indicated, and among which were Lin-
coln and Southwell. The Roman mordv, Paulin, was
appointed by Angustine only a Bisliop ; but l*opo llono-
rlus annulled this appointment, and sent the pallium to
Paulin as Archbishop and Metropolitan of York. The
apostacy of the Northumbrians and the pagan reaction
drove Paulin away, and destroyed his churches. Paulin
definitely abandoned York, took refuge at Canterbury,
and died at Rochester : hence the existing distinction
and rivalry of the two JMetropolItan Churches.

The spiritual conquest of Britain, abandoned for a time
by the lloman missionaries, was taken up by the Celtic
monks of LIndlsfarne.

Thirty years after the landing of Augustine In Kent,
Oswald reigned over Northumbria, Bernlcia, and Deira,
with a mixed population of Angles, Scandinavians, Celts,
Saxons, and Britons. He invoked the succour of the
monks of lona to convert and civilise his rude Teutonic
subjects. Seghen, the fourth successor of St. Columba in
his Metropolitan Monastery, received with entlnisiasm the
appeal, and with the concurrent assent of the whole com-
munity, Aldan, one of the greatest and most learned
monks of lona, was chosen Bishop and Missionary to
Northumbria.

Aldan refused all connection with the vacant and
abandoned bishopric of York, but planted his episcopal
Monastery on the Island of LIndlsfarne as the religious
capital of all North Britain. Aldan and King Oswald
rivalled each other for the conversion and civilisation of
Northumbria. This greatest of the Celtic Bishops died
20th August 65 L His successors were elected and ap-
pointed by the British monks ; not like the Archbishops
of Canterbury, who were nominated and instituted
directly by Kome.

Finan's pontificate prospered from 651-01. His suc-
cessor was Colman (66L-64), the last of the episcopal
Abbots, who was driven from his Monastery of LIndlsfarne
by the decision of the Council of Whitby,^ through the

1 The Conference of Whitby, r.G4.

244 CHURCH BUILDINGS IN BRITAIN

intrigues, hatred, and power of the Saxon Wilfred, and
only Benedicthies henceforth were ap|)ointed to Lindis-
farne.

The lirst great succursale of Lindisfarne was Melrose
on Tweed; after came Kelso, Jedburo-h, Drybnro-h ; then
the great Nunneries of Tynemouth, Hartlepool, and
Whitby arose. It was before the great Abbess Hilda,^ ot
Hartlepool and Whitby, that Ceadmon, first poet of his
race (the precursor of Chaucer and Byron), clianted the
revolts of Satan, and Paradise Lost, one thousand years
before Milton,

From the cloisters of Lindisfarne missionaries were
sent into Mercia to evangelise and civilise that powerful
state. The first Bishop was Dinnan, and the Mercian
Church was exclusively Celtic, and independent of Can-
terbury, so that seventy years after the landing of the
Benedictine Roman monks under Augustine, with the
exception of the small and insignificant Jute kingdom of
Kent, the whole establishment of the Christian civilisa-
tion in Britain was completely Celtic, and comprised all
the kingdoms of the Heptarchy ; that is, all the tribes of
the foreign and Teutonic invaders, together with the
debris of the Roman provincials, and the whole of the
Celtic inhabitants. This result was due exclusively to
the pacific zeal of the lona and Lindisfarne monks, per-
fectly independent of Rome, and far surpassing in indus-
try, science, and agriculture, with virtue and persever-
ance, the Roman Benedictine clergy then at Canterbury.

Now appeared one of the first of the line of great
heroes of the Church of Rome, Wilfred,- who placed the
whole power, prestige, and wealth of the British Church
at the service of the Roman Pontiff. This noble Thane,
Wilfred, was the descendant of Northumbrian kings, —
haughty, licentious, proud, and arrogant. He loved
luxuries, magnificence, pomp, and power. No Saxon has
ever exercised an influence more decisive and sovereign
than has Wilfred over the destinies of the Teutonic in-
vaders of Britain. He was ready to sacrifice all interests

^ Whitby was a double Monastery of monks and nuns, under the
Princess Hilda.

- Wilfred, born 634 ; died at Oundle, near Nortliainpton, 23 June
709.

IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 245

whatever to the cause that he supported with enthu-
siasm during fifty years of indefatigable labour, obstinacy,
and courage.^ He made four perilous voyages to Home,
he arrogated to himself (without authorisation) the jjowers
of Legate of all Britain, and constantly urged the Papacy
of Kome to assume the imperial power in Britain. The
eiiormous prestige of his power and wealth, added to the
rivalry and struggle of races, and to his hatred of the
Celts, caused him to devote all his powers and energies,
first, to the neutralisation of the preponderance of the
Celtic civilisation over the Teutonic kingdoms, and after-
wards to the complete destruction of the Celtic churches
and to the possession of the properties created by their
virtues and industry ; afterwards to the civilisation and
unification of the Teutons by the introduction of the
Koman laws and language, the appointment and conse-
cration of all the higher clergy by the Pope, and the sub-
mission of the British Church to the Pontificate of Eome,
with the adoption of all the ritual, usages, forms, and
ceremonies sanctioned by the Papacy; thus gradually
substituting Saxon and Boman Benedictines in all the
ancient monasteries for the followers of St. Columba and
Aid an.

Thus Wilfred, the Benedictines, and the Popes of
Rome possessed themselves of the entire spiritual and
temporal power, and thus sealed the complete conquest
and subjugation of Britain by the Papacy. To him (Wil-
fred) is due that the Church became Pioman Catholic,
and that the properties of the ancient monasteries were,
in after ages, held by a foreign hierarchy, whose title-
deeds are still to be found inscribed on the bronze gates
of the famous Monastery of Monte Cassino, the cradle
Abbey of the Benedictines.

When the Archbishop of Canterbury died, in 667,
through the influence of Wilfred the Saxon Benedictine
monk Wighard, from Glastonburjr, was designated his
successor, and was instructed to proceed to Pome for
consecration and ordination. Wighard arrived in Pome
with an imposing escort of bishops and monks ; and this

^ He traversed France in (354-, and returning from Rome spent more
than three years at Aix and Lyons. He refused consecration in Britain,
and went to Agilbert, Archbishop of Paris, who consecrated him at
Compiegne.

246 CHURCH BUILDINGS IN BRITAIN

was the first act of submission and public recognition ot
the supremacy and power of the Papacy. From this
dates the real Roman and Benedictine conquest of the
Church of Britain. Wig-hard, with many of his attend-
ants, died at Rome during the great plague, and Wilfred
urged the Pope to seize the occasion, and employ his
supremacy in the appointment of a successor, apparently
with the expectation of being named himself; but the
Pope, Vitalien (658-72), far too Avise and politic to trust
the hostile character of the Saxon Wilfred, fixed his
choice upon Adrian, from the Vandal province of Africa,
who was then Abbot of St. Martino in Naples. He was
a perfect master of the Roman discipline and of the
knowledge of Latin and Greek, but entirely ignorant of
any of the languages of Gaul or Britain. Adrian refused
to be made Archbishop, but proposed one of his con-
freres^ monk Theodore, a Greek, born at Tarsus in Asia,
to be the Metropolitan of all Britain, and himself to
accompany him, so as to ensure that no Greek heresy, or
any form contrary to the Church of Rome, should be
introduced.

Theodore was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury,
at Rome, the 26th March 668 ; and Benoit Biscop, a
Northumbrian Benedictine monk at Rome, was appointed
Abbot of the Monastery of St. Peter, afterwards known
as the Augustine Abbey of Canterbury. This Asiatic
Greek, the AfricanVandal, and Northumbrian monk, were
invested with supreme authority, both spiritual and tem-
poral, over all the Churches of Great Britain, of whatever
origin or antiquity, and completed the work of the Roman
Benedictine usurpation and subjection to the Pope Vita-
lien which was begun by Augustine under St. Gregory.

The anomalous designation of this acquisition to Itahan
civilisation as the Anglo-Saxon Church, is clearly the
result of a mischievous delusion. The first thirty-eight
Archbishops of Canterbury were Benedictine monks, and
the four first successors of St. Augustine were Italians
taken from the Monastery of St. Andrew on Monte Cav
lius, in Rome. They were directly nominated by St.
Gregory and the succeeding Popes. Thus the Church in

^ " Surnomme ' Le Philosopho'. II avait G6 ans." (Bede, Hist. Abha-
turn, c. iii ; cf. Ili&t. Ecdesiast., iv, 1.

IN THE SEVENTH CENTURV. 247

Great Britain became the most glorious and precious
acquisition of tlie monks of the great Neapolitan Abbey
of Monte Cassino for the Papacy.

Theodore came to Britain with a clearly determined
resolution to steer clear of all schisms between the ancient
British and Saxon Christians, and to neutralise the pre-
judices and hatreds of races, and the rivalries of the
numerous kings and states. He came with the resolu-
tion to establish, and to represent in his person, the unity
of the Church and the intellectual life of the clergy, with
submission to the Sovereign Pontiff of the Papacy, and to
all the rules, forms, and discipline of the Monte Cassino
Benedictines ; his object being the civilisation of the
people, and the political unification of Britain, by the
introduction of the arts, the sciences, and the learning,
together with the language of the canon and civil laws
of Pome. In all his organisations he was strongly sup-
ported by his confreres, the monks Adrian and Biscop,
and by his contemporaries, the Venerable Bede and St.
Cuthbert.

Theodore travelled through all the Teutonic kingdoms
and Celtic states of Britain, and was everywhere accepted
as the sole Primate of a unified National Church. ^ He
divided Britain into dioceses and parishes, with resident
bishops, secular clergy, and parish priests, apart from the
Celtic monasteries, to which he caused to be appointed
learned Benedictine abbots and Italian monks. He insti-
tuted lay guardians and masons, with church-rates and a
form of tithes for the architectural structures, and for
the introduction of Gregorian music, together with the
institution of charities, and the reformation of the village
festivities of the people.

He first instituted, in G93, a synod or parliament of
bishops, abbots, and other laymen authorities, to meet
once a year to represent all the nationalities and peoples
of the One United Church. It appears to be impossible
to deny that upon these organisations the whole social
and political life of the future peoples of the villages and
country of England moulded and developed themselves,
and originated the union of a British Empire with a
National Church. The archiBology and records of this
time would be the history of the parish church and the
local life of the countrv-

248

PLANS OF DISCOVERIES LATELY MADE IN

THE NAVE OF IIEPTON CHURCH,

DERBYSHIRE.

BY J. T. IRVINE, ESQ.
(Head 21st March 1894.)

Some yeai's ago I obtained plans and drawings of the
Saxon and Norman work in the undercroft below the
choir of this church, which appeared afterwards in the
Reports of the Derhyshire Natural History and Antiqua-
rian Society — information that accident has since enabled
me largely to extend through the nave and aisles, west-
wards, throwing much light on other early changes,
by which the structure has been brought into its present
state.

The late " restoration", under Sir A. Blomfield's direc-
tion, was placed in the careful hands of Mr. John Thomp-
son, of Peterborough, for execution, to whom my thanks
are due both for the use of the plan and drawings
prepared for him by his clerk (the late Mr. Robert Gar-
wood), and also for permission to place them before the
members of our Association. Not fortunate enough my-
self to see these remains when open, and therefore
judging only from these drawings, the following sugges-
tions relative to their order of succession must be taken
merely as probable approximations.

The remains presented in these are, first, walls of a
central crossing (or tower ?) and transepts of late Saxon
date, the openings into the last having been increased in
width in Norman times. A nave, without aisles, of like
date, in later times elongated westwards, receiving aisles,
gahled (with the then usual six-sided pillars used in
such cases ; not an uncommon arrangement hereabout) ;
two angles of each pillar pointing east and west, so
tljat the off-side formed support for the great beam
beneath each dividing or cross-gutter. (Of which arrange-
ment, though the roof is now altered, yet gables and
gutter exist, and like pillars may still be studied at St.
Chad's Church, Lichfield.) These aisles were again re-
placed by wider ones, undergoing in their turn the

/fe'-

Copy taken from Mr. B. Oarwood's plan, bi/ J. T. Jririnc.
The tints only arc mine.— J.T.I,

.'.''->'

DTSCOVRHTF.S IN REPTON CHURCH. 249

changes here now seen. Last of all followed the west
tower and present roofs. An order which seems to
arrange itself into —

1st. A wooden church, whose chancel, in tlie shape of
an upper and lower church, with three chapels, was re-
huilt in stone.

2nd. The nave, of wood, in late Saxon times also re-
built in stone, receiving a crossing with transepts.

3rd. The openings into transepts, widened in Norman
times, parts of such altered respond-pillars remaining.

4th. Part of the east wall, of (late) Saxon, with tran-
sept, still exists, while the foundations of much of that
to the south can be seen, as also that of the crossing.

5th. Ilemains of the foundation of the east ivall of an
enlargement of this south transept, most likely connected
with the remains of the south doorway and wall of that
narrow aisle, of 1'ransitional or Early English date, at the
inside of west end of present south aisle, seen on plan.

6th. The laying open at the west end of north aisle of
nave, of the wall of an older aisle, of similar width to that
of the present south one, where the like wall is yet seen,
at the west end and south side, forming a foundation to
that of the present aisle. The present hexagonal pillars
with angles placed east and west, their side-faces receiv-
ing the ends of the great timbers supporting the roofs
and gutters at right angles to the main structure, pre-
cisely was the case at St. Chad's, Lichfield.

XJp to the early Decorated period, or it may be some-
what later, the old north transept had remained, rendering
the crossing so dark that a pointed window was forced
through that narrow slip of wall left between the east wall
of the north tiansept and the north-east angle of the
crossing. The north and south walls of this crossing only
underwent removal somewhere about the commencement
of this century. The stones of one of such Norman arches
(called Saxon by the clerk) stood, and may still stand,
against the south wall of the tower, in the belfry. Both
may have been similar, and the lower fragments of the
pillars were found still in place, as shown on the drawing.

The remains of the east wall of the early south transept
came to light ; and it is here interesting to see and note
that the more recent piece in continuation is limited to

250 DISCOVERIES 11^ REPTON CHURCH.

just so much only as fills in the additional space up to
the site of the lengthened transept-gable (which still is
the wall of the chapel). Founders, or rebuilders of aisles,
mostly with the object of an obituary service for them-
selves at its altar, often made this specially marked by a
sort of transeptal arrangement of the east bay. I am,
therefore, led to connect the first change, and its founda-
tion, here, with the fragment of the door and wall to the
west, in this aisle, rather than with later works.

The north transept probably underwent destruction
during the later widening of the nave-aisles ; work which
has left the fragment found in the north aisle, and of
that erection whose remains serve for foundations to the
present south one. These again underwent change into
the work of the aisles as now seen.

That the nave of Saxon times extended considerably
west is clear from the remains seen of that floor, whose
level corresponded with the top steps descending to the
lower chancel, which in Norman times was changed
into a crypt by the insertion of pillars and vaults.^ 'i'he
upper floors found were of course connected with later
changes. The bases also of the two western pillars of
each arcade diftering in section and date from those east-
ward of them.

The singular side-chapels {nitdergnmiid) once existing
on the north, east, and south sides of this under-church,
are found also to have been present at Wing and Brix-
worth churches, though in all three cases more or less
destroyed ; but here fairly marked by the narrow slips
left of their entries (as also it was on the north-east
quarter of Brixworth, prior to this late "restoration",
and at Wing) by the openings which led into them. So
generally close is this arrangement in the three as to
almost suggest the same master-mason employed on all).
_ I may here again thank Mr. Thompson for the use of
his plan and drawings, and the service he has done to
archaeology in pi'eserving some record of these finds, so
interesting in connection M'ith Eepton Church and its
Saxon remains.

^ A flat wooden floor divided the upper and lower cliancels. Tlie
w'mdow-slits in the south wall, lighting the lower choir, are still seen,
though now built up.

REPTON CHURCH, DERBYSHIRE.

PLAN OF CRYPT.

Sutot

^caJU of

J. T. Irvine, delt.

:r)i

NOTES ON A ROMAN HIPPO-SANDAL.

J!Y STEWAIIT 1''. WKLLS, ESQ.
{Riuid H\th Maij ISltl.)

The Roman object liere figured was found in Great Swan
Alley, Moorgate Street, last March, about 17 ft. below
the surface, and is a shoe for a beast of burden. The
inside length is 5| in.; the width between side- wings or
clips, 4 in.; this being the broadest part, both before and
behind being narrower ; length of front hook, G in.; the
entire length from loop to hook, 9 in. The ground-surface
is furrowed or grooved, evidently to prevent the animal
from slipping. The grooves are rather uncommon. They
do not occur on a single specimen in the Museum at the
Guildhall. I have opened up two of these, and you will
observe they are very deep for the thickness of the iron.
The small hook was placed behind, and the long iron
part with loop in front ; not vice versa, as I stated last
time. A strap was placed through the loop and hook,
and fastened round the fetlock and shank of the horse,
and the -wings pinched in to hold it in its position. I
fitted this one to a cow. It fitted fairly well ; but I did
not test how the animal could walk, for fear she might
damage the shoe.

What these objects w^ere used for seems a disputed
point with some antiquaries. Besides horse-shoes, some
call them temporary shoes for horses with tender feet,
lampstands or lampholdei'S, stirrups, skids for wheels, etc.
An antiquary very conversant with tliese matters sug-
gested to me that we were looking at the thing upside
down ; but he could throw no light on the subject in that
position, and I have not been able to find any one who
could make any suggestion as to the purpose for which it
could have been so applied. Captain Fleming, in his work
on Horse-shoes and Horse-shoeing, illustrates a large
variety of these objects, but says, " I cannot believe that
these hippo-sandals were ever made for such a purpose :
extremely few horses, if any, could travel on the roads

252 NOTES ON A ROMAN HIPPO-SANDAL.

ascending or descending steep places, nor yet move with
any speed." In the first place, Captain Fleming seems to
forget that the large-hoofed horses were not introduced
into England till the time of Henry III ; and further,
that the hoofs of the barbarians' horses were very small ;
and secondly, these shoes, it is certain, were not intended
for fast-going horses, but for beasts of burden, mules, or
oxen, or, I might suggest, for oxen ploughing. Then,
instead of hippo-sandal, they should be called /iiulo- or
bii-sandah.

In Holland, at the present day, they bind long, flat,
iron shoes to the hoofs of their horses. Mr. Rich, in his
Dictionanj of Roman and Greek Antiquities, says " that
neither the Greeks nor Komans were in the habit of nail-
ing pieces of iron to the hoofs of their horses" (?). By the
kindness of Mr. Walter de Gray Birch, F.S.A., I was
able to inspect the collection of ancient horse-shoes at
the British Museum, labelled by Mr. C. Boach Smith. On
the under part of one is fixed a piece of iron of a similar
pattern worn by the horses of to-day. This specially
impressed Mr. Birch, who before he saw this was not
inclined to accept the statement.

One point which strikes me in favour of the horse-shoe
is the hardness of the earth attached to the under-surface
of the shoe. On the one before us it is particularly hard,
and on those at the British Museum seemed equally so.
This would not arise by simply lying in the ground for a
number of years, but through constant pressure on the
earth, such as by the tread of a horse. Therefore this
does away with the theory of stirrups, lamp-holders, or
other domestic arrangements that have been brought for-
ward. The only other theory is that of a skid for wheels,
which of course would collect the road-grit ; but this
would be a mere toy for such a jjurpose, and much too
small to receive the wheel of aBoman chariot or wao-oon.
Mr. H. Syer Cuming tells me most emphatically that
they are hippo-sandals. In the Brit. Arch. Jownal (vol.
xxxii, p. 107) one of these objects is figured, which was
exhibited by the late Mr. Bailey, and is now in the
Museum at Guildhall, together with five other examples
found in London. The British Museum has three, which
were originally in the collection of Mr. C. Boach Smith.

NOTES ON A ROMAN IIIPPO-SANDAL. 253

Tlie back-hook, witli a small portion of the sole, was
fbiiiicl in London Wall in 1890, and is now in my collec-
tion. In the Arch. Journal (xi, p. 41G) one is fi^aned as
a lamp- stand, — length, 9 in. ; breadth, 4^ in. Portions
of* these shoes have been found at Silchester (see yi>-c7i(eo-
logia, Hi, p. 11).

Those wdio are against the theory of shoes say that we
should find sculpture or pictures with the horses wearing
these shoes, and they call them skids. Why do we not
find the skids represented ? Mr. Syer Cuming tells me
they were only locally used, according to the condition of
the roads. They have been found in England, Germany,
France, and Switzerland ; but 1 find no mention of their
having been met with in Italy. This would account for
their not being represented by the Koman artists. One
rather conclusive piece of evidence, which has been so
often quoted, is on the authority of JVI. Troyon, who
asserts that he found shoes of a similar pattern on the
skeleton of a horse or mule at La Grange in Switzerhmd.
Now if we can rely on the testimony of this antiquary, —
and I see no reason why we should not accept his state-
ment,— then the raison d'etre of these objects is made
clear.

In a subsequent discussion on this object, Mr. Barrett
read the following notes : —

1«94 18

254

HIPPO-SANDALS.

BY C. K. B. BARRETT, ESQ.
(Read Wi June 1894.)

The horse-shoe, or, as it seems sometimes to be called,
" hippo-sandal", exhibited at the last meeting by Mr.
Wells, furnished me with a subject for considerable cogi-
tation. In my spare time I endeavoured to ascertain
what opinions had been formed for and against the cor-
rectness of this designation, and of this use for the imple-
ment. That I have been able to entirely clear up the
doubts which arose when inspecting the exhibit, I cannot
claim ; but I think that those doubts were reasonable,
and I see no reason to change my opinion.

These implements have been found in London (Broad
Street), London Wall, Moorfields ; and one, a specimen
highly decorated on its lower side, has been found in
the river Blackwater, at Coggeshall, Essex. Springhead,
in Kent, furnished two, and the Thames has given us
several. But it is abroad that the majority of the speci-
mens have been found. The types of all are mainly the
same, differing only in minor details. Now as to t\\Q pros
and cons.

M. de Troyon is stated, on the authority of the Abbe
Cochet, to have seen four of these implements attached
to the skeleton of either a horse or a mule ; but, as far as
I have been able to ascertain, the skeleton does not
exist, though the statement and, I think, these parti-
cular alleged hippo-sandals have survived. A certain
M. de Widrange, of Bar le Due, describes one which he
was informed had been found attached to a skeleton-leg ;
but of this find there seems to be no further corrobo-
ration.

The suggestion of some authorities is that these san-
dals were used for temporary purposes, for the feet of
horses, mules, or oxen, either in case of disease, or in
journeys where the roads were particularly bad. Let us
consider this idea. The writer of the notice which I quote

Hll'Pl'O-SAN DA LS. '? 5 5

says, "supposing" this to be the fact, these horse-shoes,
hip})o-saiidals, or clogs, were probably lined with leather
or wool, and bound round the hoof's and legs with straps.
Against this we have the testimony of Mr. Flen)ing,
who tried such hippo-sandals on many horses. Even
without padding he could not find a horse with a small
enough hoof to wear one. What, therefore, becomes of
the padding theory ? Mr. Fleming adds, " Could they
even be adjusted to the hoof, they would inevitably throw
down the horse did he attempt to walk or trot in them."
The Coggeshall example is beautifully decorated on its
under surface with incised lines, headings, and circles, —
an unlikely thing for a so-called hippo-sandal which was
intended to be used on very bad or rough roads.

It has been urged that there is a difference between
hippo-sandals for the fore-hoofs and for the hind-hoofs ;
that in the case of the sandal worn on the fore-hoofs, the
bow at the back is more bent away, and that the bow of
the hind sandals is more upright. The reason assigned
is that by this difference the horse could not overreach
itself. Now, even with the ordinary shoe of modern
times man}^ horses have a tendency to knock themselves,
and to damage their fetlocks. How much more would
they run this risk with an enlarged external shoe or san-
dal, furnished moreover with side-clamps, assuming that
they could wear the examples known ? On the unnatu-
ral position into which the hoof would have been placed,
on the small-sized hoof required, and on the danger to
the back of the leg from the bow, I made a few remarks
at the last meeting.

The suggestion of oxen needs a few words of consider-
ation. The cloven hoof of an ox is very pointed, far more
pointed than that of a horse. Is it any way consonant
with reason that such an implement as the supposed
hippo-sandal (peculiarly hlunt, and rounded in front, and
curved upwards in front), would be used for the cloven
hoof of an ox, the which it could only splay outwards
and upwards, causing the poor animal infinite torture ?

Lastly, on this subject sculpture and painting are
totally lacking in examples; and when we remember that
through the sculptures and specimens of pictorial art in
ancient days, nearly all our absolute knowledge of the

18 »

256 HlPrO-.SANDALS.

implements of the past is dei'ived ; when we remember
tliat the horses of antiquity have been sculptured by
thousands, and that these works of art yet remain to us,
when no example of these hippo-sandals can be produced,
not even one basso-relievo, statue, terra-cotta, or painted
vase ; we have, I affirm, the strongest possible right to
consider that as yet the use of these strange implements
remains still an unknown quantity. If to this reasonable
doubt we add the still more reasonable objections on the
score of size, danger, and even utility (and here remember
experiment supports us), we have a further reason for
entirely questioning the solution of this antiquarian
puzzle which has been in the main hitherto accepted.
To ask men to believe that heavy lumps of iron, plainly
decorated on the under surface in many cases, and elabo-
rately in one known example, could be intended by the
ancients, who knew what was what, to assist their
draught cattle over boggy places, river-fords, and excep-
tionally rough roads, is in itself supremely ridiculous.
And when we consider that even on a smooth road an
animal, if it could stand in these hippo-sandals, could
neither walk, trot, nor gallop, the absurdity of the bare
suggestion becomes even more apparent.

257

THE STOKY OF THE QUIT-RENT
AT ANDOVER.

BY THE mv, R. n. CLUTTEUBUCK, M.A., F.S.A.
iRcad \fh Aug. 1803.)

Andover, like many otlier places and people in Her
Majesty's dominions, does not let the whole world know
all Its good qualities at once. It has not fio-ured amonrr
the "historic towns". But I claim for Andover, tliat iT
it be not, in this technical sense, an " historic town", such
as to have its story written for it, nevertheless it is a
town with a story, which it tells itself I should like to
help that story-telling, as far as time will allow (since it
has not the advantage of the Dean of Winchester's inimit-
able pen to set it down), to be as much as possible in its
own words.

The history of Andover was, until very recently
"bound in boards". A very large chest, with three keys,'
contained a mass of documents which might well make
Dominie Sampson exclaim " Prodigious". Some of these
documents, like the charters, were well known ; some,
like the books, could be easily described. But besides
these there was a vast assembly of papers and parch-
ments in the same elementary condition as the world was
in at the beginning of its history. It was from that
mass, nameless and void of arrangement, that I selected
the records that I ask your attention to to-night. It is
simply a series of receipts ranging from 1315 to 1593;
not complete, indeed (perhaps that could hardly be ex-
pected), but going over enough ground to raise a hope
that more may be discovered.' Permit me to read trans-
lations of two of them ; the earlier from the Latin, the
second from tlie French : —

" Maro-aret, by the Grace of God Queen of Eni^land, to all to
whom tliese present letters shall come, Greeting. Know ye that the
men of the Town of Andover, wlio hold the same town at fee-farm
by a liundred and four pounds a year, have rendered account of
tlie same farm by John Evans, Bailiff of the said town, from the

258 THE STORY OF THK QUFT-REXT

morrow of St. Micliael in the fifth year of the reit,ni of our well-
beloved son, the Lord King Edward, tlie sou of King Edward, to
the morrow of St. Michael in the seventh year of the same Lord
King (that is to say, the whole fifth and sixth years), before our
beloved clerks, Henry de Lutegarshale and William de Eldfield, at
the audit of the account of the issues of our lands, deputed by us.
So that the same men are quit of the same firm for the whole term
aforesaid. In witness whereof we have appended our seals to these
presents.

" Given at Westminster the fourteenth day of July in the ninth
year of the reign of our well-beloved sou the Lord King afore-
said."

So that the date is 1314, and the royal lady to whom
Andover made payment was Margaret of France, widow
of Edward I. The other document runs thus : —

" Be it a thing known to all, that we, Margaret Countess of Kent,
have received from our well-beloved the bailiffs and good men of
the town of Andover, fifty-two pounds sterling from the farm of
the said town, for the term of St. Michael last past before the date
of these presents. As to which fifty and two pounds sterling we
acknowledge that we are prepaid, and that the aforesaid bailiffs
and good men of the said town are quit. In witness whereof we
have set our seal to these our letters of quittance.

" Given at our Manor of Woking the 20th day October in the
eleventh year of the reign of Edward III" (1337).

As we have not the rest of the Andover documents
here I must ask leave to explain that the good town can
show the right it had to the farm thus spoken of, by
producing the charter it possesses of the 15th John. And
if you looked at Andover as displayed on the map (espe-
cially if you take notice of the contour-lines), I think you
would be disposed to agree with me, that the introduc-
tion to its historical story is to be found in its geographical
features ; and that the traces of that long-ago time are
clear when, in a.d. 930, the Council of Greatanlea ordained
" that no man buy any property out of port over xx pence,
but let him buy there within, on the witness of the port-
reeve or other unlying man, or further, on the witness of
the reeves at the folkmote."

And I should like to induce you to make a mental
footnote about a remarkable feature which may be a part
of the story. The map shows you a small parish consist-
ing of three islands, quite in the middle of the large area

AT AN DOVER. 250

of Andover. It is an ancient rectory, up to a year or two
ago as completely independent of Andover as when its
description was written in the Domesdoy Survey. It is
the parish of Knights Enhani, the afiix of which we spell
KNIGHTS ; but which I fancy would let us into more his-
tory if we admitted the spelling Cnihten, Cnihtenham.
Whether we are justified in tracing its name back to the
headquarters of the Ceapmans' Gild I will not express an
opinion. It is certain that in London, Winchester, and
Canterbury, were Cnihten Gilds ; and there is a tend-
ency about all early references to Andover that makes it
almost impossible to look to post-Concpiest time for its
origin ; and the Ham of the Cnihten, under the very
stockade of the Port, may be a link more easy to imagine
than to prove.

We have already mentioned that the town tells its
story of its right to the fee-farm ; but it requires a little
friendly help from one of its neighbours to let us in to all
that is known, for Andover has no copy of its earliest
charter.

Although the occasional residence of Eadgar, Ethel-
red II, and perhaps other Saxon kings, Andover was not
a royal city, like Winchester, yet it had no small import-
ance as a centre of industrial enterprise, and a market
into which the produce of the district was brouglit, and
from which it was distributed. A very large proportion
of the business was in wool, mostly spun, or spun and
woven. I am more and more sure that the clothing-
trade, in some of its branches, was the occupation of the
whole population of these parts, carried on, of course,
along with agriculture ; and this amount of business
involved a considerable goods traffic. It was naturally,
then, a matter of great importance to Andover, as it was
to other towns, to be free of toll, passage, and custom ;
and this privilege Henry II gave to Andover in a charter
which is not dated, but which Southampton has engrossed
in her important memorandum-book called " The Black
Book."

And thus, with this friendly hint from a neighbour,
Andover opens her long story, — a story so long and lull
that I may hardly venture now to tell you the headings
of its chapters. However far it may go beyond, in unwrit-

2G0 THE STORY OF THE QUIT-RENT

ten history, we have the records of the Gild ]\Ierchaiit,
thus fully constituted, in its books and rolls from 1255
till its ending in 1599 ; the Maneloquium, or Council,
with its election of freemen and officers, its courts, ming-
ling the records of town and gild inseparably, with here
and there the quaintest possible orders about all sorts of
things, such as pigs getting into the street, and other
unmannered beings using disrespectful language of the
approved men.

I fear the autobiography of Andover has many points
of similarity with human weaknesses elsewhere. The
growing impatience of the discipline of the Gild, the
growth of the municipal idea as the Gild paled and faded,
the final rejection of control in trade, are particulars time
will not allow me to dwell upon. But you will have
noticed that though I am unable to say anything about
the beginning of the Gild, I can fix its end with cer-
tainty. That end came in 1599. Andover tells this
part of her story in the new charter the Queen granted
that year, and as she does so she cannot quite hide the
jealousies and bitings of the thumb that brought it
about ; but from that date his Worship the Bailiff of
Andover took the place of the two bailiffs, and the trade
was governed by three Companies, the Drapers, the
Leathersellers, and the Haberdashers, under one of which
every tradesman had to rank himself, to take up his free-
dom, and pay his fee. If it will not add too much to
your weariness, I should like to show you what seems to
me the first muttermgs of the storm which ended in the
control of trade dying out altogether.

Things were going merrily in the Haberdashers' Com-
pany in 1716, when, on the 16th January, at a meeting
of that Society, — •

" It is ordered that the Chamberlains of this Company doe dis-
pose, out of the stock of this Company, the sum of ei|n;hteen pence
apiece to every member of this Society, to be expended by them
to-morrow, being a day of thanksgiving appointed by the Govern-
ment for suppressing the Rebellion in this Kingdom."

But in the following March the spirit of rebellion
seems to have shown itself in the Company : —

" At this meeting alsoe Mr. John ftlower, grocer, appears to be

AT AN DOVER. 201

made free of this Company, find havin<r a very reasonable line putt
upon liim, vizt., twenty shillin<..s and half a dozen leathern fire-
bucketts, which he refused to accept of, It is this day ordered by
the whole Company y* he bee p'sented att the charrre of tlie Societv
for keepni,i,r open his shopp witliout hew^ a freeman of this Town
and Society of Haberdashers, and for his contempt of this Com-
pany."

There is a worthy Magistrate of the Borough of Ando-
ver who is, I believe, still free of this Company ; but
they practically came to an end about 1810.

The next chapter in the story of Andover is headed
with a charter of King John and tlie Great Seal of Eng-
land. The charter is dated 1201. The town has no copv
of it. It is to this effect :—

"John, by the Grace of God, &c. Know ye that we have
granted, and by this our present writing have confirmed, to our
burgesses of Andover, the town of Andover, at farm with its appur-
tenances, by the ancient farm, and dues, without renewal ; so that
they shall accustom to pay with the renewal, and besides of incre-
ment, fifteen pounds, to hold and to have by the aforesaid farm as
long as they shall well and faithfully serve us and pay their farm
well by paying their farm by their hand at our two Exchequers •
to wit, one moiety at the Feast of St. Michael, and tlie other moiety
at Easter. And be it known that the increment is so much and
so much is the farm. Witness, Symon of Eattleshull, at Dordies-
ter, 18th day of April."

I ask your attention to the allusion to the already
incorporated town, and the description of the fee-farm as
ah-eady ancient in 1201. Another charter of King John,
of which the town is justly proud, is dated in "Lis fif-
teenth year : —

"John, by the Grace of God, &c., to all, &c. Know ye that we
have granted, and by this our Cliarter have confirmed, to our men
of Andover, our manor of Andover, with the foreign hundred, and
other its appurtenances, to have and to hold of us and our heirs, to
them and their heirs, at fee-farm, paying thence yearly to our
Exchequer, at Easter, by their hand, four score pounds of white
money, and forty pounds by tale ; and to the Exchequer at .Michael-
mas, forty pounds of white money, and ten pounds by tale. Where-
fore we will and firmly command that our aforesaid'men of Ando-
ver, with the hundred aforesaid and all its appurtenances, well
&c., as aforesaid. Witness, W. Earl of Salisbury, S. Earl of' Win-
chester, and others.

" Given by the hand of P. Bishop of Winchester, at Wallinf^ford
3d day of October anno 15." ^

262 THE STORY OF THE QUIT-RENT

The ancient fee-farm, then, dating back no one can say
how far, was clearly £80 a year white money ; bnt the
increment varies. An luspe.elmus of 14 Richard IT, recit-
ing the two charters of Henry III, and that of 29
Edward III, states the ancient farm to be £80 white
money, and £20 by tale.

Subject, then, to this reserved rent, the manor of
Andover and the hundred and foreign hmulred became
the property of the incorporate town of Andover, being
vested in the bailiffs and commonalty, to have and to
hold all its rights, privileges, and protits. These consisted
of all the manorial rights of the great parish of Andover,
9,1G4 A., and the right of holding view^ of frankpledge
over all the parishes in the Valley of the Anton, except
Penton Mewsey and perhaps Monxton. The rolls of the
hundred court and the court-leet remain in large num-
bers ; and happily the conservative instinct moved the
Town Clerks for a long period (even after the court-rolls
were engrossed) to toss into the muniment-chest the
rough reports and lists of resiants brought in by the
tithing men, so that for a number of years of the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries we can hnd the names of the
people of the tithings and villages.

For those who are interested in the history of the
Valley of the Anton and its people, this fact, that we
have the records of the local courts of justice, as well as
the records of the town, is of immense importance.

We shall now, I think, be prepared to understand the
receipts I spoke of The earliest one, dated 14 July 1 314,
made out by Henry de Ludgashall, as wardrober to Mar-
garet, daughter of Philip III of France, second Queen of
Edward I (who was married 8 September 1299, and died
14 Feb. 1317), is one that I read to you. The quittance
is from 30 Sept. 1811 to 30 Sept. 1313, at the rate of
£104 a year. The seal attached is the private seal of the
Queen,

The next we have is at the w^inding-up of her affairs :

" Be it known to all men that 1, William de Muskham, clerk,
attorney to the executors of the will of the Lady Margaret, formerly
Queen of England, for money due to the said Lady Queen, from
whatever source to be received, and for quittance given, as it is
contained in the rolls of the remembrance of the Exchequer, of

AT ANDOVER. 263

S. Hillary term, in the thirteenth year of the reii,ni of King
Edward, the son of King Edward, have received of the men of the
town of Andover, paid to me by the hands of Nicholas de Hole,
Ten pounds, eleven shillings, and ten pence, of arrears of fee farm
of the said town, of the tenth year of the reign of the aforesaid
King. I have also received of them, by the hands of the aforesaid
Nicholas, two Exchequer tallies of the aforesaid Queen, made
against Sir Nicholas de Eglesfelde, completing four quarter rods,
13 pounds, eight shillings, and two pence, of the farm of the afore-
said town, for the year above said, and so the said men are quit of
the fee farm of the said town for the tenth year aforesaid. Con-
cerning which ten pounds, eleven shillings, and ten pence, and also
concerning the aforesaid tallies, 1 hold the said men to be quit and
indempnitied by these presents. Sealed with my seal.

" Given at Westminster the third day of October, the fourteenth
year of the reign of the aforesaid King" (1320).

The two following documents, which come next in the
series, have a peculiar interest. We have noticed how
the account was rendered at the winding up of Queen
Margaret's affairs. Now we have a demand on the Ando-
ver people to pay the next fee-farm to her son, Edmund
of Woodstock, Earl of Kent. He got his right to it, not
by inheritance from his mother, but by grant from his
half brother, Edward II. He had to render for it the
service of two knights' fees, and pay the King 3s. id. a
year in money. The deed suggests that the Duke wanted
his money : —

''Edmond, son to the noble King of England, Earl of Kent, to
the Bailiffs and approved men of the town of Andover, greeting.
We charge and demand you that the fifty two pounds sterling
which you owe to us, of the farm of the said town, for the term of
Saint Michael next to come, ye do quickly cause twenty pounds
to come to London to our wardrobe, and let them be there at the
latest by the morrow of St. Micb.ael, without delay, and that you
make delivery of the same due to our dear valet, Itaymond Sigen,
receiving of him letters of quittance sealed with the seal of our
dear clerk, Syr William de Hoo, our Wardrober, by which and by
these presents we will that ye have full allowance.

" Given at Arundell the 17th day of September in the second
year.''

His gentle reminder seems to have been attended to,
for we have this receipt next on the series : —

" Be it known unto all men by these presents, that I, William
de Hoo, Wardrober to Edmund, son of the illustrious King of Eng-

264 THE STORY OF THE QUIT-RENT

land, Earl of Kent, acknowledge to have received of the Bailiffs of
the Town of Andover fifty two pounds and six pence, and that the
aforesaid Bailiffs are quit towards the Lord Earl aforesaid by these
presents. In witness of which 1 have set my seal to these presents.
" Given at London the 12th day of October, the second year after
the Conquest."

Part of the seal remains; it has, within a much enriched
quatrefoil, a lion's face with lolling tongue.

The pathetic coincidence is that it is dated the last
year of Edmund's short life, 1328. "Winchester", says
that most delightful of historians, its present Dean,
" alwa3^s seems to have loved its worst kings best, and
remained faithful to Edward II. The nobles at Winches-
ter planned the favourite's overthrow, and their leader,
Edmund Earl of Kent, was seized, attainted by a Parlia-
ment in the Castle at Winchester, and condemned to die.
So much was he beloved that no one could be found to
behead him, and for a long day he stood waiting before
the Castle gate, until at last came an accursed ribald
from the Marshalsea, who, to save his own wretched life,
put him to death."

The next receipt we have is dated May 12, 1332. It
is from Margaret Countess of Kent, the widow of the
unhappy young nobleman just mentioned. The sum is
still the same, £104 a year. This lady was the daughter
of John, and sister and heiress of Thomas Lord Wake;
and the exquisitely lovely seal attached bears on a heater-
shaped shield, within a bordure, three lions passant gard-
ant, for Edmund Earl of Kent, impaling two bars, in chief
three torteaux, for Wake. The sum does not vary during
the Countess's time. The last quittance we have of hers
is 1348.

This Countess's two sons died without issue, and it
may possibly be that this fee-farm went to their sister
Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, wife of Edward the Black
Prince ; but at any rate, so far as Andover is concerned,
the thread of the story is broken here ; and when we
next find a receipt, it is for a diiferent sum, one payment
being £ 12 a year, the other £8 : 10 : 1 0-|, and the two sums
are in the hands of diiferent owners.

I do not know whether it would be safe to hazard a
query whether the sums we deal with in future are the

AT AN DOVER. 26

knights' fees and money- payment. We can, however,
gather that the £8 : 10 : 10^ kept in the hands of the
Queen. It formed part of the jointure of Joan of Navarre,
second wife of Henry IV, who died 9 July 1437.

The annuity of £12 first appears in the documents we
have in 1482, in the name of Edward IV ; and our next
IS of the same annuity of £12 in the name of Heury VIII
(1515), while the Queen, Catherine of Arragon, is having
the other payment of £8 : 10 : lO-J. There is proof that
the Kmg derived his from his grandmother, Margaret
Countess of Ilichmond, and it is in the Compotus of the
Richmond lands.

" Tills present bill, made the v day of December, the vij yere of
the Eaione of our Sou'aigne Lorde King Henry the viij, witnesseth
that I, James Morice, one of the Kings Keceyuors general! of all
those his Loiids and possessions which were of late my lady his
grandame, late Countess of Eichmond and Derby, have received of
William Drake and Vincent Jumper, Bayliffs of the town of Aiido-
ver,^vjR sterling for the fee-farm of the same, due unto our said
Sou'aigne Lord at the feaste of Saynt Mycliell the archangell last
past l.efore the date hereof; of the which vj7-i. I knowledg°e me to
be fully contented and paid, and thereof acquyte and discharge the
said BaiUiffs in this behalff by these presents. Sealed with my
scale and with my hand this day and yere aboue said.

" By me, James Morice."

I am tempted to notice that by this time the quit-
tances have lost their charm. The diction is now severely
legal, the handwriting infinitely less attractive than the
beautiful calligraphy of the time of the Edwards, and I
had almost said the romance had fled, and left only the
prosaic figures; but the form of the next possessor, with
her white hair dabbled with blood, seems to rise before
us as we handle the quittance from Margaret Countess of
Salisbury. She receives the £12, and the last quittance
from her is in 1530, twelve years before her execution.

_ Meanwhile, in 1525, Thomas Manners, Earl of Rutland,^
gives quittance for £6 for one whole year's fee ; Lady
Elizabeth Neville for £11 3s. for the year ended Michael-

^ Thomas Manners, thirteentli Lord Kos, K.G., created Earl of Rat-
land, 18 June 1525, was succeeded by his son Henry, second Larl. He
married Lady Margaret Nevil], daugliter of Ralph, fourth Earl of
Westmoreland.

266 STOKY OF THE C^UIT-KE.NT AT AiNDOVKR.

mas 1528 ; while the Queen in 1529 o-ives quittance for
only £1 : 10 : 11. But on 22 May 1532, the year before
the marriage was declared null, it is Richard Justice who
gives the receipt for £8 : 10 : 10|, then described as
Queen's rent; while on 1 March 1533, little more than a
month after the private marriage with Anne Boleyn, it
is the same sum in the name of the Queen again.

In 1593 some other change has taken place, and the
Marquis of Winchester is owner of the fee-farm of £28 : 1 : 5.
At this date William, third Marquis, held the title. His
mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Robert, second Lord
Willoughby de Broke.

At the present moment the town of Andover pays quit-
rent of £1 8, £22, and £9, to Lord Scarsdale, Lord Bolton,
and Mr. Duncan respectively. I cannot see my way to
trace the amounts to the old charge.

The series of receipts, as far as they have been found,
concludes with the printed forms filled, in 1593, with the
particulars by the deputy-auditor, — a sort of testimony
to the lasting bond of history, which holds together such
differing times, such var3nng circumstances, but gives its
own matchless interest to everything brought in contact
with it.

I have always thought, as I have been looking over
the town documents, that Andover has contrived with
singular ingenuity to avoid the romance of history by
sedulously going with the times, and siding with the
powers that be ; but I submit that so prosaic a matter as
the receipts for rent, paid by a quiet-going country place
with no claim even to be considered an " historic town",
shows that no spot in the kingdom can help feeling that
noble inheritance of ours, the historic influence of Old
England.

267

SOMK

NOTES ON THE PLAGUE IN WINCHESTER.

HY W. H. JACOB.
(Read during the Winchester Cmvjress, iird Awjust 1893.)

Amongst many objects of interest in Winchester, tlie
Obelisk without Westgate is noteworthy. It recalls the
plague and its ravages here and in the Soke, the founda-
tion and still vigorous existence of the Society of Natives,
its champion, and good work in apprenticing children ;
its primary purpose having been to aid those who lost
their parents in the pestilence, 1665-6. It is kept up by
the Natives' and Aliens' Societies, and possesses a twofold
interest, recalling a processional cross of the fifteenth cen-
tury,^ the remains of which are in its base; whilst the
"Broad Stone", on which, in a pan of vinegar or water,
coin was placed in exchange for provisions (to escaj)e con-
tagion), is yet to be seen in the foundations. In 1665-6
the locality was bounded, south, by the dilapidated walls
and towers of the Castle of Norman, Plantagenet, and
later kings, as left after the "slighting" process of the
Commonwealth ; north, by a fine range of wall connect-
ing Westgate and Hermit's Tower ; west was the deep
fosse of the Castle, and open country traversed by the
Roman Road. The picturesque details and terrors of
that Market must be imagined. The Gate remains, the
Castle towers are gone, and the grand wall, "A sure de-
fence 'gainst Winton's foes",^ has yielded to destruction
and tenements. The Natives' books style the spot the
"Old Market Cross without Westgate."

The plague, which visited England twelve times in
seven centuries, was the product, not of defective, but of
entirely absent sanitation. Common decency was out-
raged, and filth abounded ; London, according to writers
in 1665, rivalling the filthiness of any Oriental city. So

1 Harl. MSS., Bi-ifc. Mus., "A Tarrage of the City." (See Wood-
ward's Hampshire, vol. i, note, p. 262.)

^ Hampshire Chronicle. Time of destruction, 1825.

268 THK PLAGUE IN WINCJl ESTER.

did Winchester, Ler ancient rival. This is proved l)y pre-
sentments and other records of Tudor and Stuart times
preserved to us. These are ahnost incredible, and anms-
inc. A few examples must sufHce : —

" 10 April 1503.— Ffor nusanco. Item that noe p'son from
lieiiceforthe laye ante (led dogy:e, horse, or anie other carroyiie, in
any strete or hyewaie of the cittie, neither sliall lave anie such ded
carron in anie other place, excepte he burie y® same sudicieutlie
forthwith, npo' payne of vis. viii(^. ffor everie tyme lie may be
duelye convict thereof, llalfe to goe to the Chamber of the cittye,
lialfe to the li'ynder."

The finding could hardly have been difficult. In 1577
there is another nuisance legislated on : —

"All p'sons above the age of twelve arc forbidden to make the
stretes a place of easement. If taken in the fact, to forfeit vid., or
in default to suffer such punishment as in the discretion of the
Mayor was proper."

Pigsties, manure-heaps, and other nuisances abounded,
ho(TS wandered in the streets, and the river suffered from
manifold abominations, as the following extract in 1583
proves —

"Entrayyles. — At a com 'on convocation of the citizens it is
ordayned that from henceforth no bocher shall throwe Intrayles
or other vile things in the ryver or elsewhere, to the noyance of
their neighbors, but onelie in the place accustomed, called Abbie
Bridge, and there p'vided alwaies that such vyle things shalbe cutt
into iiii inches longe att least, upon penaltie of iii.s-. iiiir^."

Doubtless the trout and eels were fine, but our good
Dean and Canons' predecessors could hardly have enjoyed
their gardens.

Cleansing was left to individuals, and in 1583 each
householder had daily to throw down five buckets of
water to cleanse the gutter before his premises, under a
penalty of '20s. No wonder the dread of the plague pre-
vailed thus early.

The only parochial evidences of the pestilence existing
in Winchester are in the almost perfect sets of Registers
of SS. Maurice, Mary Kalendar, and Peter Colebrook,
kindly entrusted to me by the Rector and Wardens of
these united parishes. In 1583 there is no proof of extra
mortality, and this part of Winchester included the

THE PLAGUE IN WINCHESTER. 269

greater portion of the population, inclusive of half the
Hio'h Street and the streets known as Tanner, Wongar,
and Shuhvorth (our Brooks), where resided fullers, cloth-
weavers, dyers, glovers, tanners, and workers in metals.
The population, save the Soke, was intra-mural, and did
not exceed 5,000.

In 1563 the fair held on St. Edward's Day " was sup-
pressed for peryl of the plage", and the Bailiffs received
205. as compensation. In 1564 the dread continued. On
April 21, "the supper usually kept the Sunday after the
Nativitie of St. John Baptiste shall not he kepte, for
avoyding the danger of the plage now raging." There
were twenty-two deaths recorded, and fifteen the pre-
vious year,^ — the latter the average ; so that the j)lague
did not affect the city much. The cleansing of the water-
courses, memorials of the sanitation of St. Ethel wold, the
Saxon Bishop, was deferred for the same reason ; and
the walls were ordered to be repaired and cleansed yearly
"of all ivye, wedys and young springalds", at the cost of
the Marquis of Winchester.

On July 6, 1593, the plague is again dreaded; but
only eleven deaths are registered, the previous year being
one of remarkable mortality, — twenty-five deaths, inclu-
sive of Mistress Agnes Newbolt. It is clear, therefore,
that the plague did not cause much harm in 1593. The
terror of it, however, led to the following ordinance : —

"Noe p'son, of what degree soever, shall receive to bis house
anie p'son fro' anie foren infected place, iipo' paine of imprison-
ment ; anie p'son found in the citie, coming fro' anie infected
place, to be expelled ; anie p'son wliose house is infected with the
plague shall kepe his or her dogges within."

The strictest inquiry to be made about " forreyn p'sons
coming from anie infected place ; jd'sous from places not
infected only to remain one night". Each of the six
gates had its warden on duty, from five in the morning
till nine at night, and vice verm, " to examine all fotemen
and such as bring packes", the commercial traveller of
those days. Disregarding this ordinance, " one Christian
Wilson, wife of James Wilson of Kingston-on-Thames or
Guildford, infected places, came to the citie with her two
children, to her mother's house, and she is expelled with

1894 ly

270 THE PLAGtlK IN WINCHESTER.

a passport to return to her husband, with the citie charitie
of 2 shillings."

Trade was paralysed, for on July 13 this year artificers
were forbidden " to receive anie wares from London
until Michaelmas next, nor anie wares of carriers, on pain
of imprisonment and having their shoppes closed." Col-
lections were made for the poor, and on Sept. 7 the pre-
sence of loose characters was a source of danger, —

" All suspicious p'sons, all rogues and idle p'sons, disordeiiie, or
carriers awaie of woods and breaking of hedges, stealers of poultrie
and pigge, late and night watchers, unorderlie goeing out and com-
ing in late, both on foote and horsebacke ; all p'sons from infected
places, London, Farnham, Alton, or anie other, be p'sentlie taken
by the warden to their Inne to be exam'd by the Innkeeper whe-
ther they be right p'sons ; if not, to be expelled. The West and
East gates to remain open for horsemen ; all others closed, save
the wicketts, and only p'sons with corne, wood, and other provi-
sions, not from infected places, to be admitted."

In opposition to the regulations, "Anthonie Burde, an
alderman, repayred to London and bought wares. He,
on his return, to be imprisoned 14 days in St. John's
House, or else to have his shoppe shutt for a month."
The alderman's treatment and behaviour, on his arrival
from London, are hidden from us. It was

" Further ordered at this dangerous tyme of infection, that pro-
clamation be made at Weyhill and all markett towns concerning
the fay re on St. Edward's Daye, that the only p'sons allowed would
be vendors of horses, cattell, turners, coopers and joyners' wares,
butter, cheese, corne, grayne, smiths, nailemen, bochers and fyshers,
p'vidid they come not from infected places."

In 1594, according to Mr. Kirby's interesting Annals,
the city and vicinity of the College were threatened with
the plague, but a strict quarantine kept it in narrow
limits. In St. Maurice there were but five deaths regis-
tered, and there were none recorded at College, which
subscribed 55. to the poor of Winton, and 55. to those
shut up, because of contagion, in Kingsgate Street. The
Registers of the Soke are all more or less incomplete.

On Dec. 21, despite an ordinance forbidding people
going to the houses of William Goodall and Thomas John-
son, infected places, —

THE PLAGUE IN WINCHESTER. 271

" One Pearce the bagman's wife repayred to Jolmson's, and
weaved yarne, to lier own danger and the inhabitants. She shalbe
coni'itted to the caidge, and there reniayne till further order be
taken, and on the door a writinge expressinge her contempte and
disobedience."

Bull-baiting was forbidden, to avoid a concourse of
people. A weekly tax supported people in the pest-
houses, and perhaps the many heaj:)S of bones found with-
out the walls denote hurried sepulture of those there dying.

Poor Goodall had a weary seclusion. In January 1594
(his father died in August) the Corporation divided on
the question of his liberation, and there was an equality
of votes, — five for, five against, and he was shut up
another fortnight.

The plague did not prevent the civic body amusing
themselves by "the players of the Countess of Derbie",
who received 6s. 8d. for their histrionic talent. The
years 1595 and 1596 were sickly, especially the latter, —
twenty-six deaths, gradually lessening down to seven in
1607. In 1601 there is an appointment of scavenger " for
the sake of the cleanliness, decency, and sweetness of the
ayre of the citie". He was twice a week to carry away
all dust, dirt, and filth, to be placed ready for him Wed-
nesdays and Saturdays, and pitch it into Staple Garden,
then and for long years after literally an open field and
gardens.

The plague of 1603 did not touch Winchester, and
health was good till 1609, when there were thirty -two
deaths in St. Maurice and its allied parishes, from the
plague possibly, for an order of Epiphany Sessions recites
that "the Justices of the county are crediblie informed
that divers persons inhabiting within fyve miles of the
citye have refused to pay money rateably imposed towards
the aid of the poor people infected with the plague in the
suburbs of the city, and the tything men are ordered to
distrayne".

The Registers of the Soke and St. B. Hyde throw no
light on the mortality of the suburbs. The years 1611
and 1612 were very sickly, — twenty-one deaths each in
St. Maurice. In 1617 there were thirty-five deaths, and
the average was largely exceeded down to 1625, showing
the near approach of the third great plague, — the " sore

19 !"

272 THE PLAGUE IN WINCHESTER.

disease", that of 1G25, which in Winchester rivalled, appa-
rently, in mortality that of 1G65-G.

Mr. Kirby's Annals show that there was at College a
dread of the plague. The scholars were boarded out at
" Silkstede" from Oct. 1625 to May 1G26. The election
of civic officers was removed from St. John's House to
Guildhall, out of thickly populated St. Maurice. The
mortality jumped from thirty-five in 1G24 to eighty-two
in 1G25. The Register of Hyde parish, rural and sparsely
populated, records but one death. In St. John's, in the
Soke, Rev. J\Ir. Dickens finds the death-rate " normal".
August and September were the fatal months ; twenty-
five funerals in the former, twenty-seven in the latter,
ten in October. On one day there were four funerals ;
on two da3^s, three each ; seven days, two each. Two
families lost five ; two, four ; five, three ; and eight, two
of their members; and again one of the victims was a
Newbolt. Whether an exchange and market, like the next
plague, were in operation, is unrecorded. A cottage was
burnt down by order, because Leonard Andrews died in
it of the plague. £76 was raised in the city for the
relief of the sufferers, orphans, and others, in the pest-
houses.

An early record of emigration appears in the civic
Coffer Book, dated Dec. 30, 1G25 : " 3£ emploied for the
apparelling of six poor Boys that went to Virginia." Sir
Walter Raleigh said : " I shall yet live to see it an Eng-
lish Nation"; and Elizabeth's coinage, in one rare riall,
has in Latin the following historic legend : " The great
province captured under my auspices."

Raleigh's desire has been accomplished in the L^nited
States ; and it may be that the descendants of these
boys, whose names are unrecorded, live in the old Domi-
nion named after the Virgin Queen.

A poor lad, apprenticed in London, received 3^. id., —
a forecast of the "Natives" idea.

With the view of creating work, and aiding the city
in her extremity, there was, on March 24, 1G25, this order ;
" 30£ paid to Sir Thomas Whitehead, Kt., and Sir Richard
Tichborne, Kt., to promote an act for making the river
navigable to Southampton." They were the city Members.

The Great Plague of 1665-6 will conclude my paper.

THE PLAGUE IN WINCHEaTER. 2/3

The Quarter Sessions' Books (kindly lent me by Mr.
G. A. Webb, the Clerk of the Peace) have interesting
entries about it. In 1631 there is a reference to an order
of 2 Charles I, assessing inhabitants within five miles of
Eastmeon for relief of [)eople infected with the disease in
1625. In October 1636 a woman and child were shut up
in a booth at Otterbourne with the plague. In A])ril
1637 a rate was made for the relief of people suffering
from it at Bishop's Waltham.

The first notice of it in 1665-6 is dated Sept. 23, when
the Court of Admiralty came here, by royal order, from
London, to avoid infection. Tbey were all sworn in as
freemen, and called to the Bench. Their names are duly
enrolled : —

Doctor John Exton > -r , ^

Doctor Leoline Jenkins f ®

Sir Kobert Wiseman ) Knights and

Sir John Turner ) Advocates

Doctor David Budd

Mr. Samuel Fi-anklin

Mr. Alexander Cheeke

Mr. Edward Arnolde

Mr. Ealph Suckley

Mr. Everard Exton

]\Ir. Samuel Hough

j\lr. Charles Moore

Mr. William Tyler

Mayor. — William Taylor, Esq.

The plague made its appearance in Winchester in
1666, having visited Southampton the previous autumn.
On the sickness appearing in the Soke, the College^
(which with the Cathedral gave £10 each to the infected)
sent some of the scholars home, and others to Crawley.
The buildings, Mr. Kirby informs us, were closed, and
Koger Oades, the old servitor (the family is still extant),
kept the gates, and the Crawley party duly and daily
victualled. There is no proof that any of the scholars
died of the disease.

The Eegisters of St. Maurice are valuable testimony,
and also St. Michael's. In the latter the deaths rose
from eight to sixteen ; and in the former the average,
sixteen, increased in 1665 to thirty-eight, twelve of these

1 Mr. Kirby's Annals.

274 THE PLAGUE IN WINCHESTER.

being marked with o, denoting death " from the spots",
as the j)]ao-ue was called.

In 166G the disease was most destructive, and the
Register of St. Maurice, by its abrupt break in the
entries, shows that the authorities were paral3-sed, and
burials unregistered. The County Sessions were held in
July at Basingstoke, and there is this order, —

"For y'' relief of y'' poore infected with the plague. — Upon read-
ing of a certificate at this Sessions, under the hands of Lawrence
Hyde and liichard Goddard, Esqs., Justices of the Peace, showing
that by a certificate of the Mayor and two Justices of the city of
Winchester, that the inhabitants were unable to relieve the poorer
people infected with the plague in the city, They, the said Law-
rence Hyde and Eichard Goddard, did, under Statute Js. I, c. 31,
tax the inhabitants of the county within five miles of the city
(similar certificate as to Petersfield) ; and the Court being now
credibilie informed of the sad and lamentable condition of the
poor people, and the contagion still increasing among them, spread-
ing itself into divers parts of the county, doth, for relief of the
poor, and keeping them from wandering abroad, and infecting
others, tax the whole county in a fourteenth part of what was
assessed for the payment of the Royal Aide, to be collected imme-
diately, under the penalty of distraint and imprisonment without
bail."

The Register in St. Maurice ceased May 20, a sure
proof of the lamentable condition of the city, and the
paralysis of parochial record. In April and May there are
fourteen deaths spot-marked, three with the word Plague;
and the last entry (of Mary Richards) has, "She dyed of
the plague, and so did several of those above." The
remainder of the year is a sad and speaking blank. The
burials of the victims were in pits on the Downs, and
thus unrecorded. Their graves remain under the grassy
mounds on Magdalen Hill, Compton Down, and between
St. Catherine's and Twyford Down. Mr. Kirby quotes,
in his Annals, a payment of 205. for covering the plague-
graves between " Hills".

The College gave generously to the sufferers in the
Soke, the Registers of which have perished. The horror
of the time, with its nightly cartloads of dead, and the
red cross-marked doors, can be imagined. Petersfield,
Andover, and Basingstoke suffered alike with Winches-
ter, and from a county rate for relief, Winchester received

THE PLAGUE IN WINCHESTER. 275

£1G0; Petersfield, £120. The prisoners in the Gaol,
crowded together and badly fed, suffered. In October
1G6G, in the sessional records, there is an entry aljout
their '• perishing condition by reason of tlie continuance
of the plague, being represented to the Court, and being
deprived of the large allowance from the College and
others, the Court ordered a sum of £28 to be paid to
them in weekly sums, according to their necessities."

The Chapter Books of the Cathedral, which the Dean
kindly placed at my disposal, contain the following inte-
resting entries : —

"8 June 1666. — From and after the Festival of tlie Holy Trinity,
by reason of the great increase of sickness in tlie city and suburbs,
the chanting the Service shalbe discontinued. The Mayor and
Aldermen and the principal inhabitants having made choice of the
way round Kingsgate to come to our Church, for their security
during infection, and having desired us by Mr. Bie, their Town
Clerk, to take special care to shut up our Close, and keep out
infected persons ; and in regard that persons begin to grow very
unruly, and understanding from many in Kingsgate Street that
they abstain from coming to Church by reason of the open admis-
sion of all comers, whereby our congregation has grown very thin,
wee therefore order that henceforward the west door of our Church
shalbe kept shutt, and the porter constantly readye at the gate
next Kingsgate to give admission to the Mayor and Aldermen and
all such persons as are known not to be dangerous, to repair to
Divine Service and Sermons. The said porter shall not at any
time admit any idle boys, or girls, or straggling beggars, and shall
drive and keep out horses, cows, or other cattle, come under pre-
tence of the herbage of the Close. He shall not admit any ]jers(in
on pretended business with any one in tlie Close until said inha-
bitant is apprised thereof. The said porter to have £3 for his
extra trouble during the infection, over and above the £3 which
Eichard Edwards, the head porter, allows him.

" The bell-ringers, whose olfice it is to make the graves, shall
not make any for infected corpses in any public part of the
Churchyard, but only in least public and common parts furthest
from the inhaliitants. The graves to be 3 feet deep The l)cll-
ringers, or those they employ, shall keep at a distance from other
people."

There are no deaths recorded in the Close, and the
disease died out in 1G67. There is an entry in the Ses-
sions' Books that one Gregorie and Sai'ah his wife died
then of it in St. Peter Cheeshill ; and in the same year
John Foyle, Keeper of the County Gaol, had £3 " for his

276 THE PLAGUE IN WINCHESTER.

great trouble, charges, and expenses in taking care of the
several persons late deceased."

How the ecclesiastical and civic authorities comported
themselves in this " needful time of trouble" we are quite
in the dark. Did they fly terror-stricken, or, like the
heroic Rector of Eyam in Derbyshire, remain at their
posts, succouring the afliicted and the poor ? Let us
charitably believe that the latter w^as the case. I prefer
to think that all, cleric and lay, showed the pluck of
Englishmen, and, fortified by love of duty, faced and
conquered danger. Our old city for generations has
never lacked men of spirit in times of difficulty ; and it
is to such we owe, under God, our present yjerfect sani-
tation, our unrivalled healthiness, and the lowest death-
rate almost in England.

The last panic as to the plague was in 1721, when it
broke out in France, and our careful Corporators of that
year petitioned the Legislature to put down smuggling
of French brandies and other goods, which were detri-
mental to the revenue, and likely to introduce the infec-
tion of the plague.

277

anttqunriau lutfllignue.

Two veiy valuable works owe their existence to the labour of our
Associate, Alderman R. S. Ferguson, M.A., F.S. A., Chancellor of Car-
lisle. — (1), The Royal Charters of the City of Carlisle, printed at the
expense of the Mayor and Corporation of the City. (Carlisle: Thurnam
and Sons.) — The corporate authorities sanctioned the transcribing
and translating of the charters by Mr. W. de G. Birch, and entrusted
the work of editing the texts to Mr. Ferguson, who has performed his
task with the greatest ability. The explanatoiy notes being of a very
useful and instructive nature, the work constitutes a model book on
city charters, such as we should like to see of many another of our old
corporate bodies.

To those v?ho do not care to plod through the text of these deeds,
the historical preface, dealing with the varied fortunes of this border
stronghold, offers special attraction, coming as it does from the pen of
one whose knowledge of the history of the county of Cumberland is
second to no other living historian. Long may Carlisle continue to
enjoy the privileges of which it has known so well how to preserve
the diplomata, and to disseminate, by the means of a little book within
reach of all, an accurate transcription of the contents thereof.

The other is the History of Westmorland, a contribution to Mr.
Stock's well-known series of County Histories, which have gone far to
fill up the want felt by those who cannot obtain the older and more
ponderous works on county topography. This is a companion volume
to Mr. Ferguson's Cumberland, and sustains the author's reputation
for northern history. Kendal, Appleby, and other places in the county
have passed through critical and stirring epochs, and Mr. Ferguson
has known how to portray them vividly in his pages.

West-Grinstead et les Garyll : etude historique et religieuse sur le Comte
de Sussex. Par Mai de Trenqual^on. (Paris, 1893.) — It cannot but
strike a reader of this wox*k as somewhat strange that it should have
been found possible to publish two volumes in French mainly about an
English family, comparatively so little known — the Carylls of West-
Grinstead. The collection of the material, and the work of weaving it
into a connected narrative, have evidently been a labour of love for
M. de Trenqualeon and for the original collector, whom we take to
have been Monsignor Denis, the Roman Catholic priest of West-
Grinstead,

278 ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE.

A considerable portion of the first volume is taken up by a detailed
history of the religious foundations in the county of Sussex from the
earliest times, and does not present any new information on the sub-
ject. It is hardly likely to prove of much interest to the general
reader. At chapter xiv of the first volume the author introduces Nicho-
las Caryll of Benton, whom we may take as the first known member
of the family, the history of which is related with consid(;rable detail
from his time (in the middle of the sixteenth century) till the last sur-
viving member died, in 1788, at Dunkerque.

The story, as we have it in these pages, is very complete and inte-
resting, and well repays perusal, for the picture it gives of the life of
a Catholic country gentleman and his family during what were to him
difficult and even disastrous times. The facts are drawn chiefly from
the collection of Caryll correspondence and papers, which form some
thirty volumes among the Additiojial MSS. in the British Museum.
The members of the family were all of them staunch adherents of the
old faith, and it furnished a goodly number of subjects to the various
Catholic monasteries and convents which during the penal laws were
established to meet English needs in foreign lands. The Carylla also
became constant supporters of the Stuarts, and one of their number
(the then head of the house), who had followed his King into exile,
was created by James II a Baron, under the title of Lord Caryll.

The excellent pedigree of the family records the names of many
membei's of the old Catholic families with whom the Carylls intermar-
ried. This, and a good deal of similar information given in these
volumes, will be found most useful for genealogical purposes. It is of
interest to note among the friends of the family the name of Alexander
Pope. Tlie poet frequently visited the home of the Carylls at West-
Grinstead, and during the years 1713 and 1714? he was constantly to
be found with them ; in fact, he is said to have written a considerable
portion of the translation of The Iliad and also The Rape of the Lock
whilst staying in this Sussex retreat. The work under notice gives
many pleasing records of Pope's visits to his friends, on which he was
not unfrequently accompanied by Gay.

It is, perhaps, unnecessary to remark that many of the letters obvi-
ously lose not a little of their interest for us by their translation into
Fieiich, and we could have wished that they had been given in their
own language. We are, however, grateful to M. de Trenqualeon for
having so well utilised the large mass of interesting documents which
have been allowed too long to remain practically unworked among the
MSS. of the British Museum.

Preservation of Welsh National Records. — A deputation of gentlemen
interested in the preservation of Welsh historical documents had a

ANTIQUARIAN INTKLLKlKNCE. 279

conference recently with tlie Welsh Members of the House of Common k.
They pointed out that a largo number of valuable documents, bearing
nof only on Welsh but on English history, are in existence, some of
which are in danger of being lost beyond recovery, unless steps are taken
to prevent such a misfortune. They strongly urged the appointment
by the Government of a qualified person to examine into and catalogue
such documents. Sir J. Hibbert was present at the conference, in com-
pany with others, and, without definitely pledging the Government in
the matter, he has promised that the representations made at the con-
ference should be favourably considered. Our readers should read a
paper by Mr. W. de Gray Birch, F.S.A., on this subject, published in
1889 in the Arclueologia Cambrensis, 5th Series, vol. vi, p. 273.

The Eaganeo-Venntiaa Inscriptions. — We have just received from
Sign.F. Cordenons a copy of his recent contribution towards the eluci-
dation of the ancient Italian languages, entitled Un po' piii di luce sul/e
Oritjini, idioma, e sistema di scrittura degli Euganei- Veneti. (Venezia :
Ford, Ongania, 1894.)

Signer Cordenons, the illustrious Couservatore of the Civic Museum
of Padua, is evidently well qualified to instruct us on this somewhat
obscure subject, which does not seem to have received so much atten-
tion at the hands of British epigraphists as it deserves. All sources
of classic Latin are of value beyond question to those who have the
desire of acquiring a correct knowledge of the roots upon which it is
based ; hence it is essential that Etruscan, Oscan, Euganean, and
other archaic forms should be well understood. It is, therefoie, deserv-
ing of the thanks of all Latin scholars, that so excellent a handbook
on the Euganean linguistic remains should have been issued. The
Inst words on the subject, we know, have not yet been said, and future
discoveries of inscribed antiquities may some day reveal the key to the
true interpretation by means of a bilingual inscription of sufficient
extent to put the truth beyond doubt. Had it not been for some such
inscriptions as the Rosetta Stone aflPords, what errors were beginning
to be accepted by Egyptologists in their endeavour to explain a lan-
guage which is now almost as critically understood as Greek is.
Whether the author of this work is accurate in his explanation.s, or
not, time will show : at any rate his book is of value for the proba-
bility of most of its conclusions, and for its embodiment of all the
known inscriptions, by which means students cannot fail to owe him a
debt of gratitude.

The vocabulary, or alphabetical index of words, occurring in the
corpus insci-iptionum is an indispensable part of this suggestive and
advanced work on a subject of great interest.

280 ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE.

Our learned Vice-President, Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, D.D., F.S.A.,
Sub-Dean of St. Paul's, has just issued an interesting volume entitled
St. PauVs Cathedra! and old City Life : Illustrations of Civil and Cathe-
dral Life from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century. (Stock : Lon-
don.)— This is a work which should be taken in hand in conjunction
with the other books by Dr. Simpson treating of Old St. Paul's. In
this one we are introduced to a better knowledge of the treasury of
the Cathedral in 124(5 and in 1402, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of
London in the Cathedral, notable incidents connected with the history
of the City and the royal family, and numerous points which the
author has laboriously gathered together out of a multitude of manu-
scripts and printed sources, grouping them together in a classified
order, and describing each detail in that pleasant, facile way which
those who have had the pleasure of listening to his papers at our even-
ing meetings are well acquainted with.

As we read we may picture to ourselves the curious condition of
mind enjoyed by the majority in London in the middle Ages, when
ignorance, superstition, cruelt}', and buffoonery were rampant. The
wonder is that out of so mucli folly that our ancestoi"s manifestly
revelled in, St. Paul's and its environments still exist to gloi'ify the
better understanding of these later days.

A History of Tong, Shropshire ; its Church, Manor, Parish, etc. ; ivith
Notes on Boscohel. By Geo. Griffiths of Weston-under-Lizard. (Lon-
don : Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., 1894.) — Mr. Griffiths, who has been
collecting materials for his book for many years past, has put together
all his collections in a highly efficient manner, and by means ot
extracts from reliable sources, reproductions of old views, drawings,
and pictures, and notes of his own observations and investigations, has
laid before the reader of his popular little volume a very readable
account of this interesting locality, which, from its very position on
the borders of Wales, from its connection with the unfortunate
Charles I, from its two nunneries of Black Ladies and White Ladies
and from its noble owners and residents (the families of Belraeis, La
Zouche, Perabruge, Vernon, Pierrepoint, Durant, and lastly. Bridge-
man, Earls of Bradford), possesses a qualification second to none for
attracting the attention of the antiquary and archaeologist.

We have also received from Mr. Elliot Stock the new volume of
The Gentleman's Magazine Library, being a classified collection of the
cliief contents of the Magazine from 1731 to 18G8, edited by G. L.
GoMME, P.S.A. — This volume, which is due to the labours of F. A.
Milne, Esq., F.S.A., treats of the Ecclesiology, — a suliject which has
always been popular, and commanded notice of those who took but

ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE. 281

little interest in other branches of archajology. The contents are
divided into early church buildings, church interiors, consisting of the
antiquity of bells, chantries, confessionals, organs, plate, reading-desks,
stained glass, etc. ; and church history, including a description of the
cathedrals of Ireland, the churches of the Friars Pruachors, and the
Bishop's Palnce and ecclesiastical buildings of Wells. The whole
forms quite a Dictionary of British ccclesiology, and is replete with a
great deal of forgotten and out-of-the-way matters relating to our
churches.

Ancient Monuments in Govern Parish. — The Heritors of this parish,
by voluntary assessment, have raised a sum of about £90, to be applied
towards the erection of a suitable building for the better preservation
of the sculptured stones in Govan Churchyard. These stones are of
great archaaological value. Mr. J. Romilly Allen recently made a
Report on Sculptured Stones North of the Tweed, to the Society of
Antiquaries in Edinburgh, in which he referred to the neglect of their
preservation at Govan, and in a letter he says : " These monuments
constitute the title-deeds which prove that a Christian establishment
existed at Govan before a.d. 106G, and their number shows how great
the sanctity of the place must have been. The group of stones and
Celtic ornaments is larger than at any other place, not excepting
Meigle or St. Vigans. Govan must have been looked upon in early
times with the same degi'ee of reverence, by the Celtic population, as
we feel for Westminster Abbey." Mr. John Honeyman and many
other distinguished antiquaries have also written in praise of the
remarkable stones of wliich the churchyard is fulh

It is unfortunate that the parochial ecclesiastical law of Scotland
does not authorise any means for raising money for the preservation of
the antiquities which may be said to be conBded to their care. The
Heritors have, therefore, acted liberally in imposing upon themselves
the voluntary assessment which has met with so gratifying a response.
It is, however, felt that to provide an adequate building about j£300
will be required, and the Committee appeal for £210, which is required
in addition to the £90 now in hand. The Committee feel that the
sculptured stones of Govan are in a sense a national trust, and they
believe they may look with confidence to the practical sympathy of
every one who has at heart the preservation of the ancient and beauti-
ful national monuments which, by a remarkable chance, have been
preserved in the neighbourhood of the great city of Glasgow.

It should, perhaps, be known that some years ago the Heritors
erected a small house in the graveyard to preserve the very remarkable
stone coffin discovered in Govan Churchyard, and two of the hog-
backed stones. It is proposed now to utilise a portion of this build-

282 ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE.

ing, and to erect a corridor in which the other crosses may be placed
for protection against the elements. The building will be lighted from
the roof, so that the tracery on the stones may be easily examined ;
and the key of the building will be deposited with the church beadle,
who resides under the church, and is able at any time to give access
to the monuments. As some of the stones are beginning to suffer
from exposure in their present position, it is very desirable that the
building should be prepared as soon as possible, and Mr. William
George Black, F.S.A., of 88 West Regent Street, Glasgow, will there-
fore be glad to receive any contributions.

THE JOURNAL

JSritisfj <3idjarolocj;ical 'Sssoriation.

DECEMBER 1894.

KIRKHAM PRIORY AND WARDON ABBEY.

BY C. H. COMPTON, ESQ.
(Head 6th June 1894.)

The Priory of Kirkham is situate in a vale on the east
side of the river Derwent, about two or three miles
south-east from Whitwell, and about six miles south-
west from Malton, in the Deanery of Bucross and Arch-
deaconry of the East Riding of the county of York. It
was originally one of Walter Espec's chief mansions, and
was converted by him and Adeline, his wife, into a Priory
of Austin Canons, and dedicated to the honour of the
Holy Trinity,^ and was one of the three monasteries
founded by them (according to the popular account) in
consequence of their only son, Walter, galloping one day
towards Frithby, near Kirkham, when his horse fell near
a stone cross, and the young man died instantly.

In my account of Rievaulx Abbey, read at our York
Congress in the year 1891,- I have gone fully into the
circumstances which, according to the popular belief,
led to these foundations, and the doubts which the Rev.
J. C. Atkinson, in his introduction to the Cartulary of
Rievaulx, casts upon the story, which I need not, there-
fore, repeat here, except by noticing that the circum-
stance of the name of Walter Espec's son being omitted
from the list of those persons for whose souls' health that
Abbey was founded, as stated in the original foundation-

1 Ailred's Rievaulx, 338b, n. 10, 230ab.
- Brit. Arch. Joiirn., vol. xlviii, p. 15.
1S94 20

284 KIRKTIAM rRlORV.

charter, to which I then alluded, tended to throw doubt
on the truth of the story, is confirmed by the omission of
liis name in the foundation-charter of this Priory.

There is conflicting- testimony as to the exact date of
the foundation. In the last edition of Duo-dale's J/o?k<s-
ticon (1830), by Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel, it is said that
the Priory was founded in a.d. 1121, and that William,
the Rector of Garton( Walter Espec's uncle), was appointed
the first Prior in that year ; but Dugdale, in the first
edition (1682) of his Monasticon, gives the exact date as
8 Kalends of March (22nd Feby.), a.d. 1122 (22 Hen. I),
and the fifth year of the pontificate of Thurstan, Arch-
bishop of York. This discrepancy may be accounted for
by the custom of calculating the days of the months from
the Roman calendar, whilst retaining the Christian calen-
dar for the year. As the Roman year began in March,
and the calculations of the days of the month were made
backwards, it would throw the date of 22 Feby. into the
previous Roman year.

There are two foundation-charters set out in Dugdale.
The first is from the Registry of Bel voir, in the county of
Rutland,^ and is directed to Thurstan, Archbishop of
York, and Geoftrey, Bishop of Durham, and their succes-
sors, from Walter Espec and Adelina his wife, in which
they state that they had granted to God and the Church
of St. Trinity, of Kirkham, and the canons of the same,
serving God, with the consent of Henry King of Eng-
land, «and the consent of " us", and the consent of " my"
nephews, viz., the sons of " my" sisters, and for the souls
of " our" fathers and mothers, and of all " our" parents
and benefactors, and of " our" ancestors, in free and per-
petual eleemosynary gift, all the manor of Kirkham, and
the parish church of Kirkham, and divers other lands set
forth in the charter. It will be observed, as I have
before stated, that there is no specific mention of their
son Walter, whose death is popularly supposed to have
been the cause of the foundation.

The second charter of foundation is from the Cartulary
of Rievaulx,- and is for the most part a confirmation of

1 Cart. Antique, V. Vide Cart., 10 Edward III, ii. 33, et Pat.
10 Edward II, p. 1, m. 8.
= I71 Bibl. Cotton., fo. 134?,.

KIKKIIAM I'laOllY. 285

the grants made by the first cliarter, witli some addi-
tions.

Tanner, in his Monasticon, after referring to tlie date
of the foundation (1122) as given by Dugdale, draws
attention to the fact that the first charter was directed
to Archbishop Thurston nnd Geoffrey, Bishop of Durliani,
though Geoffrey was not Bisliop till a.d. 1 129, and he
draws the conclusion that this was the charter of dota-
tion endowing the Monastery some time after the reli-
gious were first placed there. This is, no doubt, the
true explanation, for it will be observed that the words
of grant in the charter are in the past tense, " conces-
sisse et dedisse", and point, therefore, to the Prior and
canons being already in possession, and that the charter
confirmed their possession, though it was the first actual
deed which conveyed the estates.^

^ The following are the grants to the Priory by Walter
Espec, the founder : —

Two parts of the tithes of the demesnes of Beelton in
Northumberland.

The church and town of Carr-upon-Tweed, in North-
umberland.

The fishery in the river Derwent, near Howsom.
The tithe of Howsom Mill, built at Fudeston or Edes-
tone, on the banks of the Derwent.

The church of Garton, with a carucate of fand in this
territory, viz., a field called "St. Michael's Flat." This
church was afterwards appiopriated to the Priory, and a
vicarage endowed therein ; " but", says Burton,' ""' I can-
not now determine by whom or when, yet I find in a.d.
1322 Wm. Thurkeston, vcl Norreys, to be the first vicar
upon record."

The church of Hehnesley Blakemore, with one carucate
of land and three tofts, " scil. toftam canonicorum et tof-
tam presbiteri et toftam Aldredi", and pannage in this
wood for all the hogs belonging to the canons and their
men, and also pastui-e for tlieir other cattle. Although
this church \\as appropriated to the Priory, and a vicar-
age appointed there, there is no earlier account of the

1 A similar course was adopted in tlie foundation chart ir of Ric-
vaulx Abbey.

- Ecclcs. Hist, of Yorkshire,

286 KIRKHAM PRIORY.

vicavs than in a.d. 1320, when Walter de Sixendale was
instituted vicar.

The church in the town of Hildreton.

Two parts of the tithes of the Mill of Hoelton in
Northumberland.

The tithe-pennies or tithe-denyers of his farms, and of
the apples of his manors, especially of the town of How-
som, and mill, with fishery in the river Derwent near here.

The church, with one carucate of land, in Kirkby in
Crandale, which church was appropriated thereto, and a
vicarage ordained therein. The first vicar u]Don record is
John de Meningthorpe, instituted in a.d. 1805.

The manor of Kirkham, with the parochial church and
one carucate and twenty-four acres of land lying between
the wood and river of Derwent, with liberty for the hogs
belonging to the Priory to pasture in Kirkham Wood
pannage free ; and he also gave the tenth penny of the
farm of his mill. He also gave to these canons free
liberty through the whole extent of this manor (purpri-
sum), and all his houses, mill, meadow, and all that he
had between the Wood and the river, with the fishery of
Kirkham and Howsom in lieu of the tithes of five caru-
cates of land in Tilleston and four carucates in Grift,
which then the Abbot and Convent of liieval had.

The tithe of his demesne in the township of Lynton.

Two parts of the tithe of his demesnes in the township
of Myndrom.

The church of Newton, in Glendale, with all thereto
belonging, with all the land of Nefskill.

All his demesne tithes, viz., the tithe-pennies of the
tax {ccnsii) of all his lands in Northumberland.

Four carucates of land in Sextendale, and after his
(founder's) decease, other four carucates which he had in
hand, unless he should have given them in his lifetime.

The manor of Titlington with its appurtenances.

A house in Werch.

The town of Whitwell, with a carucate of land thereto
belonging; and King Henry III granted to the Prior and
canons free warren in this manor ; Westhuc, Winestowe
or Wisthow, and seven carucates of land thereto belong-
ing, with the church formerly called " Mora", which was
ap[)ropriated thereto.

KIHKHAM PRTORY. 287

And all his houses in the city of York J

A contest arose between Hugh, Prior of Kirkliaiii, and
William de Ross about the chase and the woods of llaiu-
alack (Helmsley), which was determined by an agreement
dated "die JSancti Martini a.d. 12G1", by whicli William
de Ross gave to the Prior and Convent of Kirkliam, in
perpetuity, one toft in Pockle, free from all service ; and
also free passage through the woods and moors of Wil-
liam, the lord of Hamalack, everywhere except through
the park ; and the said William and his heirs gave to the
Prior and canons, and their successors, three deer yearly,
in lieu of the tithes of hunting; and also gave £5 (cs.)
per^ annum in lieu of the tithes of apples of his manors,
which tithes were given by the founder. For which con-
cessions the Prior and canons quit-claimed to the said
William de Ross and to his heirs, in perpetuity, all iVee
chase in the said woods and moors. ^'

There were also the controversy and negotiations
between the two houses of Kirkham and Rievaulx, owing
to their inconvenient propinquity, which I have referred
to in my paper on Rievaulx, and which are fully dis-
cussed by Mr. Atkinson in his introduction to the Cartu-
lary of that house. The Abbot and monks of Rievaulx
were desirous of bringing over the Prior and canons to
the Cistercian Order, and some of the canons and breth-
ren reciprocated ; but the result was that the Prior and
canons remained in their own place, and continued to be
an Augustinian Priory.

There is also a Missal and Calendar of the Priory of
Gisburne in the Ashburnham Collection. ' At the end of
the Calendar are two leaves containing the conventions
of the Priory with eight religious houses, amongst which
is Kirkham. Walter Hemingford, the chronicler, was a
canon of Gisburne Priory. He died A.D. 1347.

There is another charter or grant from the same Prior
Hugh and the canons,"* by whicli they granted to Waltei-,
a huntsman {venator),oi Berghertorp, two bovates of land,

^ Burton's Eccles. Hist, of Yorkshire, p. 374.

^ Cart., Num. 4, iu Dugd., Monas., Appendix, "Ex Registro Carta-
rum Hospitalis S. Leonardi Eboraci in Bibliotlieca Cotton.," fo. oOb.
'^ Hist. ]\1SS. Comm., 8th Rep., App., Ft. 3
* Num. V, Dngd., J/o?if/.9., Ajjpendix.

288 WARUOX ABBEY.

with the appurtenances, in Berghertorp, free and quit
from all services and demands, rendering annually twenty
solidos,^ half at Pentecost, and half at the Feast of St.
Martin ; and the new mill of Berghertorp, " ad formam
aliorum ejusdem vill®". Dugdale adds a note that this
charter is without seal or date, and much damaged ("mul-
tum ohesa'").

The last Prior was John Kilwick. who was, says Dug-
dale, confirmed 14 Oct. 1518; but Burton- calls him
Kildwyk, and dates his election in 1528. He had a pen-
sion of £50 _/3er ann. subsequently to the Dissolution.

The Pioss family were the patrons of the Priory.

In the 26th Henry VIII this house was valued in the
full at £300 : 15 : 6 ; in the clear income at £269 : 5 : 9
pe?' ann. It was surrendered at the Dissolution by the
Prior and seventeen canons, on the 8th Dec. 1539. There
were — lead, 30 fodder; bells, 7; plate, 442 oz.

In 32 Henry Till the Priory was granted to Sir Henry
Knevit, Knt., and Ann his wife ; but in the 3rd Edw.VI
the Earl of Rutland held it of the King in capite, by
military service, to whom, in the 5th Elizabeth, the Queen
gave licence to alienate this manor, with those of Bylles-
dale, Staperlow, and Pvegvalx, to Edward Jackman and
Richard Lambert.

Mr. W. de G. Birch's Catalogue of Seals in the British
Museum contains the seal of the Priory (Nos. 3360-3362),
late twelfth century, and of the Prior (No. 3363), thir-
teenth century. In this the water-bouget and the wheel
of Espec are introduced.

Wardon Abbey. — Wardon Abbey was the last, in order
of date, of the three foundations of Walter Espec, and was
dedicated by him to the Blessed Virgin Mary. It was situ-
ate at Wardon, in the hundred of Wixantree, and Deanery
of Shefford, in the county of Beds., about three miles west
of Biggleswade, and about nine from Bedford. It was
furnished with monks from the Abbey of Rievaulx, and
thus became, and continued, a Cistercian foundation.

~ 1 The solidus was a gold coin, the same as the Roman anreHS, which
passed for- 2.5 denarii. Its value in gold was £1 : 1 : 1 of our present
money. See Smith's Classical Diet.
2 lErxles. Hist, of Yorkshire.

WARDON AT.BKV. 289

Diigdale calls it a cell of Rievaulx. It was known as
Wardon, alias De Sartis, and was so named from de essar-
tis or assai-tis, as built in a place which had once been a
wood, but which was afterwards grubl)ed up and cleared.
" Now", says Tanner, writing in 1 787, " it is all meadows
or pasture-land."

In Lambarde's 'Topographical and Historical History oj
England, which was compiled by him prior to, and is
described as the mine from which he extracted, his llis-
torg of Kent, he gives the following description of the
foundation of Wardon Abbey : —

"There lived in the Iteigiie of Kinge Jk-ii. I a KiiighL called
Sir Walter Spec, who having none issue of his liodie to inherit his
Landes, made adoption out of the Bastarde lieligion, bestowing his
Livelihood upon the Monasteries, that is to say, Kirkhani, Kyvers,
& this Warden in ]]edfordshire, which was valued in the Ifecordes
at ;589 Pounds of Yearly lievenue. The Chron: of Chester called
this man Lespec, and the Monasterie the Daughter of Kyvers,
because it was after the same Kule and Order."^

The date of the foundation has been variously given.
Dugdale, in the second edition of his Monasticon (1682),
says it was founded in a.d. 1136 ; but in the last edition,
by Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel, the date 1135 is given,
with a charter of confirmation by King Stephen, dated
in that year of grace, and the first year of that King's
reign. The Annals of Norwich, cited in the Monasticon,
give A.D. 1136, which agrees with Lambarde from The
Chron. of Chester ; and Leland, in his Collectanea,- g'lvefi
A.D. 1138. He says: "mcxxxv^iu. Ecclesia Iloffensis
combusta est. Eodem Anno abbatiie de Wardonia alias
de Sartis incipiuntur."

As Stephen's charter was a confirmation, and not an
original grant, no later year than 1135 can be accepted
as the date of the foundation of the Abbey; but the word
" incipiuntur" used by Leland may refer to the construc-
tion of the permanent conventual buildings; and this is
most likely, as the nominative to " incipiuntur " is under-
stood ; i.e., taking " abbatije" as the genitive singular, and
not the nominative jilural.

By Stephen's charter he gave to God and the Churc
of St. Mary de Essartis, and to the monks of the same,

^ 113G. Herald's uotu, Chron. Cites. ^ \o\. iii, p. 73.

290 WARDON ABBEY.

the whole essart of Wardon and of Ludgivela, and all the
wood of his two vills which Walter Espec had given to
them.

Eichard I, by charter dated 11th Nov., in the 10th
year of his reign (a.d. 1199), confirmed to the Abbot and
monks of Wardon, of the Order of Cistercians, the place
where the Abbey was founded ; the granges of Rueye-
de-Parco and De Pucho, with all the land which is called
Rode, in Middleton; the Grange deMiddleho, Piavensho,
Pvamhale, Molebroke, with all the land which they have
in Prestelia ; the Grange of Landaboldesheyne, West
Wardon, Odeseth, with all the land which they have in
Duntone ; the Grange of Bradefield, with Fildemwoda ;
the Grange of Burnedene, with all the land which they
have in Berwham; the Grange of Livermere, and all land
which they have in Stainford, and in Sucginal, and in
Chicksand.

In A.D. 1217 Fulk de Breaute, a powerful baron, whose
enormous outrages (says Lysons), seem to have rendered
him the terror of the country, treated the monks of this
Convent with much cruelty, on account of a dispute
about a wood, and carried thirty of them prisoners to
Bedford Castle ; yet such was the ascendency of the
Church at that time, that he was glad to make his peace by
submitting to receive manual discipline from the monks
in the Chapter House at Wardon, at the same time con-
firming to them the wood about which the dispute had
arisen, and promising them his protection ever after.

The first Abbot of wdiom mention is made is Simon,
who occurs in a composition respecting the church of
Sugville. He is also named in a Privilegium of Pope
Innocent, directed to ''' Simon the Abbot and his brethren
in the Monastery of St. Mary de Sartis, which is in the
diocese of Lincoln", by which the Pope allowed them to
acquire lands, and took them under his protection.^

In the 6th John (1205), Warine, Abbot of Wardon, was
a party to a fine from Willkard Leide and Margery his
wife, of twenty acres of land in Wardon ; and in the
10th John (1209), Lawrence, Abbot, was a party to a fine
from the same parties. -

1 Hunteriana Collectanea, p. 2.') (No. 0, Add. MSS., Brit. Mus.).

2 IIAd. (No. lO;:)).

WAt^DON ABBRV. 291

In the 7tli Henry III (a.d. 1223), Hoger, Abbot of
Wardon, is a l)arty to a fine levied in that year by Henry
Braybrock and Christian liis wife, to the Abljot, of thirty
acres of land in West Wardon.

Adam, Abbot of Wardon, was made Bishop of Connor
in 1241.^

Leland says^' that in a.d. 1243 the Abbot of Wardon
was elected by the Cardinals to the Roman bishopric, but
on account of the Emperor they were not able to have
him ("propter imperatoris...non potuerunt habere"), and
so they elected Senebaldus, who was called Innocent IV.
This is a brief summary of the transactions which took
place on the death of Pope Gregory IX, an account of
which is given by Matthew Paris, from which it appears
that the Emperor Francis II had imprisoned the Cardi-
nals ; and on the death of the Pope, on the 22nd August
1241, ten of their number had returned to the Roman
Court, two being still kept in prison by the Emperor.
These ten could not come to a satisfactory determination
as to the election of a new Pope because their number
was broken up; they therefore sent to the Emperor beg-
ging him to send the two Cardinals to the Court on
whatever terms he chose to impose. This the Emperor
granted, being softened by the entreaties of Earl Richard,
on condition, however, that unless Otho were elected
Pope, they should return to their former state and condi-
tion in prison. When, therefore, they were all assembled
in the Palace called the Palace of the Sun, five of the
Cardinals elected a sixth, who was Geoffrey of Milan ;
and this election was favoured by the Emperor, who con-
gratulated him on it. The three remaining ones elected
a fourth, namely Romanus ; but this election the Empe-
ror opposed, as he considered him a man of disreputal)le
character.

A serious division was thus created between the breth-
ren on account of these elections ; for he ought to be
elected Pope in whose election two parts of the electors
have consented, in accordance with the decree of Alex-
ander. And thus this matter, so deeply concerning the

1 Dut^dale, Monnsticon, vol. v, od. 1830.

2 Collect., torn, i, 2G1.

21)2 WAUDON abbi:y.

Church, "svas left unfinished ; and they were divided, or
rather dis])ersed, both in mind and body.^

While the election of the Pope was in abeyance, the
jiapal power devolved upon the conununity of the Cardi-
nals, who sent a letter to the holy man, the Abbot of
Waredon, directing him to render full satisfaction to
Master Peter, canon of the Church of the Chief of the
Apostles, Rector of the church of Morden, concerning
the farm of the church. This letter is dated "a.d,
MCCXLiii, the apostolic see being vacant."

In A.D. 1252, King Henry III, finding that the dis-
putes which arose amongst the nobles on account of their
warrens, caused a great (though disgracefully acquired)
increase to his treasury by the forfeitures which they
incurred, ordered a proclamation .to be made, that who-
ever wished to have a warren should obtain one on pay-
ment of a sum of money. Of this permission, amongst
others, the Abbot and monks of Wardon paid the re-
quired sum, and obtained a right of warren from the
King. This, how^ever, seemed to William Beauchamp to
be derogatory to his right ; he therefore seized on their
cattle, wounded and killed several of the brethren, and
otherwise injured them in many ways.

In A.D. 1256, Master Rustand, on the apostolic author-
ity, summoned all the Abbots of the Cistercian Order in
England to appear before him on the fourth Sunday after
Easter, to hear a message from the Pope (Alexander IV).
Rustand demanded of them, for the use of the Pope and
the King, a large sum of money, as much as the cost ot
their wool amounted to ; and all their means of profit,
and even of supporting life, depended on their wool.
They firmly replied that they were not allowed to give a
positive answer to such a heavy demand without asking
the consent and advice of the Abbot and Chapter of the
Cistercians, of which they were the limbs and the child-
ren ; and thus they returned to their convents, leaving
Master Rustand in a state of great anger. He com-
plained to the King, stating that the Aljbots had replied
that they would not in any way lielj) him in his neces-
sity. The King, in his anger, swore that he would injure

^ Matthew Psnis, vol. i, p. 384, Bobu's ed.

WARDON ABBEY. 293

and persecute them singly, as ho could not bond Uieni to
consent to his wishes when united.

At this time Ida, the wife of William Ik-aucliam)), a
woman of noble family, but (says Matthew Paris) vilo and
degenerate in her morals, finding a favourable opportu-
nity, in consequence of the King's anger, of injuring the
Abbot of Wardon, made a serious accusation against the
Abbot in the King's Court, on frivolous grounds, or no
grounds at all. Tlie Abbot was left at the mercy of the
King ; and as he (the King) had stop|)ed all other ways
of obtaining mercy, except by application to himself, the
Abbot applied to the King for mercy, who replied, " How
can you have the front to ask me for mercy ? You, who
with your brother Abbots so lately refused mercy to me
in my necessity." And he fined him a large sum of
money, at the option and will of bis persecutors.

Other Abbots of the Cistercian Order \yere likewise
compelled to suffer manifold losses and injuries, Avhich led
to the Pope's (Alexander IV) interference on their behaU',
and to his decree of the 25th May, in the first year of his
pontificate (a. D. 1254), exempting"'the Cistercians from the
payment to the King of the tithes of their revenues and
incomes. About the same time, also, the Pope sent a let-
ter of entreaty to the King, on behalf of the Cistercian
Order, and Cardinal White wrote in their favour ; and
thus (says Matthew Paris) for a time the Cistercians
breatbed freely, and enjoyed a sort of tranquillity, such
as it was.

In the 6th Edward II, the Abbot of Wardon was
assessed at 25. to a tallage made on certain lands in
Cambridge and Huntingdon, including certain religious
bouses, some of which were beyond the boundaries of
these counties.

A fragment of a Register of Wardon Abbey is pre-
served in the Harleian MS. 4765. It formerly belonged
to Peter le Neve, Norroy. It relates to the lands of the
monks exempt from tithes at Edenham in the diocese of
Lincoln, Burgh in Cambridgeshire (now called Purrow
Green), Ravensholt, Boughden, Duifenfeld, and Le Wod-
feld. Bound with this 'is the Harleian MS. 4760, and
rental of the lands of the Abbey at Newton S. Crucis,
Dene Priour, Scheagh, Priorton, Thryschelton, Waterfall,

294 WARDOX ABBEY.

Tamerton, Martynstow, and theii- granges, taken in the
9th Henry IV.

The common seal was circular, and (says Dugdale) very
elegant. The subject of it represented the Blessed Vir-
gin crowned, holding in her right hand the Child ; in her
left, a stalk with flowers. She is seated under a highly
ornamented canopy, and in niches on each side of her are
figures praying to her ; the whole interior profusely orna-
mented with tabernacle-work Legend, s . com'vne .

ABB AXIS . ET . CO'VEXTVS . DE . WARDONE. There is a

counter-seal bearing the abbatial arms, viz., ademi-crozier
between three warden-pears^ in a shield surrounded with
these words, spes . mea . ix . deo . est. The impression on
this seal is on red wax. It is appendant to the surrender
in the Augmentation Office, dated 4th Dec. 2'.^ Hen.VIII.^'
The gross income of the Abbey at the suppression
(26 Hen. VIII) was rated at £442 : 11 : 11 ; the net
receipts at £389 : 16 : 6. It was surrendered by Henry
Emery, the last Abbot, and fourteen monks, on the 4th
Dec. 1538 (29 Hen.VIII). The Abbot gave as his reasons
for resigning, the wickedness and ignorance of the monks. '^
Lysons, in his Magna Britannia (published in 1813) says
the small remains which were then to be seen of the con-
ventual buildings were of brick, and of no great antiquity.
A considerable part of what was represented in Buck's
view was pulled down about the year 1790, and the
whole of the buildings have since disappeared, "Perierunt
etiam ruiucTe." The site, now consisting of meadow or
pasture-land, was in Lysons' time the property of Mr.
AVliitbread, and is nearly two miles from the parish
church. In 1669 it was the seat of Sir lialph Bovey.'*

^ Otlierwise called "abbot's pears".

^ Dnrrdale, Afon., ed. 1830, vol. v, p. 371 ; but see Bircli's Catalorjue
of Seals in the Brit. Mns., vol. i, Nos. 4258-9, where is also given a seal
of Abbot Robert (No. 42G0) from Harl. Cb. 45 A, 27.

^ Bibl. Cotton., Cleopatra, E. iv, IoGb, Brit. Mus.

* Ljsons, Ma[/. JJrit., vol. i (Bedfordshire"), p. 148.

295

AN ANCIENT

RECORD CONCERNING ST. AUGUSTINE'S
ABBEY, CANTERBURY.

BY TIIK REV. J. CAVE-BUOWNE, M.A.
(Read 21 Nov. 1894.)

Among the MSS. in the British Museum is one (Camp-
bell Charters, VI, 5) only recently unearthed by W. de
Gray Birch, Esq., which for its age and its contents is
of considerable interest and importance. It is the official
record of a suit tried at Canterbury in the year 117G as
to the jurisdiction of the Abbey of St. Augustine over
certain of their tenants in the Isle of Thanet, who claimed
exemption, and their right to have their case adjudicated
in their own local Court, or Halimote, at Minster. The
historic value of this MS. lies not cliiefly in the settle-
ment of the claim against them and in I'avour of the
Court of St. Augustine, for that is a recognised fact of
history, but far more in the list of witnesses appended to
it, representing as it does the leading men of the county,
especially in East Kent, at that time. The identification
and localisins: of these worthies shall be the work of the
writer of the following pages.

Yet a glance at the circumstances which led ujt to the
necessity for this trial may be introduced as a prelude to
the list itself One of the imperious acts of Henry II
was his forcing upon the Abbey of St. Augustine, in
direct opposition to the monks (on the death of Sylvester)^
in 1163, Clarenbald as Abbot, whom Berington {Life of
Henry II, etc., p. 232) denounces as "a man of notorious
depravity". The monks never acknowledged him as
their Abbot, never admitted him to their Chapter, nor
permitted him to celebrate any offices in their Churcli ;
and, though he is by some styled the " Abbot elect", his
thirteen years' occupancy of it is regarded as a "vacancy"

1 "Post mortem Sylvestri qnidam Secularis nomine Clarembaldus
per potentiam Regis in Monasterium violenter fuit intrusus, set et vac.i-

vit de facto Monasterium per quindecini fere aunos." {Chronim

W. Thorn \^Direm Scriptures], p. 1815.)

29G ANCIENT RECORD CONCERNING

of the Abbatial chair.^ He was eventually deposed by
the Pope, Alexander, in 1173 :^ having utterly neglected
the interests of the Monastery, enriched himself by appro
priating much of the Abbey lands,- and allowed the rents
of the rest to fall into great confusion and arrears.

It was during his time that the memorable fire broke
out which consumed so much of the Abbey Church in
1168 ; and two years after, he, in servile sycophancy to
the King, received the four conspirator knights into his
apartments and consulted with them on their meditated
attack upon the Archbishop (Becket).

Such was the state of things at the time when the
trial arose of which this is the record.

On the deposition of Clarenbald, Roger of Dover, as he
was called, a monk of the Christ Church Monastery, and
the appointed keeper of the Altar in the Martyrdom,
was elected, and set himself vigorously to recover the
lands and dues which the laxness and depravity of his
predecessor had allowed to pass away from the Monastery.
A considerable portion of these possessions lay in the
Isle of Thanet, and against the holders of these lands
proceedings were taken.

PjIutish Musi:um, Campbell Chaetek, VI, 5.

Anno ab incarnatione domini m.c.l.xx°vi°. Anno aiitem regni
H(enrici) regis secundi . vicesimo secimdo, mense Decembri in
uigilia sancti Thome Apostoli . liogerus electus beati Angustini
Cantuarie & homines de Thaneto qui pertinent ad tenementum
beati Angustini tali niodo paciticati sunt. Controuersia qnippe
niajnia inter ipsutn electum & homines deTlianetho diutius agitata
est. Ipsis Thanetensibus asserentibus se ad capitalem curiam beati
Angustini Cantuarie placitandi causa vel judicium sustinendi nuUo
modo debere accedere . sed in halimoto sue in Thaneto omnia
judicia sua exerceri. Unde idem electus potestatem regiam inter-
peHans obtinuit quod ex regio mandato eadem controversia in
coraitatu Cantie debitum finem sortiretur. Die itaque constituto
Cantuarie in eodem comitatu astnntibus utrisque partibus in cou-
spectu Johannis de Cardif . supplentis uicem lioberti filii Bernardi
uicecomitis . idem Thanethenses coacti ratione equitatis recogncue-
runt debere se ad curiam sancti Angustini Cantuarie uenire

' Pope Alexander's I>ull deposing and excommunicating Clarenbald
is fiven in Hardwick's ed., T. Klmham, Hist. Monasterii, p. 41.5.

* "Bona et possessiones Monasterii interius et exterius violenta
manu occupavit." (IbicL, p. 1816.)

Sr. AUGUSTINKS ABBEY, CANTERBURY.

297

quotiens summoiiiti i'nerint . & ibidem si (nieiuliun de aliqua re
erga eos abbas lial)uerit placituin iniro iK: judici(j curie stare sicut
liomines alterius iiille . & reco<j;noueniiit ([uod ilbid idem diratioua-
tiim fuerat contra se tempore Clareiibaldi quoudam electi. De
rebellione uero sua guagium dederunt abbati in maueiam ipsius it
hoc in manu liadulphi senescballi sui vidcnto nmni comitatu.
Hujus actiouis testes sunt :

1. Johannes du Cardif.

2 & 3. Elias do Sldlingbeldo &

Daniel frater eius.
4 & 5. Adnm de Cheringes&Yuo

filius eins.
() & 7. Gei'uasius denosprenge&

Herupus nepos eius.
8 & 9. WillebnnsdeEssccbesford

& Thomas frater eius.
](} & 11. Fulco Peisforiere & Ri-

cardus Peisforiere.

12. Willehnus de Chusingtunc.

13. Willebnus Uelu.

14. Ricardus filius Heltonis.

15. Alanus Wischard.

16. Willelmus filius Nigelli.

17. Mauricius de Wadiidiale.

18. Hugo Pincerna.

19. Henricus de Insula.

20. Alanus de Rethlinge.

21. Radulphus Chofin.

22 & 23. Simon de Siioueldunc &
Jordaniis filius eias.

24. Willelmus de Nortbfolche.

2'"). Simon de Denintuiie.

20. Petrus de Betlesh:iiigi-e.

27 & 28. Willelmus Capel & Sam-
son nepos eius.

29. Robertus de Diua.

30. Florentius de Wiiidgate.

31. Galfridus de Essechesford.

32. Radulphus de Fissebui'ne.

33. Galfridus Turchople.

34. Willelmus de Poltuiie.

35. Walteius Morel.

36 & 37. Robertus de Wede &
Willelmus frater eius.

38. ('lemens de Srinp^linges.

39. Haimo filius Willclmi f. Uiel.

40. Henrieus de Cramavilla.

41. Johannes de Scliamelesforde.

42. Willelmus de Lille Cheriche

(Little Chart ?).

43. Radulphus de Heslinges.

44 & 4o. Hoiigarus d(! Stiii-eia &

Adam filius eius.
40. Beiiedietus de Farbunia.

47. Samson de Neulande.

48. Willelmus Burel.

49. Radulphus Waleis.

50. Alanus de Welle.s.

51 & 52. Walterus de Herste &
Robertus filius eius.

53. Willelmus dv. Wigheshelle.

54. Galfridus Malabissa.
00. Haimo de Sohtford.

50 & 57. Willelmus de Ordluues-
tune& Simon frater eius.

58. Robertus filius Thome de Es-

sindenne.

59. Ricardus do Poltune.

00. Henricus dc Shornes.

01. Theodericus Fameng.

02. Willelmus de Pundherste.

03. Radulphus de Essele.

04. Willelmus de Crauthorne.

05. ^dwjnus do Northebi'ocho.
00. Rogerus Clericus.

07 & 08. ^ilnodius & Adelardus

de Souodune.
09 & 70. Asketinus & Osbertus

de Suthtuuo.

71. Osbertus Francois.

72. Henricus de Marisco.

73 & 74. Etardns & Wlstanus do

Wiskobeche.
75. Ricardus Weuoro.
70. I^obertus filius Heilnoth.
77 & 78. Robertus & yElmerusdc

Stocco.
79. Simon de Blen.
8t> & 81. Haimo & Haldredus do

Sturmuo. (?)

82. Siredus de Cumbe.

83. ^Ifwinus Guingo cherl (?

chesl).

84. Eustncius homo Radulplii de
C'raie.

298

ANCIKNT RECORD CONCERNING

85 & 86. Willelmus & Galfridus 90 & 91. Nicholaus & Willelmus

de Thelebregge.

87. Helias de Schuthe.

88. Martiiius Bedellus.

89. Augrustinus de Helstene.

de Ossne.

92. Willelmus filius Kenewoldi.

93. Wido de Lieurechestune.

ET DE THANETHO.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.

Adrianus Miles.
Robertas de Wesfgatlie.
Osbertus Belle,
^rnoklus Vicecomes.
^Imerus Clericus.
Godel'ridus Clericus.
Hugo filius Swaneliild.
Seuiigel de Dudemettune.
^dwardus de Ladaue.
Norniaunus de Liedenne.
Winedei quint geual (?).
Heuricus filius Wicbtgari.
Jordauus de Dumeitnue.
Daniel de Aldilande.
Wallerus Dispensator.

109. Oswardus filius Elmeri.

110. Flawoldus.

111. Wluiat prestes ad hun.

112. 118, 114. Odo & Asketiuus &

^Imerus de Cliuesende.

115, 116. Godhese de Staue

Britbwoldus frater eius.

117. Godhese parvus.

118. ^luiath Kete.

119. Htnricus de Spina.

120. -iEdwardus filius Britbiue

121. Wluricus filius Acheman.

122. Godwiuus filius Arnoldi.

123. Oswardus Wrenge.
et quam plures alii.

Endorsed in a very old handwriting : —

"Quod diratioiiatuni est in Coinitatu Cantie homines de
Thauetho debere venire ad placitandum in Curia sancti Augustini."

Translation of the Gantcrhurii Trial (Br. Mns., Campbell
Chartcrs,\\, 5).

" In the year of the Incarnation of our Lord, 1176, but
in the 22nd year of the reign of King Henry II, in the
month of December, on the vigil of St. Thomas ^ the
Apostle, Roger, the Abbot-Elect of the Monastery of the
Blessed Augustine of Canterbury, and the men of Thanet,
who held lands under the Blessed Augustine, were recon-
ciled after the following manner. A great controversy
had forsooth long been agitated between the Abbot-
Elect and these men of Thanet ; the latter asserting
that they ought on no account to come before the chief
Court of the Blessed Augustine of Canterbury to plead or
to receive judgment, but that all their judgments (suits)
should be' carried out in their own Halimote (or local
Court), in Thanet. Whereupon the said Abbot-Elect
obtained, by appealing to the King, a royal mandate that
the controversy should be brought to a due settlement
in the County of Kent."

^ t<M«tto ovro' 'uitoA ^-w «rp«[i iUf -J-CTn tWH o^tW VW9^ AjTr ^ T ■ V «r ^ ™j^ ««>e eonaiq^tt «(
Iromaw cnTtoe^cttw H W'^'-'tit wcr.w.lUw. MrtTm^T »««w* A\btrob4 nm^; ^^ H\<i(ifBMcfeVaM ^Iwti*

^ ^ar C4^ r3 J.« «t^t- 5 ifc^^Wfc \t^s^U^ i^UMu4i '^^UmiCAQv*^ ,

ST. AUGUSTINE S ABBEY, CANTERBURY. 299

" Therefore, on the appointed day both parties pre-
sented themselves at Canterbury before John of Cardiff,
sitting for Robert Fitz Bernard, the Sheriff'; the Thanet
men, compelled by a sense of right, acknowledged that
they ought to come to the Court of the Blessed Augus-
tine whenever summoned, and therein to plead in any
cause the Abbot might have against them, and abide by
the judgment of the Court as the men of any other place ;
and admitted that the same had been proved against
them in the time of Clarenbald, the former elected Abbot.
But regarding their own rebellion they gave a j^ledge to
the Abbot, in the form of his " maneia", or gift ; and this
in the hand of Radulphus, the Seneschal], in the presence
of all the county.

" Of this transaction the following are witnesses."

Of the 123 names on this list many of course defy any
attempt at identification ; such as Nos. 14, 16, 39, etc.,
where only the Christian name and that of the father is
given, without surname or designation ; or as Nos. 66,
98, 99, etc., where the word " Clericus " and nothing-
more is added, without any clue to the i^ropria cuva held
by him ; or again, as in No. 75, with the occupation of
Weaver, or in No. 88, with the office of Beadle. Of the
others, too, there are very many in which the names of
the places or manors have undergone such changes as to
be past recognition.

The first name to be noticed occurs in the body of the
Charter, that of " Robertus filius Bernardi, Vicecomes".
This Robert Fitz Bernard, of Kingsdown, near Wrotham,
had been Sheriff during part of preceding year, conjointly
with the still more powerful Kentish magnate, Gervase
de Cornhill, and was re-appointed to the office for the
eight succeeding years. The Manor of Kingsdown had
been conferred on the father of Bernard by Henry I,^
and remained in the family till the 36th of Edward III
(1362), when through failure of the male line it passed
by the marriage of a daughter to the Badlesmere family.

The list of the " witnesses " themselves opens worthily
with the name of this Johannes de Cardiff; and it would
carry with it all the weight and dignity of royal sanction,

^ PiiilipuL's Villare Cantianum, p. 203.
1894 -1

300 ANCIENT RECORD CONCERNING

for another Charter in the British Museum (Cotton
Charters XI, 73)^ tells us that he had the year before
been appointed, in conjunction with Ricardus Giffard and
Rogerus filius Reinfridi, " Justicia[rius] Regis", in which
capacity he would, no doubt, be present at this trial.

Elias de Shillinghelde and his brother Daniel (2 and
3) come next : this family doubtless held the Manor of
Shelving Hill, in the parish of Woodnesborough,^ near
Eastry. Adam de Cheringe and his son (4 and 5) were
probably known a few years after by the surname of
Brocton or Broughton, a manor in Charing, where, ac-
cording to Philipot, Adam de Brocton lived in the reign
of Edward I.

Of Gervase de Hospringe and his grandson Hervey
(6 and 7) nothing appears on record. William de Esse-
chesforde and his brother Thomas (8 and 9) may well
claim a home at Ashford, formerly known as Eshetisford
and Esheford, as lying on the river Eshet or Eshe.
Here the wealthy family of Crioll or Keriell held posses-
sions from very early times f and it is fair to conjecture
that the distinctive name of the family was here, as in
the case of others, lost in that of the manor, and that
the above AVilliam and Thomas were really CrioUs.

Of the next worthies, Eulco and Richard Peisforiere
(10 and 11) or Paiforer, there is no need for conjecture.^
The family seat was originally at North Court, in
Easeling, and they subsequently possessed Colbridge
Castle, in Boughton Malherbe, and other manors. Two
of the family, Eulco and William, were created Knights
Banneret by Edward I at Caarlaverock, and the former

^ The charter runs thus : " Hec est finalis concordia que facta fuit
apud Oxoniam in curia Regis coram Ricardo Giffard & Eogero filio
Reinfridi & Johanne de Caerdif Justitiis Regis (ad) proximum fes-
tum apostolorum Petri et Pauli postquam Domiuus Rex cepit h'gan-
tiam liaronum Scocie apud (Eb)oracum inter Canonicos Osenie & In-
gream & tres filias ejus sciHcet G undream & Isabell(ani) & IVI(ar)gare-
tam de terra de Oxeneford unde phicitum fuerat inter eos in curia
Regis : scilicet quod Ingrea & tres filie sue prenominate clamaverunt
predictis canonicis quietam terram illara in Oxeneford de se et de
heredibus suis pro xx solidis quos canonic! illis dederunt et omne jus
quod in eadem terra habebant quietum illis clamaverunt." This date
is given in Eyton's Itinerary, p. 193, as Aug. 10, a.d. 1175.

^ ViJlare Cantianum, p. 367. ^ lb., p. 55.

* lb., passim.

ST. AUGUSTINE S ABBEY, CANTERBURY. 301

was Sheriff for the county in 12.59, and again in the fol-
lowing year.

Hugo Pincerna (18), of originally a Bedfordshire family
according to Philipot, would seem to liave heen the first
member of it to find a home in Kent, where his son,
Thomas Pincerna, settled himself at Barham Court, in
Teston, in the reign of King John ; using for his seaP a
covered cup, with the scroll " Sigillum Thome Pincerne\
the inference is drawn that he was chief butler to the
King, and that in allusion to that office his descendants
took the name of Le Boteler, corrupted into Butler, with
whom Planche, in his " Corner of Kent'V connects the
name given to the Manor of Fleet in that parish, of
Butler's Fleet.

Henricus de Insula (19), though taking the name from
the Isle of Wight, is more closely connected with Sun-
dridge, where the family lived for many generations,
occupying an important position in the county, which
only ended in the unfortunate complicity of Sir Henry in
the insurrection of Sir Thomas Wiat.

Alanus de Hethling (20) was clearly a representative
of an " illustrious family ", as Philipot calls them, who
for many generations held the Manor of Petling, or Rat-
ling, in Nonington, from which they took their designation.

The manors of Shouldon (Shoveldune) (22 and 23),
Denton (Denintune) near Eleham (25), Betshanger
(Betleshangre) (26), and Capell Court, in Ivychurch, also
had their representatives.

Pobertus de Diua (or Diva) (29) owned a family estate
in the parish of Estling. Ashford also supplied another
witness in the person of Galfridus de Essechesford (31).
Radulphus de Fishbourne (32) represented an ancient
manor in Faversham. Henricus de Cramavilla (40), of
a Gravesend family, and Johannes de Schamelsforde (41),
of a manor in Chartham ; Willelmus de Lille Cheriche
(42) (Little Chart ?), Heilgarus and Adam de Sturry
(Stureia) (44 and 45), and a number of smaller estatesmen
whom it is impossible to identify and follow in the list.

This array of mediocrities seems to be broken through
by the name of Willelmus de Orlanston and his brother

^ Villare Cantianum, p. 336.

2 Planche's Corner of Kent, p. 56.

302 ANCIENT RECORD, ETC.

Simon (56 and 57), representing an important manor in
Romney Marsh. ^ An ancestor of theirs had accompanied
Richard I to the Holy Land, and was with him at the
Battle of Acre, while a descendant, also called William,
was a Conservator Pads in the reign of Edward III and
High Sheriff in the year 1328.

Henricus de Shornes (GO), too, seems to represent an
influential family, probably one of the Nevils,' who at
that time held this manor.

The list closes with 29 men of Thanet. At the head
of these stands Adrianus Miles (94), who was probably
one of the Crioll family who were then paramount lords
of Thanet; while iErnoldus Vicecomes (97) is said by
Philipot- to have been Sheriff in the 22nd of Henry TI,
the same year in which Robert Fitz Bernard held that
office, and in which this trial took place ; but Kilburne
does not include him in his list of Sheriffs, and Philipot
himself adds, " of what family is not yet discovered".

In bringing this account to a close, it may be well to

mention that Philipot says the original of this trial was

in his time in the hands of his friend Le Neve, then

Norroy Herald. None such is now to be found in the

archives of the College of Arms. It is supposed to have

disappeared in the general dispersion of his papers ; and

possibly this charter, for which we are indebted to Lord

F. Campbell, is that missing original. The Records of

the Canterbury Cathedral Chapter throw no light on

this trial, nor contain any allusion to it, which is easily

to be accounted for by the jealous rivalry which existed

between Christ Church Priory and St. Augustine's

Al)bey.

^ Farley's Weald of Kent, t^. 717.
2 Villare Cantiamim, p. 19.

303

NOTES ON THE FONT AND BRASSES IN
ADDERLEY CHURCH, SALOP.

BY C. LYNAM, ESQ.
{,Rcad 21 Nov. 1894.)

Adderley is situated in the extreme north-east corner
of the county of Salop, just outside the boundary of this
county with Cheshire. It has a station on the Great
Western Railway, between Wellington and Crewe, and
the church is within half a mile of the station. It is
placed just outside the borders of Adderley Park, at the
fork of two roads, and is one of those churches which has
been much controlled by the mind and purse of the local
squire ; that is to say, it has "progressed with the times",
which means that the only evidence in the parish of con-
tinuous religious service throughout the ages has been
" improved from the face of the earth", and in its stead
has been substituted, in true Georgian fashion, a fabric
square and smooth without, and within, whitewash and
glare ; but happily two ancient memorial brasses and the
font have escaped the hands of the destroyer. The font
is the subject of this brief communication.

When the church was rebuilt it was turned out into
the churchyard, but the present Rector, the Rev. A. Cor-
bet, thought better of the primitive taste of seven or
eight hundred years ago than the pressed pitcher-basin
of to-day which had usurped its place, and he got the old
font retixed as it is now to be seen, and as the accom-
panying sketches indicate.

On one sheet the plan, section, and four elevations are
shown to a scale of one-eighth the real size,^ and on
another sheet a view (drawn by ]\lrs. Lynam) from the
north-west, and on a third sheet a copy of the inscrip-
tion. From these it will be seen that the bowl is rect-
angular in form, and takes something of the shape of a
Norman cushion-capital, having on its lower edge a bold
bead, and is supported by a shaft cylindrical in form, but
not circular, its shape following the form of the bowl,

^ Now reduced still further.

304 NOTES ON THE FONT AND BRASSES

which at the top is 2 ft. 8^ in. long by 2 ft. J in. wide.
The basin is sunk in the same form as the bowl, and sug-
gests the purpose of immersion in the use of the rite of
Holy Baptism. The whole font, including bowl and shaft,
is of one stone. Whether there was any base originally
is not apparent, the present step on which it stands
being of recent date. As now fixed, the longer sides of
the bowl run east and west; but whether this disposition
is original is also open to question.

On the faces of the bowl, beginning on the east side,
there is a margin, 3| in. deep, which bears the following
inscription, —

»J< HIC MALE PPJMUS HOMO FRUITUR CUM CONJUGE POMO,

which our Hon. Secretary, Mr. W. de Gray Birch, puts
into English as " Here the first man with his spouse ill-
enjoys the apple"; or, as he says, poetically, —

" This water, by its sacred power,
Turns Eve's sweet fruit and Adam's sour."

The Bev. Canon Browne puts it as " Here the first man
evilly eats the apple with his wife". The letters have
been tampered with more or less, and the present Bector
inclines to the opinion that they are of much more recent
date than the font itself; but in my view font and in-
scription are one both in sentiment and art. They have
been subject to injury and wear and tear concurrently.
The whole spirit of the work seems to be co-incident.

The present total height is 3 ft. 6 in., and the diame-
ters of the shaft are respectively 22| in. and 20 in. The
sunken s])iral ornamentation on the east and west sides
nearly correspond in form, but on the north side there is
a raised cross with delicately carved spandrils filling the
upper angles of the circular face, ^^n the south side the
face is filled with interlaced work as truly decorative as
could be cut. The form and character of the work indi-
cate the twelfth century as the period of its origin ; but
whether of the early or latter half is not, perhaps, so easy
to determine.

One of the brasses (not sent herewith) is to the memory
of Sir Bobert Nedeham, who with his wife and seven
sons and two daughters are engraved ; and the inscrip-

lUlt . INSCMPTiQN BE<ilN< OH [\S\ an /*NC Follows om N-'^'akoS' %>0IS

riw

ADDEBLBY, SALOP. — Font Ddails.

IN ADDERLEY CHURCH, SALOP. 305

tion gives the date ot his death on the 14th day of June
1556^ and that of his wife on the 2nd of May 1560.

The other brass (of which a rubbing is sent) is of an
ecclesiastic vested for Mass, of beautiful workmanship,
and represents either a bishop or a mitred abbot; but
unfortunately it is headless, and has no inscription
attached. It has peculiarities, in that the pastoral staflt
in the right hand is veiled, and in the left hand is an
open book ; and it is not quite clear that the stole is
included as a vestment, though there are lines on the
brass which may indicate the stole, but in an unusual
manner.

The brasses are fixed in the floor, on the north side,
]ust in front of the altar-rail.

306

NOTES ON SEPULCHRAL CROSSES AND
SLABS IN SHETLAND.

BY LADY PAGET.

[Read 21 Nov. 1891.)

The illustrations Avhicli accompany this paper represent
sepulchral crosses and slabs in Norwick (Plate 1) and
Sandwick (Plate 2), Island of Unst, Shetland. The places
where they rest are known as Viking churchyards.

In Art Rambles in Shetland, by John T. Reid (1869),
the following remark is found about Norwick : " Having
heard of several stone crosses in a churchyaixl at Nor-
wick, I paid a visit to it one evening, ' 'tween the gloomin'
an the mirk', and sitting in that lone churchyard I
heard

' Tlie moanino-, murmuring waves,
Whose melancholy echoes wail
Beside the lonely graves.'

It was a wild spot, near the rock-bound Bay of Norwick.
The crosses were almost buried among the weeds."

Reid has copied the largest of the Norwick crosses, and
has drawn it with plenty of weeds round it. Norwick is
on the north-east of Unst. There is no made road to it
from Haroldswick. Reid does not take any notice of
Sandwick, on the south-east of Unst. It is also stated in
Tlie Orkneys and Shetland, by John R. Tudor (1883), of
"The Kirk of Norwick": — "That at present there is little,
if anything, above the surface. Low said it was pretty
entire, particularly the altar, which is cut asbestos. Every
grave is marked with a cross at the head, the only remains
(and that to them insignificant) of Popery to be found
among them."

The foundations of the old kirk at Norwick can just
be traced. The ground where the crosses lie seems to be
raised, and is situated on the sea-cliff. During the last
few years it has been fenced in, through the kind exer-
tions of Rev. Mr. Smith, Minister of Baltasound, who
found the sacred ground quite unprotected.

y/- ii..

m^i'mMT!.

^-*

s^'^m. \\

PLATE I

l^.V^

i ' "J'

^ h

vnaIm ''^ ' - s-*^ ./if/

1 i%

V ,. ^ ■■.:^5jMy:

"i;-"ii?!ii.'iii
M

PLATE II

CROSSES AND SLABS IN SHETLAND. 307

Mrs. Bradbury kindly copied the sketches made by me,
18 June 1894.

In The Orkneys and Shetland, by John 11. Tndor (1 88:3),
under " Sandwick Churchyard", it is said, "Mr. Irvine saw
some upright stones, nearly rectangular, with crosses
incised on them, in this graveyard ; and they may be
there still, but when the writer was there the yard was
waist-deep in weeds."

At Baltasound, where I was staying, in Unst, there is
a stone placed to record that " Biot, the French savant,
was hospitably entertained at Buness, by Mrs. Edmonds-
ton, in 1817, when engaged in determining the length of
the second's pendulum ; and in the following year Capt.
Kater, who was also engaged on the same subject, suc-
ceeded him."^

The burial-ground of Sandwick contains the ruins of
the ancient kirk, situated on a low cliff by the sea. The
interesting old rough-hewn stone crosses appear to consist
of the same kind of stone as those in Norwick, but in
both graveyards they have sunk very much. Probal)ly
the date of the crosses would be after a.d. 1016, for in the
HeimshringJa Saga it is recorded that Olaf Trygveson in
that year inquired how Christianity was observed in the
Orkney, Shetland, and Faroe Islands, " and as far as he
could learn, it was far from being as he could have
wished."

Mrs. Bradbury kindly copied my sketches of these
crosses, 25 June 1894.

^ Orkneys and Shetland, by Joliu R. Tudor. 1883.

308

THE CLASSICAL AND MEDIyEVAL USE OF

FORTIFICATION OF BRANCHES,

NOW KNOWN AS THE ZAREEI3A.

BY MISS RUSSFXL,
{Read 5 Dec. 1894.)

The question whether the camp of Harold at the battle
of Hastings had or had not a palisade is ever and anon
revived. I do not know that it is of much consequence,
for what caused the defeat was that the Saxon soldiers
would not stay within their lines to be shot at, which
was what they were bound to do, as, owing to cu'cum-
stances, they were very much weaker than the Norman
army, while at the same time they were much too strong
for William to venture to march on towards London,
leaving them behind him ; and what Harold in all pro-
bability intended him to do was to re-embark without a
battle.

But the probability that camps in general were pali-
saded, up to the time of the great changes produced by
the use of gunpowder, is of some interest, the more so
that the way in which it was done seems to have been
overlooked. Indeed, it was not at all in connection with
the camps of the Middle Ages that I first noticed the
apparent fact. It was a name which first drew my atten-
tion to it, in one of the Welsh poems published under the
title of The Four Ancient Books of Wales. The one in
question, unlike most of the others, abounds in proper
names ; so much so that the Mahinogion and other medi-
aeval Welsh legendary literature seem to have been
partly furnished with names from it. That the real mean-
ings had been totally forgotten is rather in favour of the
historical theory of the poems ; that is, that many of
them refer rather to Cumbria than to Wales.

Among other things in the poem in question, Cai, who
is one of the most authentic of Arthur's champions, kills
a warrior called, first, Palach, and afterwards, in some
lines at the end (which look as if they had been added

^0^T AT ADDliULKY, SALOP.

USE OF FORTIFICATION OF BRANCHES. 300

from another copy of the poem), the Cath Palii^^; Cath
meaning hattlc in Gaelic, and Conon, the mischief-maker,
being called Cath Conon throughout one of the Ossianic
tales given by Mr. Campbell. In fact, if Cath was the
old form of catercm, warrior or robber (the latter in Low-
land Scotch), it explains the Cat Stanes as warriors'
graves. There are at least two stones of the name re-
corded.

Now the fight takes place " in the hall of Avarnach",
presumably in a stronghold of some kind ; and Fordun,
to throw ridicule on the story of Athelstan having been
miraculously enabled to pierce a rock near the Castle of
Dunbar, as an omen of success in his invasion of Scot-
land farther north, says (in the Skene translation of his
Chronicle), " In the ' Legend of the Miracles of St. John
of Beverle}'', I have found the following passage, among
others, about the aforesaid King Athelstan. King Athel-
stan, on his way to fight against the Scots, visited the
blessed John of Beverley, upon whose altar he placed a
dagger as his bail, promising that if he came back victo-
rious he would redeem the dagger at an adequate price.
And this promise he also fulfilled, for during his struggle
with the Scots he asked God that through the prayers
of St. John He would show him some evident sign
whereby those in times present and to come might know
that the Scots were rightfully subjugated by the English.
Whereupon the King struck with his sword a certain
boulder of stone near the Castle of Dunbar, and that
stroke made in the rock a gash measuring an ell, as may
be seen to this day.

" Such is the story there ; but we have heard old hags
tell some such fable, that it so happened that one of
King Arthur's soldiers, Kay, had to iight with an enor-
mous tom-cat, which, seeing the soldier prepared to fight
with it obstinately, climbed to the top of a great rock,
and coming down after having made its claws wondrous
sharp for the fight, it gashed the rock with clefts and
winding paths beyond belief Kay, however, they say,
killed the cat. But the cleft of Athelstan's rock is not
had in remembrance or known by the people."

These legends of Fordun's (which are a very fair speci-
men of the controversy about the independence of Scot-

310 CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL

land) have a separate interest, so far that it appears
likely from them that he, John de Fordun, of whose per-
sonal history we know absolutely nothing beyond the
general probability that he was an ecclesiastic, was a
native of Dunbar or the immediate neighbourhood. He
does not say that the cat story happened at Dunbar,
though he certainly implies it ; and of course he did not
want the English Arthur there any more than the Eng-
lish Athelstan. The latter's invasion of Scotland, north
of Lothian, probably indicates a tradition of the posses-
sion of the north-east of Scotland by the Northumbrian
kings, Oswy and Egfrid, which seems to have been a
fact, whether or not it was owing (as I suppose) to Maels-
neth, the first wife of the one, and presumably the
mother of the other, having been one of the Pictish ladies
through whom the royal succession was carried on.
Egfrid must apparently have been too much of an English-
man by education for the Highlanders of the period, for
the cousin who superseded, and eventually killed him,
had the same half-Saxon pedigree. It may be added,
Athelstan's relations with Sitric, the Danish King of
Deira, and apparently of Northumbria, are the least
creditable things we know about him.

To return to Fordun. The name, at least, of the Cat
Craig remains on the sea-shore, about a mile and a half
east of Dunbar, though the rock itself has been nearly
quarried away for lime. It was the light of the Cat
Craig lime-kiln which drew two small vessels of the royal
navy to shipwreck on this coast, in 1810, it having been
mistaken for that of one of the lighthouses.

As to the personal name, Palach, it is very like a Celtic
version of Palladius ; and accordingly an old dedication
to that fifth century saint is indicated by the name ot
Kilpallet on one of the roads across Lammermoor, about
ten miles inland from Dunbar. The name of Kilmad, in
the neighbourhood, further indicates its having been
superseded by a church of St. Aidan, Kil-Mo-Aed.

Now the nearest dwelling inland from the Cat Craig
is called Barney Hill, there being no hill there whatever,
except a low, circular mound in front of the house, which
rather suggests the remains of an old earthwork. Barney
does not resemble Avarnach to the eye, but it comes

USE OF FORTIFICATION OP BRANCH KS. 311

very near to it in sound ; and I am inclined to think the
latter name is merely a Welsh way of representing a
Gaelic name and word still in use, for what I came upon
in following up this half-historical legend of Cai and the
Cat was this. On looking in McAlpine's Gaelic Diction-
ary to see if the old vernacular suggested any meaning
for Barney, I found among the words from har (top), that
harran (or to])ping) means "any sort of coping on a
fence,— thorns, flags, etc."; and considering that Bam-
borough Castle is said to have been originally fortified by
a liedye, and that the old name of (^)uikheg (or Live
Hedge) for some land belonging to Jedburgh Abbey, seems
to show that liedges before 1150 were generally of dead
branches, it seems probable that Barney Hill, without
any natural strength, had been so constructed as to sup-
port a dense palisade of the branches of trees. There is
a Barney Mains, with an old fort near it, in the same
county, near Haddington.

As to some rather similar names in the neighbourhood,
that of East Barns (immediately to the east of Barney
Hill) evidently refers to the West Barns, which is now a
suburb of Dunbar ; while Birney Knowes (that is, Knolls),
a small hamlet some miles further to the east, though it
may perfectly have had a stockade, may be named from
hirns, which means both the stalks of burnt heather and
dry upland pasture.

It is a question of some interest in Scotland at this
moment wdiy hill-forts in Dumfriesshire and its neigh-
bourhood should be called hirns. The best known case
is that of Birrenswark, which I believe has undoubted
Roman remains. Though hirns is singular, not plural, I
should be inclined to think harran is one, or a principal,
derivation, whether the coping was of branches or other
material ; but there are some nine or ten words it may
be connected with, including hurrkm, a form of hirg,
which occurs in Orkney.

Dunbar, whose castle and seaport w^ere so important
as long as ships remained of small size, has two forts on
the Doon Hill ; but from the structure of the name it is
quite likely it may be, as has been suggested, " the town
of St. Barr, or Fimbar", one of Oswald's Irish saints, who
was the patron of Eddleston, between Edinburgh and

312 CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL

Peebles. It should be noticed that Barney Hill stands
on the field of the battle of Dunbar, to the east of Brox-
mouth, where Cromwell, I think, took up his quarters ;
in fact, this is part of the regular road of invasion and
retreat, — Arthur, Athelstan, the Edwards, Cromwell, all
naturally took the same line.

As to the use of branches for fencing and fortification,
corroborations occur in many places. The native earth-
work forts of New Zealand, ^\■hich were very like our
own, were not only surrounded but divided by growing
hedges, which it was extremely difficult to penetrate ;
while, on the other hand, though people do not think of
the meaning of it, the old phrase quickset-hedge implies
that hedges M'ere generally dead down to a period long
after that of the Boxburghshire case given before. The
son of a farmer in Kinross-shire, between the Forth and
Tay, told me that their fail-dykes, or turf-walls, which
were made across every spring, were merely sods sup-
porting a line of branches ; in fact, the real fail-dyke,
without branches, could never have answered after sheep-
husbandry came in. I have only once seen this fence of
turf and branches myself; but that was in the Midland
Counties of England. It was a temporary division in a
field where there were sheep on turnips. In fact, this
kind of fence would be both cheap and efficient where
brushwood M-as the natural growth of the country.

I was both surprised and pleased to see the old hedge
in use at Bamborough still, — a fence of cut hawthorn
branches with the dead leaves hanging on them, simply
stuck in the ground, round a large sand-hole in the links,
to keep the sheep and lambs from falling into it.

Dr. Joseph Anderson says, in one of his well-known
Lectures, that many of the Scotch earthworks look as if
they must have been supplemented by palisades. In the
case of the forts of loose stones, the palisade would have
to be inside the rampart. But it is only of late years, I
think, that it has become generally known that in Africa
camps in dangerous places are fenced with the zareeha, a
palisade of thorny bushes. And what is much stranger
is that it does not seem to be recognised at all that the
camps of the Bomans were fortified with branches. The
wise and practical Polybius, who belongs to the time of

USE OF FORTIFICATION OF BRANCHES. 313

the Roman conquest of Greece, and who is the great
authority on the Koman disciplhie, could see nothino- i,i
that so much"to be admired and imitated as the way in
which the Roman soldiers cut, carried, and utilised the
branches for fencmg the camps. The Greeks, whose prac-
tice he describes as very inferior, would seem to have
used young trees, which could not be carried very far •
while the Romans selected branches of trees, from which
the smaller branches seem to have been cleared away
except on one side. Three or four of these pales could
be carried by one soldier (who slung his shield round his
neck), and they could hardly be pulled out again when
stuck in the ground and interlaced.

It has been remarked of the great camp at Ardoch, on
the borders of the Highlands (which is singularly per-
fect), that it really has no large rampart ; and though it
must have been constructed centuries after the time of
rolybius, and though one would have expected some-
thing more permanent in so large and important a work
1 have no doubt the explanation is that it was a forest
ot branches (at least as regarded the ramparts), and that
they were renewed or repaired every spring. Whether
It has a pnncipal or any share in the derivation of Urns
tor a fort, I see the suggestion of harran (the coping^ or
topping) added to the natural strength, recurs in what
IS, in one way, the most interesting case we have
_ In the valuable paper by the Rev. J. King Hewison,
'.'on f ^''^^^^^^"^^-^ of the Scotch Society of Antiquaries for
1892-3 on the forts of the Island of Bute, it appears
that that called the Barone Hill is said to have been the
place of refuge of the people of the town of Rothesay.
Ihat there should be such a tradition at all throws much
light on the whole subject of hill-forts. The number of
villages and peel-towers, or larger houses, burnt on the
±;orders m any really serious war between England and
Scotland IS surprising ; but there seems to have been
nothing like a general slaughter of the inhabitants, who
in many cases were probably on the hill-tops, in these
oM strongholds, many of which would be quite inacces-
sible to cavalry. It is the more likely that these wars only
took place m summer, though I do not know of any
tradition recording anything of the kind on the Borders

314 CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL

NOTES.

In the case of the Barone Hill, the coping or topping is not likely
ever to have been of branches, as the hill-top is surrounded by a dry
stone wall. This has some appearances of vitrification ; but I am
inclined to think, in some at least of these doubtful cases of that pro-
cess, that the effect may have been produced by wood-fires smoulder-
ing in their own ashes, for months or years, against a dry stone wall
which consisted partly of fusible stones. Having to relight a fire was
a serious thing down to quite recent times ; and, as everybody who has
crossed the Channel knows, thei*e is no difficulty in keeping a wood-
fire alight.

Besides Dunnagoil, there is a vitrified fort in a small island off Bute,
with the remains of corner towers. But the most remarkable point
about the hill-forts of Bute is their great number : almost every hill
has one ; though, indeed, this might be expected. The hill-forts of
the Scotch mainland have generally great tracts of wild ground behind
them, while these must have been the ultimate places of refuge, with
the inexorable sea all round.

A somewhat analogous case to that of Barone Hill is that of the
well-known stronghold of Sion, in Bohemia, which was either con-
structed, or more likely utilised, as late as the fifteenth century, by one
or more of the sects who were under the ban of the government.
There is an account of it in an article describing a tour in Bohemia,
in The Morning Post, I think of some date in June 1892. The travel-
lers, as often happens, had some difficulty in finding the object of inte-
rest, and when they passed a small and picturesque church, dedicated
to St. Barbara, were doubtful whether that was not Sion itself. When
found, it turned out to be a fine, large hill-fort in a very strong posi-
tion, with ramparts of loose stones, and no traces of any more modern
style of construction.

As to earthworks, and the necessity or probability of their being
finished by palisades of some kind, I notice the expression of an observ-
ant writer (no specialist in the subject), Mr. Walter Besaut, in the
paragraphs which, under the title of" The Voice of the Flying Day",
he contributes to one of the weekly journals. Under the date Aug.
25th, 1894, he says, describing a view, apparently over the British
Channel, — " There is an old British fortress, a small thing, but still com-
plete. Restore the stockade, and it would still be a difficult place to

take Down in the bay, 200 ft. below, the waves are rolling in to the

shore."

One of the illustrations in The Daily Graphic of Lord Randolph
Churchill's African tour, was "Making the Zareeba". This was against
wild beasts ; and the material being knocked in with the back of the
axe seems to be branching bushes which could not be conveniently
carried. This represents, no doubt, just the old general practice, out
of which the Romans developed their superior system.

A good deal the same may be said of the equipment of the African
wai-rior, of which we have had many presentments lately, — the two
javelins, the shield on the left arm, the short kilt, and the feathers in
the head-dress, — all sound much like what was worn by the Roman

USE OF FOIITIFICATION OF BRANCHES. 3l5

soldioi-, though we know, fi-oin the many poi'ti-aits we have of the
stately legionary, that the effect was by no means the same.

The towns Cajsar saw or heard of in Britain were defended by what
is called, in modern warfare, the abattis, or fntanglenient of felled
trees. This, though it is only regarded in Europe as a possibility
Avhich may have to be resorted to at any time, is still to be seen in
permanent use on the north-west frontier of India,. All such fortifi-
cations must require frequent renewal, and are probably made of trees
of no great size or weight as to stem.

Though the military conditions of botli Gael and Cymri in post-
Roman Britain (and Fordun's legend does look like a tradition of
Arthur's partial conquest of Scotland) must have been much affected
by Roman example, — and, indeed, Arthur himself is complimented on
his Roman descent, — I do not imagine Britain before the Romans
was very diflferent from the Continent, where that was not directly
aflected by Itnlian civilisation.

People think of Pythcas of Marseilles rather as an early navigator
who settled that Britain was an island by sailing round it; but the
strange fact seems to be that he walked round it in the sixth century
}!.c., or some two hundred years before the time of Alexander. 8trabo
says he lied prodigiously about the distance, but I do not think he did
more than might be expected. Taking Strabo's shortest stadium,
which is certainly very different from his longest, and supposing that
this notable pedestrian followed the coast pretty closely (as he must,
indeed, have done to ascertain that neither Wales nor Scotland con-
nected with Ireland or other land), his statement only about doubles
the actual distance, and may have been made quite in good faith.
There is, no doubt, nothing more wonderful in a traveller from Gaul
being passed on from one tribe to another in the Eastern Counties, or
in Scotland, than in a European travelling in Africa, till recent times.
But what languages did he speak to them ? Were they Gaelic and
Breton ? Or was Basque known to this Marseillais, and was it still
spoken in Britain ?

Of all the curious matter Sti-abo has preserved, perhaps none is so
interesting now as his short notices of the Iberians. In his time (the
first century a.d.) they were still to be found living near Gibraltar, — a
people distinct from the I'hcenician settlers; and considering the
strange isolation of their language, the high antiquity they claimed for
their institutions is of interest. They asserted that their metrical laws
were six thousand years old.

It is quite possible we may not have lost much in Pj-theas' account
of the Britons, who were probably much like other people in the same
stage of civilisation ; but still he must have seen them from a very
difterent point of view frt)m the Romans ; and it is quite possible they
might be more civilised before the period of constant war with a supe-
rior power. In any case, a curious contrast to Pytheas' walking tour
in Britain is the story in Constantinople, in the sixth century a.d.,
that the souls of the dead passed over into Britain from the Conti-
nent !

The main cause of this complete separation from other nations was

the marauding of the Saxons, who, on the coast of France at least, used

to crucify every tenth prisoner as a sacrifice to the god of the winds.

There is no such person among the northern gods, so I suppose this

1891 22

316 CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL

must liave been the mighty Nipon, still the wind-spirit, or among the
Germans, perhaps Number Nip.

Though 1 could not ascribe either the ahuttis or the zareeha to Eoman
influence, I have always thought (that is, since seeing it) that Stone-
heno-e is a mortarless copy of a Roman circular building. It must, of
course, from this point of view, be older than the Roman conquest of
Britain ; but as I see it mentioned lately, with reference to the disco-
very of the foundations of a building of the kind at Silchester, that
there were at least three Roman buildings in Gaul, formed of two con-
centric circles, it seems rather likely it may have been copied from
them after the Roman conquest of Gaul, much about the time Strabo
was writing. The French localities are Perigueux, Joublains, and
Beaumont-le-Roger. They are supposed to be temples, whether on
any evidence or not. The bones of stags, found with those of oxen at
Stonehenge, rather indicate a place of meeting.

The Silchester foundations are 65 feet across ; and Stonehenge, after
all that has been said and written about it, is only 100 ft. aci'oss, or
33 paces.

Beginning of the third Extract from the 17th Book of the General
History of Polybius. Hampton's Translation, 4th Ed.,
1809.

" Flaminius had not yet been able to discover in what place the
Macedonians were encamped ; but being assured that they had
entered Thessaly he ordered all his soldiers to cut piles for the
entrenchment, and to carry them with them, that they might be
ready for use whenever occasion should require. This is a labour
whicli in the discipline of the Grecian armies is considered as im-
practicable, but the Piomans perform it without much difficulty ;
for the Greeks in their marches scarcely can support the toil of
carrying their own bodies ; but the Eouians, when they have slung
their shields by the leathern braces behind their shoulders, take
their javelins in their hands, and are able at the same time to carry
the pales.

" What renders the task, indeed, the easier is that these pales
are very different from those that are used by Greeks ; for the
Greeks esteem those to be the best which have many and very
large branches all around the trunk ; but the Piomans choose those
that have only two or three branches, or four at tlie most ; and
those also on one side of the trunk, and not springing alternately
from both. By this method the carriage of them is rendered
altogether easy, for three or lour of them may be laid close toge-
ther, and be carried by a single soldier. In this way also they are
much better contrived than the other for the security of the camp.
" The pales used by the Greeks are easily torn out of the ground,
for as they are planted singly, and each of them standing as it
were alone, with many great branches spreading from the trunk,
if two or three soldiers apply their strength to the branches, the

USE OF FORTIFICATION OF BRANCHES. 317

trunk is soon drawn from the ground, and leaves a very spacious
opening, and the adjoining pales also are at the same time
loosened, because thick branches are too short to be interwoven
each with the other.

" But it is otherwise in the method of tlie Romans. Anion"
them tlie brandies are so twisted together that it is not easy to
distinguish what branches belong to the stems in the several pales,
or what stems to the branches. Add to this, that the texture of
them is so close as to allow no room for a hand to pass, and that
the points also of all the branches are very carefully sharpened.
And even when it is possible to lay hold on any part, it is still
extremely ditticult to draw out any of the pales, not only because
they are very firmly fi.xed in the ground, but because the force also
which is applied to any single branch must at the same time draw
along many other branches which are inseparably twisted with it.
Nor is it scarcely ever practicable for two or three men to lay
hold on the same pale together ; and if a single pale, or if two, by
the efforts of continual shaking, should at last be removed from
their place, the opening that is made is so small tliat it is scarcely
to be discerned. As these pales, then, have in three respects, a
very great advantage over the others, — in being found almost in
any place, in being carried with ease, and in forming, when they
are used, a rampart the most stable and secure, it is manifest, at
least in my judgment, that there is not any part of the Eoman dis-
cipline which so well deserves to be approved and imitated."

I find it is doubted whether the Roman altars, etc., said to come
from Birrenswark really were found there; but, if I remember
right, they are engraved by Alexander Gordon as far back as
1727.

tr-

318

THE FLEUR-DE-LIS OF THE ANCIENT
FRENCH MONARCHY.!

BY J. TH, DE KAADT, OF BRUSSELS.
{Bead Uh Dec. 1894.)

Few archaeological questions have been the object of so
many studies as that of the fleur-de-lis of the ancient
French monarchy. Illustrious men of learning did not
object to bring to bear upon this subject their higb saga-
city. Amongst modern authors who have occupied them-
•selves with it ranks foremost M. Adalbert de Beaumont,
whose Recherches sur Vorigine du hlason et en particidier
de lafleur de lys seemed for a moment to terminate the
debate victoriously. It was reserved to M. van Mal-
derghem to remove the mist from the truth of the origin
and symbolism of this mysterious flower.

Without spending time in recurring to often-refuted
opinions, the author of this paper limits himself to expos-
ing in a summary way the diverse interpretations brought
forward, and passes on to a critical examination of the
book of M. de Beaumont, who, in order to explain tinally
how the flower, considered as the emblem of sovereignty,
had passed on IVom the sceptres of Oriental kings to
those of the kings of France, strives, with a zeal worthy
of a better fate, to collect from amongst the nations of
antiquity all devices that might approach, in shape, to this
flower.

The filiation established by M. de Beaumont does not
rest on a very solid basis. It is, after all, Arabian art
which serves him as a link to attach the famous emblem
to Egyptian art; but the Egyptian flower — the real name
of which he persistently denies — is nothing else but the
lotus, the figurative emblem of fertility and of richness,
the sacred flower par excellence ; whilst the dominating

1 Les Fleurs de lis de Vancienve monarchie Frangaise, leur origine,
leur nature, leur si/ m holism e. Par Jean van Malderghern, archiviste
adjoint de la ville de Biuxelles. Translated into English by Baron
Adhtmar de Linden.

FLEUR-DE-JJS OF ANCIENT FRENCH MONARCHY. 319

motive of the arabesque, also affecting, like the Eg^q^tian
lotus, the sha|3e of the fleur-de-lis, evokes no symbolical
idea, and is at most the purely material representation of
the flower such as nature has made it, but subjected, as
eveiywhere else, to conventional forms of ornamentation.
In fact, being by its nature essentially sensual, and hav-
ing for its aim a dazzling of the eyes by the richness of
its capricious outlines, Arabian art never had the least
affinity with the antique art of Egypt, the characteristic
of which is the most absolute and expressive symbolism.
The sally of Voltaire : "La fleur-de-lis est le resultat d'une
fantaisie de peintre", was necessarily bound to strike the
mind of his numerous admirers. It has also inspired
more than one of those who see in this flower nothing
but a decorative motive, a bibelot heraldique, an absolutely
artificial figure, which, like the Grand dictionnaire uni-
versel of Pierre Larousse (the vehicle of all recent scien-
tific assertions), fails in all resemblance to the lily of our
gardens.

Reversing all ancient theories and anticipating all
objections, M. van Malderghem establishes in an irrefut-
able way that this ornament quite represented a flower,
and that this flower was neither the iris, the flambe, nor
the corn-flag, as so many believed, but incontestably the
white lily of the garden.

Before Louis le Jeune (1137-80), under whose reign
armorial bearings took their birth, and who, since the first
year of his reign, liad stamped on his coinage the much-
contested fleur-de-lis, the kings of France and of Eng-
land, just as the kings and emperors of Germany, had
already caused themselves to be represented on their
seals with the insignia of sovereignty. It is a Carlovin-
gian king, Lothair, son of Louis d'Outremer, who in 972
opens the French series with the crown and the sceptre,
the latter having at its extremity a flower with three
leaves. In Germany, the examples which show the seals
of the emperors and of the kings are more ancient still ;
for those of the remote period of Otto I (936-973) show to
us, either the diadem, or the sceptre \vith the flower.

A long series of arguments could be drawn up to prove
that, before the adoption of coats-of-arms, and even before
the first Crusade (1096), this heraldic flower had also

320 THE FLEUR-DE-LIS

been waving on the sceptre and the crown of other
princes of Christianity. For the epoch previous to the
creation of the royal type in sigillography, the author is
forced to have recourse to works of art, i.e., tombstones,
statues, and miniatures specially dedicated to the glorifi-
cation of kings, for that which seals and coins cannot
supply him.

Notwithstanding that M. Willemin asserts that the
sepulchral effigies of the ancient kings of France have
been conscientiously restored after the original monu-
ments, it is permissible to have doubts as to the details.
According to the testimony of Montfaucon, the tombs of
the Carlovingian kings, such as existed still in his time,
were not of such a style as to distinguish the sculptures
of the eighth and of the tenth century. The same
observation applies to the Merovingian period, with the
exception of two tombs which were restored in the
eleventh century. None of the tombs in Saint-Denis date,
according to the assertion of Baron de Guilhermy, pre-
vious to the thirteenth century ; and one is ignorant as
to the system of decoration of those erected at Saint-
Denis to the kings who had reigned previous to that
epoch.

As the precious mineoftheroyal tombs cannot assist him,
M. van Malderghem consults the still extant miniature
MSS. of the Carlovingian times, in the hope that they
may throw some light on the question. The first of the
two most remarkable collections is the famous Psalter of
Charles-le-Chauve, executed for this Prince by Liuthard
between jl.d. 842 and 869, and now preserved in the
Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. It contains a magnifi-
cent miniature, often reproduced in engravings, and which
represents this monarch with all the insignia of power.
The sceptre terminates in a flower with three petals, of
which the one in the middle is of remarkable form. The se-
cond MS., entitled Ademari chronicon,ds.t\ug also from the
ninth century, includes a coloured drawing representing
Louis-le-Pieux, the father of Charles-le-Chauve, sitting
between two personages in the interior of his palace, the
front of which is decorated with the same flower.

It is to M. Willemin, the author of the Momiments
FraiK.ais inedits, that the honour falls to have been the

CHARLES-LE-CHAUVr,

From the Psalter of this Emperor in the BibliotMque Nationale, Paris.

OF THE ANCIENT FRENCH MONARCHY. 321

first to find out, that this flower of the sceptre of Charles-
le-Chauve, in which Montfaucon thought to recognise a
sword, well represents the fleur-de-lis. An unimpeach-
able testimony, that of a contemporary writer of the two
Emperors, who has lived at their court, will confirm this
view. The poet Sedulius, of Liege, in his charming
poetry entitled De Rosce Liliique Certamine, confronts
the rose and the lily disputing with each other the sove-
reignty of the flowers. Spring, awakened by the noise of
the dispute, intervenes, and tries to appease the two rivals:
" Dear children", he said, " why this quarrel ? You are,
you must know, both born from the same soil. How can
sisters arouse arrogant disputes ? 0 beautiful rose, quiet
yourself, your glory shines on the world ; but let the
royal lilies reign from the height of the flashing sceptres

('Jlegia sed nitidis dominentur lilia sceptris) May the

rose be in our gardens the emblem of bashfulness. You,
brilliant lily, grow similar in splendour to the visage of

Phoebus You are, 0 lily, the ornament of the retinue

of long- veiled virgins."

Seals teach us that besides the kings of France, the
monarchs of Germany and of England adorned their
sceptres with the fleur-de-lis. At the time of the introduc-
tion of armorial bearings, the kings of France, the better
to mark out their pre-eminence over other kings of the
earth, transferred to their escutcheon this flower, which
the whole western world recognised as the emblem of
sovereign power.

If, on the other side, in Christian iconography, where
it represents virginity, this emblem shines in the hand
and on the forehead of the purest of virgins, and if it
appears to us on the sceptre of the angel Gabriel at the
moment when he is announcing to Mary that, by an act
of divine grace, she will become the mother of the Saviour
of the world, we see it also flourish in the hands of the
souzeraine ladies, not as M. van Malderghem spiritually
said, to mark out a state which has given place in turn
to that of marriage, but to affirm their authority and
dominant powder. Thus, not only queens and great vassals,
but even abbesses in some cases, with haughty preten-
sions (as, for example, amongst others, those of Quedlin-
burg), qualified as princesses of the Empire, and who, on

322 THE FLEUR-DE-LIS

a par Avitli sovereigns, used in their title the proud
formula Dei Gratia, represented themselves on their seals
as holding a fleur-de-lis in the hand.

It has notheen possible for us to allude here to all tlie
arguments accumulated by M. van Malderghem in sup-
port of his thesis, and, although the charm which we.
have experienced in the perusal of his tine work has
taken us beyond the space of an ordinary notice, we have
given, perhaps, in the opinion of more than one of our
readers, too brief a sketch of this remarkable and sensa-
tional study, wdiich has the merit of definitively solving,
in some thirty pages, the most captivating question
which an archa3ologist was ever called on to deal with,
and on wdiich so many eminent men have expended their
researches in vain. In sum, the memoir establishes : —

1, That the fleur-de-lis, considered heraldically, is of
occidental and not of oriental origin, and that its use as
an ornament of the sceptre goes back at least to the
ninth century.

2, That this flower, contrary to generally admitted
opinion, incontestably represents the wdiite lily of the
gardens.

3, That it symbolises on the occidental sceptres the
royal power in general.

4, That it united in the armorial bearings of the ancient
French monarchy the idea of sovereign power to that of
the particular supremacy which the kings of France
enjoyed since the reign of Louis-le-Jeune.

The work of M. van ]\Ialderghem is enriched wdth two
plates : the one represents the god "Nile" (after Champollion
the Younger), bearing on its head five lotus-flowers, emerg-
ing from a coiflure which symbolises the water of the
Nile. The second plate shows Charles-le-Chauve as de-
picted in the miniature of the Psalter in Paris.

The reproduction of the counter-seal of liobert. Arch-
bishop of Eeims (1304), represents the mystery of the
Annunciation, where the lily which 8])rings up from the
vase placed between the Virgin I\Iary and the celestial
messenger is identical with that one which adorns the
royal sceptres ; that is to say, an heraldic lily.

The author proves by the bibliography given at the
end of his study, comprising no less than ninety-six

OF TIIK ANCIENT FRENCH MONARCHY. 323

M'oi'ks, tliat lie has spared no pains to make himself
acquainted with all the information useful to his subject ;
and apparently not fearing' the critic of his work, con-
scientiously even mentions the authors who are opposed
to his views. The brochure of M. van JNlalderghem will
not fail to make a great impression in the scientific world,
not only in Belgium, but also in foreign countries.

324

proreetungs of tl)e dissociation.

Wednesday, 21st November 1894.

Rev. J. Cave-Browne, M.A., in the Chair.

The following Asspcisite was duly elected: — F. J. Horniman, Esq.,
The Museum, Forest Hill.

The following Hon. Correspondent was duly elected : — R. Quick,
Esq., Forest Hill.

Thanks were ordered by the Council to be returned to the respective
donors of the following presents to the library : —

To the Society, for " Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of
London," session 1893-4 ; and " Archseologia", vol. liv, pt. 1.

„ „ for " Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin

Society", October 1892, April and September 1893, vols, iv, v.

„ „ for " Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of

Ireland", vol. iv, pts. 2, 3.

„ „ for " Journal of the Society of Arts", 1893-4.

,, ,, for "List of the Members of the Institution of Civil

Engineers", 2nd June 1894.

,, „ for " Collections Historical and Archaeological relating

to Montgomeryshire", vol. xxviii, pt. 3, vol. xxviii, pt. 1.

„ ,, for " Proceedings of the Sussex A.rchneological So-

ciety", vol. xxxix.

,, „ for " Annual Repoit of the Ameiican Historical

Association for 1892".

„ „ for "Tenth Annual Report of the 13ureau of Ethno-

logy", by J. W. Powell, Director of the Smithsonian Institution ;
large 4to.

„ „ for " The Maya Year", by Cyrus Thomas ; " Biblio-

graphy of the Wakashan Languages", by J. C. Pilling ; and
" The Pamunkey Indians and Virginia", by J. G. Pollard.

„ ,, for " The Smithsonian Repoi't for 1892".

„ „ for " The American Historical Register", 1894.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 325

To the Society, for " Annales de la Societe d'Archeologie de Bruxelles",
tome viiiME, livr. iii, iv, July and October 1894.

M „ for "Notts and Derbyshire Notes and Queries",

vol. ii, No. 1.

,, „ for *' Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmor-

land Antiquarian Society", vol. xiii, pt. 1.

,, » for " Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire

Archaeological Society", 1892-3, vol. xviii, pt. I,

„ » for "Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian

Society", vol. xxxv, 1894 ; and " List of Members", IGth May
1894.

„ „ for "Archseologia Cambreusis", fifth series, Nos. 43, 44.

To the Author, for "A Short Guide to the Larmer Grounds, Rush-
more, King John's House, and the Museum at Farnham,
Dorset", by Lieut.-General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S., F.S.A.

„ „ for " Genealogical Records of the O'Maddens of

Hymany", by T. M. Madden, Dublin, 1894.
To the Editor, for " The Illustrated Archseologist", vol. ii, No. 6, 1894.

It was announced that the Council had with much regret accepted
the resignation by Mr. Allan Wyon, F.S.A., of the office of Honorary
Treasurer, on account of ill-health, which renders it imperative on him
to withdraw from active work in the Association.

Mr. E. P. L. Brock, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, exhibited, on the part of Dr.
A. Fryer, an ancient engraved stone found at Tyre. This stone is the
property of Miss Gertrude A. Fryer, and it was brought from the
East in the year 1870 by the late Alfred Fryer. It bears an unknown
symbol, and was found in the ruins of Tyre.

Mr. W. de G. Birch, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, exhibited a drawing of a
mediaeval Tig, or many-handled drinking-cup, and read the following
note by Alderman John Symons, of Hull : —

" Recently, in passing down Whitefriargate, Mr. Archibald John-
ston, linendraper, whose business premises are in Trinity House
Yard, drew my attention to some broken pieces of brown glazed
earthenware, and pointed out that they had just been dug up in the
yard, which some navvies were then excavating for drainage purposes.
These antique fragments Mr. Johnston kindly presented to me. They
had undoubtedly formed a perfect jug, but the pick had smashed it
in pieces. I had them pieced together, but found that it unfor-
tunately lacked some portions. On close examination I came to
the conclusion that it contained some smack of age ; some relish of
the saltness of time. Our artist, Mr. Smith, took a sketch of the relic
and copies were forwarded to some antiquaries.

" The vase is 5i in. in height, 4 in. in breadth at the mouth, by 3^

326 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

at the base. It has six small perfect and four imperfect handles. I
remembered that I had seen something like it in the Albion-street
Museum, labelled ' A loving cup'. This was found on the historical
site of the Suffolk Palace, Lowgate, erected by Sir Michael de la Pole,
opposite St. Mary's Church. Strange to relate, the old curiosity
given by Mr. Johnston was dug up on the site of the Whitefriars'
Monastery, founded by Edward I. This monastery extended along
the south side of Whitefriargate from Trinity House-lane, but in 1535
it was suppressed, and Henry VIII granted to John Heneage the
site and buildings, with the orchards and gardens attached. In the
same year Mr. Heneage sold the property to John Thurcross, Esq.,
and in 1621 Alderman Ferries purchased and gave it to the Hull
Trinity House. In an ancient MS. in my possession, dated 1G47, the
writer gives a description of articles dug up during the demolition of
the establishment. ' Among these', the writer says, ' was a shallow
bowl of red ware, which doubtless had been used for the purpose of
taking wine out of; also drinking cups.' I have nothing more to add
than that this rude piece of ancient pottery may in former days have
been used for some peculiar custom. Such relics are invested with
great interest, and are most precious because they remind us not simply
of the hallowed structure of the Carmelite monks once in our midst,
which savours of the time of yore ; but also of other men than we,
other manners and customs than ours."
Mr. Brock read the following : —

Interesting Discoveries near Cardiff.

By Dr. Alfred C. Fryer.

" During the explorations of the Roman villa on Ely Racecourse,
near Cardiff, it has been found that the Romans had constructed a
small foundry hearth there, and had smelted iron with coal derived
from the outcrop of the Welsh coalfield. The Welsh iron
ore which was found lying about may have been brought,
Mr. John Storrie conjectures, from the now disused Wenvoe Mine,
which is about 1^ miles distant as the crow flies, and also from
Rhubina, which is about 6 miles off. Beside these some manganese
ore (black oxide) has been discovered. Mr. John Storrie, in a letter
sent to the Western Mail on August 23rd, says : — ' The manganese
ore contains only a very small proportion of iron — so little, indeed,
that it would be quite useless to use it to obtain iron from. Its ap-
pearance, however, led me to think that it was not a native ore, and,
having submitted it to Mr. Frank Johnson, F.G.S., he confirms this,
and says that it is almost certainly Spanish ore, and further says that
if a piece of the Ely find was dropped on a heap of Spanish man-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 327

ganese ore a mining expert could not distinguish between them.
Here, tlien, we have a case of ore imported for some other purpose
than iron-making. An inspection of the glass made at Ely shows that
it was not discoloured by manganese, and the only other suggestion I
can make is — Did tlio Romans get ahead of Bessemer and employ
manganese in making steel V

" No doubt the Romans had some method of hardening their iron,
and this find of manganese ore may help to throw some light upon the
subject. Mr. Storrie promises that the find shall be examined by
such as have a special knowledge of iron and steel making and can
make a complete detailed examination. We shall look for such a report
with considerable interest."

Mr. Birch read some " Notes on Sepulchral Crosses and Slabs in
Shetland", by Lady Paget, of Cambridge, and exhibited two plates of
drawings, see above, pp. 300, 807.

Mr. Birch also read some " Notes on the Font and Brasses in
Adderley Church, Salop", by C. Lynam, Esq., and exhibited a series of
drawings and a rubbing wliicli Mr. Lynam sent for the illustration
of his paper, which will be found printed at pp. 303-305.

The Chairman read a paper entitled " An Ancient Record concern-
ing St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury", which will be found printed
above at pp. 295-302.

Mr. Barrett read a paper on " Cashel, Holy Cross, and Hoar
Abbey", and exhibited a large series of drawings connected with the
subject of the paper, which it is hoped will be printed in the Journal
hereafter.

Mr. Birch exhibited a photograph and rubbings of an ancient oaken
chest sent by Mvs. Metcalfe, of Instow, North Devon. It is chiefly
cedar wood. It was bouglit by her husband, the late C. T. Metcalfe,
C.S.L, with Buckshaw House, Sherborne, Dorset, in 1892, and tradi-
tion says that it is the veritable "Mistletoe Bough" Chest, which is
known to have been traced to the Blackmore Vale. The carving
inside the lid is said to be unique. The chest is now at Sherborne
Castle (Mr. J. K. D. Wingfield Digby's), where it can be seen at
any time.

Mr. R. Earle Way exhibited a collection of bone pins and fibulae,
a small urn or food- vessel, and a small anchor or grappling-iron, all of
the Roman period, found about 14 ft. from the surface in the White
Hart Yard, High Street, Southwark ; a thrift box from Basinghall
Street ; a pair of bone-tube hinges for a door of Roman date found
during excavation in Leadenhall Street ; a spiral candlestick in
wrought iron, 17th century; also a small pocket pistol, which Mr.
A. S. Cuming thinks was used for the discharging of needles.

328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

Wednesday, 5tii December 1894.

C. H. CoMFiON, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Arthur S. Flower, Esq., 7, Gordon Place, W.C., was duly elected a
member of the Association.

K. H. Macdonald, Portia w, Ireland, was elected a Honorary
Correspondent,

Thanks were ordered to be returned to the respective donors of the
following presents to the library: —

To the Society, for the " Annual Report of the American Historical
Association for the year 1893".
,, „ for " Smithsonian Report" for the year ending 30th

June 1891, and for the year ending 30th June 1892.
„ ,, for " Journal of the Roj'al Institute of British

Architects," November 1893, October 1894.
,, „ for " Proceedings of the Warwickshire Naturalists'

and Archaeologists' Field Club, 37th Annual Report 1892,
and 38th Annual Report 1893".
To the Author, for " Ueber Pseudo-Cnuts Constitutiones de Foresta",
by F. Liebermann ; and " The Text of Henry I's Coronation
Charter", by the same, 1894.
To the Editors, for " Byegone Surrey", 1894.

Mr. E. P. L. Brock, Hon. Sec, exhibited a further selection from his
collection of Jettons, and promised a notice of them all in detail, at a
future time, for the Journal.

Mr. W. de Gray Birch, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, exhibited on behalf of Mr.
J. T. Irvine, three sketches and a tracing with the following
descriptive note : —

(1) So much of a stone as now is uncovered with plaster, used up
in the inside of west end wall of the south aisle of Rothwell Church,
near Leeds. {See plate opposite.)

Another of like size and depth, but with more richly-carved foliage
(perhaps the other side of the same monument), occupies a place in
the west end of this aisle's wall, so close to ground and blocked by
modem bench -ends and hot-water pipes as almost to defeat any
attempt to sketch it.

(2) A tracing, full size, of a chalice incised on the tomb slab of a
priest now on the floor of same aisle.

(3 and 4) Sketches of two of the Ilkley crosses — one from the church-
yard, another from museum there. My disappointment was considerable
on discovering that all these Ilkley crosses (with the doubtful exception
of a bioken slab) were not earlier than the Norman return to inter-

\ +_

SCULPTURED SLAB IN ROTHWELL CHURCH, LEEDS.

PROCEEDINGS OP THE ASSOCIATION. 329

lacing vVofk after 1 100 ; as were also those more interestinfj fragments at
Roth well — valuable from showing how here in the north, at least was
retained to a late period what may be well described as the true spirit
of that old style of Saxon design seen in those alternate panels of
interlacing work wi relief. The change also in the animals well
marks the true period.

The incised ornament in the others had the depths of the section
slightly over about one-third of that of a moderately small pencil.
Several interesting headstones are preserved inside the west end of
Rothwell Church of early or media)val times ; they are said to have
been found when the south arcade (described as being formed of
Norman pillars with a later wall over them) was removed and replaced
by a "modern decorated" one — a copy of that on the north side nave.

Mr. J. Park Harrison, M.A., exhibited a drawing of a head used as
a corbel in the south triforium of Salisbury Cathedral, perhaps
orginally brought from old Sarum.

Mr. W. de G. Birch, F.S.A., ffon. Sec, read a paper by Miss Russell,
entitled, "The Classical and Mediaeval Use of Fortification of
Branches", which has been printed above at pp. 308-317.

Mr. Birch also read a paper entitled, " The Fleur-de-Lis of the
Ancient French Monarchy", by Mr. J. T. de Raadt, kindly brought
before the Association by Baron de Linden. This also has been
printed above at pp. 318, 323.

Rev. W. Gould, of Loughton, exhibited a drawing of Greenstead
Church, Essex, the well-known wooden church ; apropos of the paper
by Miss Russell. It was originally published by the Society of
Antiquaries.

Rev. G. B. Lewis, of Broadstone, Wimborne, forwarded photo-
graph of a compounded font at Toller, with the following notice : —

Amalgamated Fonts at Tollkr Pokcorum (Great Tollkr),

DOUSET.

By Rev. G. B. Lewis, M.A.

" I now send a photograph of the font at Toller Porcorum. 1
anxiously desire the opinion of the members on it.

" 1. As to the object itself. It is, in fact, two second-hand Fonts,
forming together a third, which is now in active use.

" II. The upper part, about which there is no doubt nnd nothing
interesting, is a late Tudor bowl, with part of shaft remaining. It is
octagonal, of red sandstone, has no water drain, and is really too
shallow for proper immersion of an infant. It stands with its shaft
loosely resting in the bowl of the under font, in which some mortar
had been used roughly for a bed. This is all that need be said of it.

330

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.

" III. The under font possibly may be considered of very
great antiquity, and, if so, of very great interest. It is of wliite stone
(the mason calls it Portland). The shaft is circular, but the top is
square, — or rather is an unequal octagon, the four main sides being
cut off at the four corners, thus four main sides are 12 in. each and
the four cut off sides 6 in. each. It stands 27 in. high. It lias a bowl
of full size with a water drain in centre.

" The external square of the head runs off, as in the plate, into
scrolls, springing each from central shaft in i-elief on each face, —
except at one corner where the scroll ripens off into a sheep's head.

" One of the four sides has been defaced (as is the case in the foui'th
side of the Tudor bowl also). On each of the other four sides, in the
space above, where the volute branches off from the stem, is a curious
three-cornered device worked in relief on each of the faces. In one it is
simply an obtuse-angled triangular space in relief. In another it has a
figuration which is seen on the illustration. On the third side, in the

PROCEEDINGS OF THK ASSOCIATION. 331

corresponding space, is an emblem utterly unknown to me. It is
rather like a stumpy three-branched candlestick. Probably in this
detail will be found the key to the origin and use of this under part of
the amalgamated fonts.

" IV. What is this under-font ? One architect has said it is Norman ;
another that it is early English : — these two suggestions tend to
destroy each other's value.

" I venture to ask, with some modest confidence, if it is not Roman.
The sheep's bead is very suggestive of the horn of an altar. The
height of the stone, 27 in. — just above the man's knee — is about the
height of the altars figured in Smith's Dictionary under ' Ara' and
(iiotably) ' Centurio'. Or, it may be a Cippus. Anyhow, if it be either
of these, it is highly interesting to find it now pressed into use for a
Chi'istian office.

" V. There is yet one more idea. Was it possibly a Roman Christian
utensil made and used before the Romans left Britain ? The sheep's
head, so calm, is both Christian-like and Roman-like, and the (to me
as yet unintelligible) emblem on one face — Y^is a sort of dream of
the Christian emblem of hope, an anchor, — •which is figured in a book
on the Catacombs.

" The opinions of your expert members will no doubt be clear and
decisive. I fear not encouraging to my Roman dreams, though I wisli
it may be so."

1S94

332

llntiquavtau JntrlUgnue.

What mean these Stones? By C. Maclagan. (Edinburgh: I). Doug-
las.) This is an illustrated treatise on some of theBrochs and kindred

buildings in Scotland, including the Standing Stones of Auquhorthies,
Inverurie ; the Dyce Circle, co. Aberdeen ; the Maeshowe ; Entrance
to Tappoch Broch ; Coldach Broch, Carloway Broch, and Dunevan,
Colonsay. The authoress rejects the Druidical theory as unnble to
account for many of the peculiarities which she takes notice of, and
inclines to the idea that Brochs represent defensive buildings, " for the
whole class seem to have numerous circumvallating walls at various
distances; and these very stray ones, as we see at the Tappoch, Stir-
lino-shire, where, at 30 ft. distant, are found the remains of a circum-
vallating wall, 16 ft. in breadth, and still 10 ft. in height; and, again,
at 30 ft. outside that there stand remains of another one 10 ft. broad,
and about the same in height." The work is a valuable contribution
towards the elucidation of an obscure and mucii-vexed question of
which we have not yet heard the last word.

The Early History of the Town and Port of Iledon in the East Fading
of the County of York. By J. R. Boyle, F.S.A.— Few towns in Eng-
land have had a more remarkable history than the town of Hedon.
Founded soon after the Norman conquest, by the early lords of Holder-
ness, its wealth and resources developed with niarvellous rapidity, and
in the twelfth century it was far the most important port on the north
side of the Humber. Its pi-osperity, however, was short-lived, for at
the commencement of the thirteenth century it had begun to decline,
and the process of decay may be said to have gone steadily on almost
down to the present time. Hedon is apparently now merely a quiet
and quaint country village, although it possesses many relics of its
former importance. Its one existing church ranks amongst the finest
ecclesiastical sstructures in East Yorkshire, and south and east of the
town the foundations of its two destroyed churches can still be traced.
The banks of two long artificial havens, rendered necessary by the
extensive maritime commerce which in the twelfth century the town
enjoyed, are yet pei'fectly distinct.

Hedon is still governed by Mayor and Aldermen, and amongst the
Corporation insignia is a mace which is believed to date from the
time of Henry V, and to be the oldest civic mace in England. The
town possesses a series of records of considerable interest, and to these

ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE. 333

the writei- has had access. It is worthy of iiole tliat aInoIl<,^st these
records are cliurchwardens' accounts for each of the tliree churches,
dating from tlie reign of Edward III. It ought also to he stated tliat
important documents relating to Hedon, in H.M. Public Record
Office, have been consulted. A selection of records of the Corporation
of Hedon, and from the Record Office, has been printed. The church-
wardens' accounts may be confidently described as the most interest-
ing series of such records which has been printed since the appearance
of NichoUs' Illustrations of Manners and Expeuses (1795). The volume,
indeed, will be a not inconsiderable contribution to the history of the
great county of York. It contains also a glossary of the mediaeval
Latin and obsolete English words which occur in the documents, and
an index of the fullest possible character.

The book is to be well printed, extensively illustrated, and tastefully
bound. Subscribers to the edition in 8vo. at 1.5s., or in quarto at 30s.,
should write to the publishers, Messrs. Brown and Sons, 26, 27, and
29 Savile Street, Hull.

Child-Marriages, Divorces, etc., in the Diocese of Chester, a.d. 1561-
1566 ; a7id Entries from the Mayors' Books, Chester, 1558-1600. By
F. J. FuRNivALL, M.A. (Early English Text Society, 1897.) The
Early English Text Society has taken time by the forelock in the issue
of this volume three years in advance of its subscription date ; but the
subject which the book deals with will be of interest for all time, not
only for the actual record of sixteenth-century manners and customs
which form the body of the work, but for the erudite "Forewords"
written in the usual and characteristic manner by Dr. Furnivall. We
are all accustomed to look upon England under Elizabeth as an enlio-lit.
ened and pattern empire governed by a wise Queen, a sage counsellor
and laws founded on common sense and propriety ; but what a picture
of social obliquity is revealed by even a cursory glance through these
pages !

The horrors which now are, or till very lately were, practised in
India and other far-away appanages of Great Britain, and believed to
be a legacy of pagandom, were actually done in our midst only ten
generations ago. Even the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1670 married
a boy of seven or eight years old to a girl about twelve years old, and
in 1673 the same marriage was re-enacted. In 1289, Maurice, third
Lord Berkeley, was married to Eve, daughter of Lord Zouche, each
being eight years old, their eldest son being born before they were
fourteen years old.

Some instances of early marriages among our sovereigns have appa-
rently been overlooked by the Editor. For example, Isabel of France
was married to Richard II when " not above seven or eight years of

334 ANTIQUARIAN INTELLIGENCE.

age"; auother Isabel of France, " a lady of twelve years old", became
wife of Edward II ; and Prince Arthur Tudor was but fifteen years
and less than eight weeks old at his marriage with Catharine of Ara-
gon. It was evidently highly fashionable in the middle ages to be
married young.

Of the reason of these child-marriages, the pernicious influence they
exercised among the people, the state of the clergy, the law on the
subject, and many other antiquarian and literary points which they
illumine, Mr. Furnivall has much to say. He has probably also left
much unsaid, and wisely so, as his readers, whether archajologists or
sociologists, will conclude if they give themselves the pleasure of read-
ing the book. What we therein read of C ester may be taken, with
but little difference, for the whole of the kingdom, and the original
records are probably quite as ready to hand. We can, however, cor-
dially endorse the Editor's notice when he says " This book is believed
by the Editor to be the most light-giving and interesting volume ever
published on the social life of the diocese of Chester in 1561-6G, and
some scoi'e years before."

Bygone Surrey. Edited by Geo. Clinch and S. W. Kershaw, M.A.,
F.S.A. (London : Simpkin, Marshall and Co.) — This little book, of
which we gave a pi-eliminary notice in a recent part of the Journal, is
now issued. We cannot say that it adds much to the general know-
ledge of the county, which is to hand in many forms. The contents
are a collection of essays on scattered subjects of antiquarian type,
which might have been selected with more judgment ; but the Editors
have made the best of the themes they undertook to expound, and we
must hope that they will in due time proceed to a second series, in
which the county may be looked at somewhat more comprehensively,
and such subjects as Surrey in the British, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon
periods ; Surrey in Domesday ; the religious houses, the castles, the
domestic architecture ; the worthies, and noble families and their
seats ; a monograph on the contents of the Library at Lambeth, and
so forth, which are lacking in this volume, find capable men to take
them in hand.

335

INDEX.

Adderley church, Salop, fout at, de-
scribed, 303
Allen (J. R.)> ^^ fouts of Winchester
tj'pe,jl7; paper on Winchester font, 172
American tumuli, notes on, 232
Andover, charters of Henry II and
Richard I to, 127; story of the quit-
rent of, 257; King John's charters to,
261; muniments, 176
Archbishop's curates of Leeds, Kent, 94
Auckland, New Zealand, stone imple-
ments from, 60

Bargate, Southampton, visited, 172
Barrett (C. R. B.) on hippo-sandals, 254
Basingstoke visited, and Basing house, 177
Battle Hall, Leeds, Kent, 100 ; lavatory

at, 101; ancient painting at, ib.
Berks, civil war in, 110
clergy who suffered during Civil

Wars, 123
Birch ( W. de G.), exhibits squeeze of

inscribed Roman altar, 71
Bittern Manor, visited, 175
Black Book of Southampton, 125, 175
Blackmur (F.), discovers a Roman altar,

105
Bodger (J. W.) exhibits coins found at

Castor, North Hants, 64
exhibits objects of burnt clay

found at Peterborough, 181
Brasses, Adderley church, Salop, 304
Brick, stamp of, a.d. 500, 39
Bricks of wedge shape discovered, 51
Brock (E. P. L.), describes ancient Jewish

lamps found at Jerusalem, 56 ; describes

Headbourne Worthy church, 85
Bromfield parish, Kent, 93
Bromfield church described, 103

C.
Cardiff (Johannes de), Justiciar of the

King (1175), 300
Cardiff, discoveries near, 326

Cave-Brown (Rev. J.), exhibits badge of

Charles I, 71 ; on Leeds and Bromfield

parishes, 93; on ancient record relating

to Kent (1176), 295
Cavendish church, crown on belfry, 226
Channel Islands united to Winchester

diocese (1568), 29
Chapels (underground) at Reptou. Wing,

and Brixworth churches, 250
Charles I, his 3rd seal, cast of, taken to

make Parliamentary seal, 141
Charles II, 1st seal, cost of, 143; his 4th

and 5tli seals, 145
Chester, discoveries of Roman remains at,

63
Chrj'sippus, the Stoic, his saying, 39
Clare church register, interesting entries

in, and discoveries at, 227
Clutterbuck (Rev. R. H.), describes

Black Book of Southampton, 125 ; his-
tory of quit-rent of Andover, 257
Cokayne (A.), sends rubbing of Roman

pig of lead, 183
Collier (Miss), exhibits old illustrated

volumes, 65
CoMPTON (C. H.), exhibits decorative wall

tile, 56 ; on Kirkham Priory and War-

dou Abbey, 283
Corderoy (T.), gives plate to Titchfield

church, 1673, 169
Crosses in kirkyards, Shetland Islands,

306
Cuming (H. S.), on merchants' marks, 40

Dean ok Winchester, describes cathe-
dral font, 6
Diana, altar to, 71
Domus Dei, Southampton, 31

East Anglia, ramble in, 223
East Meon font, subjects on, 20
Edward HI, his fifth seal (of presence),
139

SS6

INDEX.

Elizabeth's secuud seal, engraved l>y

Nicholas Billiard, 140
Epping, weapons found at, and North

Weald, 158
Espec (W.), founds Kirkham Priory and

Wardou Abbey, 283-288; his grants to

Kirkham. 285 ; his grants to AVardon

Abbey, 2S9

Fleur-de-lis of the ancient French Mon-
archy, 318
Flint implements from South Downs, 131
Font, Adderley chui-ch, Salop, 303 ; in-
scription on, 304
Font, Toller Porcorum church, Dorset, 59
Font at Zedelghem, Belgium, 9
Fonts, birds and animals carved on, 24
Fonts of black marble, as at Winchester,

10. 17; sizes of such fonts, 19
Fonts, similar to that at Winchester, 10
FoKBKS (J. Russell), on Stadium on the

Palatine, 34
Fryeu (Dr. A. C), on a belfry-foundry
at Llantrissant, 60 ; on St. Piran's Ora-
tory, Cornwall, 180 ; on American
tumuli, 232 ; on discoveries near Car-
diff, 326
Fiirsteuau in Hesse Darmstadt, inscribed
altar at, 71

Garmangabis, a Celtic goddess, 106
Garwood (R.), bis plans of discoveries in

Repton Church, 248
George I, his first great seal, 147
George III, casts of his great seal while

undergoing engraving, 148
Great Seals of England, notes by Mr.

Allan Wyon on, 139

Hadrian repairs the Stadium at Rome, 35

Hampshire top(jgraphy, 2

Hawstead, shaft with interlacing work in

churchyard, 231
Haydkn (W.), on flint implements of the

South Downs, 131
Hillesden Church, Buckinghamshire,

stained-glass window at, with miracles

of St. Nicholas, 24
Hilliard (N.), engraves Elizabeth's 2nd

seal, 140
Hippo-sandal, Roman, notes on, 251
Hooi'PKLi. (Rev. R. E.), describes altar

found at Liinchester, 10.")
HuGH?;s (T. C), notes of ramble in East

Anglia, 223
HuRD (R. D.), sends copy of inscription

on pig of lead, 183
Hurst (H.), illustrates Norman cresset, 57

Incised tiles ]iriorto 1116 found at Peter-
borough, 47

Iuscn|ition round font Adderley Church,
Salop, 304

Inscription on Roman pig of lead found
at Matlock, 183

Interlaced work on font, 12tli century, 304

luviNE (J. T.), describes discovery of a
Saxon abbey church at Peterborough,
45

notes on plans of di.scoveries, Rep-
ton Church, 179, 248

exhibits sketches of stone at Roth-

well Church, chalice on tomb-slab, and
crosses at Ilkley, 328

J.
Jacob (W. H.), paper on plague in Win-
chester, 172, 267
John (King), his grants to Andover, 261
Jones (Matthews) on discoveries at Ches-
ter, 64

Kent, leading men in 1176, 295
Kershaw (S. W.), on Winchester and the

Channel Islands, 28
Kilwick (J.), last prior of Kirkham

Priory, 288
KiRBY (T. F.), reads paper on Fromond's

chapel, 86
Kirkham Priory, 283

Lanchester, Roman inscribed altar found
at, 105

Lead, Roman pig of, found at Matlock, 183

Leader (J. D. ), sends description of in-
scribed pig of lead, Matlock, 183, 184

Leeds parish, Kent, 93 ; gift of com-
munion plate to, 102 ; gift of bells to,
ib.; abbey house (1719) at, 99

Legends relative to Winchester font, 22

Lloyd (D.), paper by, origin of the paro-
chial system, 179 ; on origin of parish
churches, &c., 235

Lynam (C), notes by, on Adderley Church
font and brasses, Salop, 303

Miles (Madame), house in Southampton

visited, 175
Matlock, pig of Roman lead found near,

183
Merchants' marks, 40
Merchant mark, stamp found London

Wall, 43
Minns (Rev. G. W.''. reads paper on Place

House, Titchfield, 169
Mitre of bishops about 1149, 10
Money (W.), on civil war in Berks, 110

N.
Netley abbey visited, 175
Nisbet (N.), i)aper bj', on churches of
Chilcombe Manor, 175

INDEX.

337

Noriujui stone, inucli Drnanit'iited, .^7
NoiiTHnuoOK (Lord), in.uigiinil addiess

i.y, 1
Noitliwealtl, Essex, stone instrument

found at, 163
Norton Church, misereres in (8), 229
Norwick, St. John's kirk,crosshead stones

at, (Shetland), 30(5

O.
Oak b(jok, oaths hook, and black book,

Southampton, 173
Olivkr (A.). exhibits Egyptian and Roman

remains, 180

exhibits carving, 182

Oliver (W.), on crucifixes, 61

Owen (Rev. T. H.), on discoveries at Yalle

Crucis Abbey, 182

Paget (Lady), on cross slabs in kirkyards
at Unst, Shetland, 306

Parish churches and institutions, origin
of, 235

Parliamentarians of civil war time in
Berks, 123

Patterns on early fonts, 26

Pearson (J. L., R.A.), his survey and ex-
cavations, Peterborough Cathedral, 48

Perowne (Dean), his discoveries at Peter-
borough, 48

Peterborough, Saxon abbey church there,
45 ; first repair of central tower (1593),
45

Phkme (Dr. J. S. ), paper by, on tumuli of
Hampshire, 171

Plague in Winchester, 267

Porchester Castle church visited, 170

Raadt (J. Th. de), on the fleur-de-lis of
the ancient French Monarchy, 318'

Reading, Saxon burial place near, 150

Repton Church, Derbyshire, discoveries
in. 24S

Roman altar inscribed to Diana, 71; coins
found at Castor, 64 ; inscribed iiltar
found at Lanchester, 105 ; inscription,
Lanchester, 106 ; inscription found at
Peterborough, 52 ; pig of lead found at
Matlock, 183 ; remains found at Ches-
ter, 63 ; temple, fragment found at
Peterborough, 51

Ronisey Abbey, 171

Roos (J.), engraver of George I's great
seal, 147

Rougham Church, 224

Royalists of civil-war time in Berks, 122

Ri'SSELL (Miss), on the vitrified forts of
Scotland, 205

■ on early use of hedge or zareeba

defences, 308

S.
St. Bartholomew, Hyde, Winchester. 172

St. John's Kirk, Norwick. Un.st, 306
St. John's Church, Winchester, 172
St. Michael's Church, Southampton,

visited, 173
St. Nicolas of Myra, 8
St. Nicolas, churches dedicated to, 8
St. Ninian, account of, 239
St. Sebastian, martyrdom of, 39
Sandwick Kirk, Unst, Shetland, crosses in

churchyard, 307
Saxon abbey church, Peterborough, length

of transepts and widths of same, 53 ;

its tower hallowed in 1059, ib.
Saxon burial-place near Reading, remains

described, ] 50
Saxon remains found in Repton Church,

248
Sculpture on font. East Meon, 20
on that of St. Michael, Southamp-
ton, 21. See Fonts
Shetland Islands, crosses in kirkyards of,

306
Southampton, maces, 173

Black Book of, 125

Stadium on the Palatine, 34; from a coin

of Septimus Severus, 36
Stevens (J.), describes discoveries in a

Saxon cemetery near Reading, 150
Stone cresset of Norman date found at

Oxford, 57
Stow-Langtofft, misereres in the church

of, 229
SwANN (Miss), exhibits drawing of stone

lamp 11 in. high, of Norman period,

found at Oxford, 57
exhibits jjhotograph of tymjianum

carving, Clifton Hampden, Oxon, 181

Thanet, holders of land in (1176), 298
Theodoric (Emperor), inscribed brick

stamp of (500), 39
Thompson (J.), gives vaulting over Saxon

church, Peterborough, 54

has plans taken of Sa.xon remains

Repton Church, same described, 248

Tig, meditcval, Alderman J. Symons on,
325

Tiles prior to 1116 found, 47

Titchfield Chvuch, Hants, described, 169

Toller, fonts at, 329

Tournay bishopric began 1146, 13

Trkmlett (Rear Admiral), exhibits draw-
ings of tumulus, Mont St. Michael,
Carnac, Morbihan, 55

Tumuli in America, 232 ; Wiscon-sin and
Iowa, Kentucky, North Georgia, West-
ern Virginia, 233 ; Bollinger, Missouri,
ib. ; objects found in such mounds,
234

U.
Unst, Shetland, crosses in kirkvards of,
306

338

INDEX.

Vaulted crypt in premises of Messrs. Dyer

and Sons, Winchester, 172
Vitrified forts of Scotland, 205

Watmng (H.), exhibits tracing of St.
Felix in gla-sSjEh'thborough Church, 179

Way (H. E.), exhibits fliut imijlemen's
from Southwark, 70

Wells (S. F.), exhibits curious earthen-
ware money-box, ISD

notes by, on Roman hippo-sandals,

■251

Williams (F.), on discoveries at Chester,
63

Winchester Congress, inaugural address, 1

Winchester Cathedral, the Dean de-
scribes, 79 ; font, 6 ; subjects on same,
2-2

Winchester College visited, 80 ; deeds (7),
170 ; Wolvesey Palace, 81 ; St. Cross

visited, 82 ; Stoke Charity Church, 83;
Mitcheldever Church, 81 ; Flaxman's
monuments in Stratton Church and
House, 85 ; Iving's Worthy, Head-
bourn Worthy, ib.

Winchester, notes on the plague in, 267;
orders against nuisances (1563), 268

WiNSTONE (B.), M.D., describes prehis-
toric weapons found in Essex, 158

paper by, on, 180

Wyon (A.), exhibits chalice of church of
St. Stythian's, 05

reads notes on great seals of Charles

II and George I, 67, 6S

reads pajier on great seals, 71

— — — additional notes on the great seals
of England, 1 39

Zareeba, or branch palisade, fortification,

308
Zedelghom font, 9

LONDON :
PRINTED AT THE BEDFORD PRESS, 20 AND 21, BEDFOKDCURY W.C.

INDEX

AKCH.EOLOGICAL PAPERS

PUBLISHED

1803

[being the THIKi) ISSUE OF THE SKRlL-.s]

PL'BLISUKD UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THK rnVCIIUSS Of

AUC11.E0L0GICAL SOCIETIES IN UNION WllTl THE

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES.

HAEBI?Oy AXD POXS.

PKI>'TEES IN OEDINARY TO HER MAJESTY,

ST. martin's lane, LONDON.

CONTENTS.

\_Those marlced with an asterisk * are now for the first time included in the index
the others are continuations from the indexes of 1891 and 1892.]

Anthropological Institute, Journal, vol. xxii, parts iii and iv, vol. xxiii, parts i

and. ii.
Antiquaries (London), Proceedings of the Society, 2nd S., vol. xiv, part iv, vol,

XV, part i.
Antiquaries of Ireland, Proceedings of Royal Society of, 5th S., vol. iii, parts i-iii.
Archaeologia, vol. liii, part ii.
ArchiEologia ^liana, vol. xvi, part ii.
♦Archaeologia Cantania, vol. xx.
Archaeological Journal, vol. 1.
Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, 2nd S., vol. iv.
Berkshire Architectural and Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. ii, part iv,

vol. iii, parts i-iii.
Birmingham and Midland Institute (Arch. Sec), vol. xix.
Bristol and Grioueestershire Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. ivii.
British Archaeological Association, Journal, vol. xlix.
British Architects (Royal Institute of). Transactions, N.S., vol. ix.
*Bucks Architectural and Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. vii.
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, vol. viii.
Cornwall, Royal Institution of. Transactions, vol. xi.
Cumberland and Westmorland Ai'chitectural and Archaeological Society, vol. xiii,

part i.
Cyranirodorion Society, Transactions, 1892-3.
Devon Association, Transactions, vol. xxv.
*East Riding Antiquarian Society, Transactions, vol. i.
Essex Archaeological Society, Transactions, N.S., vol. iv.
Folklore (Folklore Society), vol. iv.
Hampshire Field Club, Transactions, vol. ii, part iii.
Huguenot Society, Publications of, vol. iv.

Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeological Society, vol. vii.
Norfolk Archaeological Society, Transactions, vol. xi.
Numismatic Chronicle, 3id S., vol. xiii.
Oxfordshire Archaeological Society, Publications of, 1S03.
Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings, 3rd S., vol. ii, jiarts iv and v, vol iii, pa Ii

i-iii.
St. Albans Architectural and Archaeological Society, Ti ansae! ions, 1892.
St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, Transactions, vol. iii, part ii'.

iv CONTEXTS.

•Salisbury Field Club, Transactions, vol. i.

Shropshire Arcliaeological and Natural History Society, Transactions, 2nd S., toI. t,
parts i-iii.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Transactions, N.S., vol.

xii.
♦Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and Natural History, Transactions, toI, viii.

Surrey Arehseological Society, Transactions, vol. xi, part ii.

Warwickshire Naturalists and Archaeologist Field Club, 1892-1893.

Wilts Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, vol. xxvii.
♦Worcester Archaeological Society, 1892.

Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal, vol. xii.

The following had not been issued in time for this index :^

William Salt .4.rch8eological Society for Staffordshire, vol. xir.
Berwickshire Naturalists' I'ield Club, vol. xiv.
Lancashire and Chesliire Archaeological Society, vol. x.

NOTICE.

Societies whose transactioiis are not indexed in this part, or the preceding parts
for 1892 and 1891, are requested to comnumicate with

The Editob of the Abch.eological Index,

Care of W^. H. St. John Hope, Esq.,
Society of Antiquaries,

Burlington House, W.

Societies in union with the Society of Antiquaries, and other societies, may
obtain single copies of the yearly index or a suflicient number of copies to bind up
^^itll their transactions for issue to each of their members. The value of the index
for purposes of research and as a record of each year's archaeological work is so
well recognised that many societies have adopted the latter system, and the more
this is extended the less will be the cost to each society. For particulars of this
and other works now being carried on by the associated societies application
should be made to W. H. St. ,Jo!in Hope, Esq., addressed as above.

INDEX OF ARCHvEOLOGICAL PAPERS PUBLISHED

IN 1893.

Abercrombt (Hon. John). Magic songs of the Finns. Folklore, \v.

27-49.
Allbn (J. KoMiLLY, F. S.A.Scot.). The Early Christian Monu-
ments of Glamorganshire. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix. 15-22.
Andre (J. L., F.S.A.). St. John the Baptist in art, legend, and

ritual. Arch. Jour. 1. 1-19.
Armfield (Rev. H. T., M.A., F.S.A.). The Essex dialect and its

influence in the New World. Essex Arch. Sue. N.S. iv. 245-253.
Arnold (George M., F.S.A.). The I'uined chapel of St. Katherinc

at Shorne, Kent. Arch. Cant. xx. 195-202.

On the old Rectory at Northfleet. Arch. Cant. xx. 71-75.

Arnold-Bemrose (H., M.A., F.G.S.). Notes on Crich Hill. Jortr.

Derbijsh. Arch, aiul N. H. Soc. xvi. 44-51.
Atkinson (Geo. ]\I.). Marks on Eastbourne Old Church. Arch.

Jour. 1. 133-1 o(J.
Atkinson (Robert, LL.D.) On South-Coptic texts : a criticism on

M. Bouriant's " Eloges du Mai'tyr Victor, fils de Romanus." Fror.

Boy. Irish Acad. 3rd S. iii. 225-284.
• On Professor Rossi's publication of South- Coptic texts.

Froc. Boy. Irish Soc. 3rd S. iii. 24-99.
Atkinson (T. D.). On a Roman house at Swaffham Prior; on the

hall of Michael House; on excavations at Ely Cathedral.

Cambridge Ant.'q. Soc. Froc. viii. 229-243.
Attree (Major F. W. T., R.E.). Some Hampshire dedications

gathered from Pre-Refoi'mation Wills. Havqj-hire Field Club, ii.

331-340.
Baildon (W. Paley, F.S.A.). An original pardon granted to Sir

John Moore under the great seal of James 11. dated October 22,

1688. Froc. Soc. Anfiq. 2nd S. xv. 58-61.

6 INDEX OF AKCH.EOLOGICAL PAPERS.

Baker (F. Bbayne). Some rare or unpublished Greek coius. Num.

Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 21-25.
Baker (Rev. H. de Foe). Will of Ladj Mary Lisle. Salisbury Field

Cluh,i. 172-173.
Ball (V., C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.). On the volcanoes and hot springs of

India, and the folklore connected therewith. Proc. Boy. Irish

Acad. 3rd S. iii. 151-169.
Barclay (Edgar). Stonehenge. Jour. Brit. A>-ch. Assoc, xlix. 179-205.
Barixg-Gould (Rev. S,). Ancient settlement at Trewortha. Eoij.

. List. Corn. xi. 289-290.
Barkly (Sir He.nry, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., etc.). The Berkeleys of

Cobberley. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xvii. 96-125.
Bateman (Charles E.). Castle Bromwich Church. Trans. Birm. and

Midland Inst. xix. 1-7.
Bates (Cadwallader J.). Flodden Field. Arch. Juliana, N.S. xvi.

351-372.
Bateson (Miss Mary). The register of Crabhouse Nunnery. Norfolk

Arch. Soc. xi. 1-71.
Bax (Alfred Ridley, F.S.A.). Marriage and other licenses in the

Commissary Court of Surrey. Surrey Arch. Soc. xi. 204-243.
Beaufort ( W. M.). Records of the French Protestant School founded

by Huguenot refugees, 1747. Publus. Huguenot Soc. iv. 355-

466.
Beckley (F. J., B.A.). Notes on Irish architecture. Trans. St.

PauVs Eccl. Soc. iii. 142-154.
Bell (Alfred). Notes on the correlation of the later and Post-
Pliocene Tertiaries on cither side of the Irish Sea, with a reference

to the fauna of the St. Erth Valley, Cornwall. Proc. Boy. Irish

Acad. 3rd S. ii. 620-642.
Bell (Edward, M.A., F.S.A.). The origin and use of the word " Tri-

forium." Trans. St. PauVs Eccl Soc. iii. 124-130.
Bellairs (Col.). The Roman roads of Leicestershire. Trans. Leicest.

Archit. and Arch. Sue. vii. 357-364.
Beloe (Edwaed Milligen, F.S.A.). The mortuary, or absolution

cross. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 303-319.
Bensley (W. T., LL.D., F.S.A.). On some sculptured alabaster panels

in Norwich. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 352-358.
Berks. Early Beik.shire Wills, ante 1558. Jour. Berks. A. and A. Soc.

ii. 175-178; iii. 47-48, 79-82.
BiCKLEY (William B.). Parish registei-s of Warwick.shire. Trans.

Birm. and Midland Inst. xix. 71-104.

INDEX OF ARCII^OLOGICAL PAPERS. 7

BiGGKR (Francis Joseph, M.R.I.A.). Prc-Listoric and historic forts

and liaths in the city and vicinity of Belfast. Belfast Nat.

Field Club, 2nd S. iv. 71-82.
Birch (W. de Gray, F.S.A.). Notes on the Isis in the Saxon

Charters and the signification of Berkshire. Jour. Brit. Arch.

jUsoc. xlix. 2ol-25G.
Bird (W. H. B.). Astley, in the parish of Alveley. Trans. Shrop-

sJdre A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd S. v. 63-77.
Blackmore (H. p., M.D.). On a barrow near Old Sarunj. Salisbury

Field Club, i. 49-51.
Blair (Robert, F.S.A.). On some fragments of Roman sculptured

and inscribed stones lately found at Wallsend. Proc. Soc Anti<i

2nd S. XV. 67-09.

On a Roman altar found at Lanchester, county Durham.

Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 35-37.
Blakeway (Rev. John Brickdale, M.A., F.S.A.). History of Shrews-
bury hundred or liberties. Traas. Shropshire A. andN.H Soc
2nd S. V. 333-394.
Bolingbroke (L. G.). Pre-Eiizabethan plays and players in Norfolk.

Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 332-351.
Bower (Rev. R., M.A.). Brasses in the diocese of Carlisle. Trans.

Cumb. ayid Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 142-151.
BowLY (Christopher). On a Roman inscribed stone found at Ciren-
cester. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xvii. 68-67.
Boyd (J. St. Clair, M.D.). The Irish language. Belfast Nat. Field

Club, 2nd S. iv. 97-110.
Boyle (J. R., F.S.A.). The goldsmiths of Newcastle. Arch. jEliana,

N.S. xvi. 307-440.
Boys (Rev. H. J., M.A.). Layer Marney Church. Essex Arch. Soc

N.S. iv. 227-234.
Brabrook (E. W:). On the organisation of local anthropological

research. Jour. Anthrop. List. xxii. 2G2-274.
Bradley (John W., B.A.). Badges, devises, and liei-aldic ornaments
of the Middle Ages. Trans. Birm. and Midland Inst. xix. 46-58.
Brassington (W. Salt, F.S.A.). Notes on ecclesiastical seals of

Warwickshire. Trafis. Birm. and Midland Inst. xix. 59-70.
Bridges (T.). A few notes on the structure of Yahgan [langunge.]

Jour. Anthrop. List, xxiii. 53-80.
Brock (E. P. Loftus, F.S.A.). Excavation of the site of Winchcombe

Abbey, Gloucestershire. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assuc. xlix. 163-172.
Brock (E. P. Loftus, F.S.A.). A comparison of the Roman stations of

8 INDEX OF ARCILKOLO(;iCAL PAPEIIR.

Caerwent, Caerleon, and Cardiff. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix.

216-222.
Bkown ("Gt- Baldwin). How to use Vitrnvius. Trans. B.I.B.A. ix.

353-372.
Browne (C. R., M.D.). On some crania from Tipperary. Proc. Boy.

Irish Acad. 8rd S. ii. 649-654.
Browne (Charles, M.A., F.S.A.). Ecclesiastical head-dress. Travs.

St. PauVs Eccl. Sac. iii. 155-164.
Browne (Rev. J. Cave, M.A.). Leeds Cbnrch, Kent. Jour. Brit.

Arch. Assoc, xlix. 285-297.

Leeds Priory, Kent. Jour. Brit. Arch.A.ssoc. xlix. 89-102.

Detling Church, Kent. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix.

103-107.

Brownlow (Rt. Rev. Monsignor, M.A.). A Visitation of St. Mary

church in a.d. 1301. Devon Assoc, xxv. 431-448.
Brushfield (T. N., M.D.). President's address to the Devonshire

Association. Devon Assoc. :kxv. 25-158.
Richard Izacke, and his " Antiquities of Exeter." Devon

Assoc, xxv. 449-469.
BuCKLAND (A. W.). Points of contact between old world myths and

customs and the Navajo myth, entitled " The Mountain Chant."

Jour. Anthrop. Inst. xxii. 346-355.
Budge (E. A. Wallis, Litt.D., F.S.A.). On a Coptic grave-shirt in

the possession of General Sir Francis Grenfell. Archoeclogia, liii.

433-444.
BuiCK (Rev. Geo. R., A.M., M.R.I. A.). Weavers' candle-holders.

Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 292-294.
The Crannog of Moylarg. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S.

iii. 27-43.
Bulkeley-Owen (Hon. Mrs.). Selattyn : A history of the parish.

Trans. Shropshire A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd S. v. 1-30, 151-21U,

311-342.
Burnard (Robert) and Arthur B. Prowse (M.D., F.R.C.S.).

Place-names in vol. i of the publications of the Dartmoor Pre-
servation Association. Devon Assoc, xxv. 482-509.
Burns (Rev. J. S.). Syon Abbey. Devon Assoc, xxy. S4<3-3b5.
BuRTCHAELL (Geo. Dames,M.A., LL.B., M.R.I. A.). The Geraldines of

tbe county Kilkenny. Pt. II. The Barons of Overk and the Barons

of Knocktopher. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 179-186.
Calverley (Rev. W. S., F.S.A.). Pre-Norn.an cross-shaft at Hever-

sham. Trans. Cuvih. and Westm. Arch, and Ant. Soc. xiii. 118-12 l

IXDEX OF AltClMvOLOGlCAL I'AI'ERS. fj

Candler (Cuakles). On the significance of some East Anglian Vwhl-
names. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 143-178.

Cardwell (John). The ancient church of Lisnagarric. Belfa.'<t Nat
Field Club, 2nd S. iv. 82-84.

Cabrington (W. a.). Selections from the Steward's accounts pro-
served at Haddon Hall for the years 1549 and 15G4. Jour.
Derbysh. Arch, and N. H. Soc. xvi. 61-85.

List of recusants in the Peak of Derbyshire, 1616 ; li.st of
bucks killed at Haddon 1669 ; names of Derbyshire gentlemen
charged for the levy of three horsemen, &c. Jour. Derbysh. Arch
and N. H. Soc. xvi. 140-156.

Chalmers (J.). Burton church. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant. and
Arch. Soc. xiii. 64-68.

Chamberlain (Basil Hall). Notes on some minor Japanese reli^n'.ais
practices. Jour. Anthrop. Inst. xxii. 365-370.

Cheales (H. J., M.A.). On the wall-paintings in All Saints' Church,
Friskney, Lincolnshire. Archoiologia, liii, 427-432

Church (Rev. C. M., M.A., F.S.A.). The Prebendal Psalms in the
Church of Wells. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. N S xix
87-99.

Chute (Chaloner Wm.). The Yyne [a house in the north of Hamp-

shii^e]. Salisbury Field Club, i. 100-103.
Clark (Professor E. C, LL.D., F.S.A.). English academical

costume (mediaeval). Arch. Journ. 1. 73-104, 137-149, 183-209.
Clark (Rev. W. Gilchrist). Unpublished documents relating to the

arrest of Sir William Sharington, January, 1549. Witts Arch.

and N. H. Mag. xxvii. 159-170.
Clarke (Ernest, F.S.A.). On the palimpset brass of Sir Anthony

and Dame Fitzherbert in ISTorbury Church, Derbyshire. Pruc.

Antiq. Soc. 2nd S. xv. 96-99.
Cluttkrbuck (Rev. R. H., F.S.A.). Sarum [Excursions from and

to] Salisbury Field Club, i. 160-166.
CODRINGTON (R. H.). Melanesian Folk-Tales. Folklore, iv. 509-512
Cole (Rev. E. Maule, M.A., F.G.S.). Danes' Dike. Trans. East

Elding Antiq. Soc. i. 53-58.
Coleman (Rev. Will. L.). Some place and field names of the

parish of Staveley. Jour. Dcrbi/sh. Arch, and N. U. Soc. xvi

190-197.
Collier (W. F.). Devonshire dialect. Devon Assoc, xxv. 276-285.
COMPION (C. H.). The ancient church in Wales. Jour. Brit. Arch.
Assoc, xlix. 129-137.

10 IXDKX OF AKCH.'EOLOGICAL TAPEKS.

Cooper (C. Dudley, M.R.C.S.)- Notes on the skull of an aboriginal

Australian. Juur. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 153-156.
CooPEE (Rev. James, D.D.). Ecclesiology in Scotland. Trans. St.

FauVs Eccl. Soc. iii. 131-141.
Cooper (Rev. T. S., M.A.). The churcli plate of Surrey. Surrey Arch.

Soc. xi. 252-284.
CossON (Baron de, F.S.A.). The crossbow of Ulrich V. Count of

Wurtemburg, 1460, with remarks on its constrnction. Archceo-

logia, liii. 445-464.
CouLTON (John James). Names on the Nar. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi.

208-227.
CowPER (H. SwAiNSON, F.S.A.). The ancient settlements, cemeteries,

and earthworks of Furuess. Archceologia, liii. 389-426.
Gleaston Castle. Trans. Cnmb. and Westm. Ant. and Arch.

Soc. xiii. 37-49.

On some obsolete and semi-obsolete appliances. Trans.

Cumb. and Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 86-102.
Cox (Rev. J. Charles, LL.D., F.S.A.). The annals of the Abbey of

IVleaux. Trans East Riding Antiq. Soc. i. 1-45.
An Elizabethan clergy list of the diocese of Lichfield.

Trans. Shropshire A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd S. v. 253-260.
Craigie (W. a.). The oldest Icelandic folklore. Full-lore, iv.

219-232.
Ckawfdrd (Rev. G. P.). Vachell [family] of Coley, Reading. Jour.

Berks. A. and A. Soc. iii. 2-10, 32-40, 64-68.
Crisp (Frederick Arthur). Surrey wills. Surrey Arch. Soc. xi.

285-300.
Crombie (James E.). First footing in Aberdeenshire. Folklore, iv.

315-321.
Crossman (Maj.-Gen. Sir William, K.CM.G., F.S.A.). A bull of

Adrian IV. relating to Neasham Priory, co. Durham. Arch.

jEUana, N.S. xvi. 268-273.
Crouch (Walter, F.Z.S., &c.). Memoir of the late Henry William

King, of Leigh. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. iv. 307-315.
Cuming (H. Syek, V.P., F.S.A.Scot). Old traders' signs in Little

Britain. Juur. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix. 108-116.
Old traders' signs in Duck Lane. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc.

xlix. 117-119.
Cdkningham (Maj.-Gen. Sir A., R.E., K.C.I.E., C.S.I.). Later Indo-

Scythians. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 93-128, 166-202.
CuRREV (II. E., M.A.). Supplemental notes on the almshouse of

INDEX OF AUCILKOLOUICAL I'Al'EUS. 11

Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury. Juur. Derhysh. Arch, and N.

H. Soc. xvi. 1-13.
Curtis (Canon). Description of the sarcophagus in the Imperial

Museum, Constantinople. Trans. 11. LB. A. ix. 436.
Dames (M. Long worth). Ualochi tales. Folklore, iv. 195-206, 285-

302, 518-528.
Dartnell (Gr. E.) and Rev. E. H. Goddard. Contributions towards

a Wiltshire glossary. Wilts Arch, and N. H. Mag. xxvii. 124-159.
David (Rev. William, M.A.). A brief history of St. Fagau's,

Glamorganshire. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix. 23-33.
Davis (Cecil T.). Merchants' Marks. Joitr. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix.

45-54.
Davis (Rev. R. G.). The Oratory of Barton. Hampshire Field Cluh,

ii. 295-307.
Davys (Rev. Canon). St. Mary's, Eaton Bray. Trnjis. St. Albans

Archit. and Arch. Soc. for 1892, 42-46.
Davys (F. Trevor). Edlesborough, Buckingbamsbire. Trans. St.

Albans Archit. and Arch. Soc. for 1892, 33-41.
Deane (Sir Thomas Nev^'enham). A report on ancient monuments in

CO. Kerry. Proc. Boy. Irish Soc. 3rd S. iii. 100-107.
Dickson (John M.). Relative antiquity of rath, cromleac and

burial tumulus : as evidenced by some ancient remains near

Dromore, co. Down. Belfast Nat. Field Club, 2nd S. iv. 55-70.
Dillon (Rt. Hon. Viscount, V.P.S.A.). Calais and the Pale.

Archceologia, liii. 289-388.
On the development of gunlocks, from examples in the

Tower. Arch. Jour. 1. 115-132.
Donnelly (Most Rev. N., D.D., M.R.T.A., Bishop of Canea). Incum-
bents of Killadreenan and Archdeacms of Glendalough in the

fifteenth century ; with extracts from the Roman archives.

Boy. Soc. Antig. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 123-139.
DORFELD (Dr. W.). The Hypa;thral Temple. Trans. B.LB.A. ix.

96-104.
DORLING (E. E.). Licence to the vicars of Sarum 1337. Salisbury

Field Club, i. 104.
DoRMAN (Thomas). Extracts from the account books of Captain

John Harvey, R.N., Mayor of Sandwich 1774-5. Arch. Cant.

XX. 222-227.
Douglas (Pkof. R. K., M.A.). The social and religious ideas of the

Chinese, as illustrated in the ideographic characters of the lan-
guage. JoiLr. Aiiihrop. Inst. xxii. 159 173.

12 INDEX OF ARCH.EOLOGICAL rAl'EIiS.

DowKER (G.). On Romano-Bi-itisli fictile vessels from Preston nerir

Wingham. Arch. Cant. xx. 49-53.
Dredge (Rev. J. Ingle). The Marwood list of briefs 1714-1774.

Devon Assoc, xxv. 356-381.
A few sheaves of Devon bibliography. Devon Assoc, xxv.

552-601.
Duckworth (W. Laurence H., B.A.). Description of two skulls from

Nagyr. Jour. Anthrup. Inst, xxiii. 121-134.
Duncan (Leland L., F.S.A.). Kentish administrations, 1604-1649.

Arch. Cant. xx. 1-48.
Folklore gleanings from county Leiti'im. Folklore, iv. 176-

194.

Folklore in Wilts. Folklore, iv. 513-517.

DuNLOP (Andrew, M.D., F.G.S.). A contribution to the etlinology

of Jersey. Jour. Anthrop. Inst. xxii. 335-345.
Dyer (Louis). Greek Folklore; on the breaking of vessels as a

funeral rite in Modern Greece ; translated from the original of

N. G. Politis, Professor at the University of Athens. Jour.

Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 28-41.
Ebblewhite (Ernest Arthur, F.S.A). The village and church

of Bedfont, co. Middlesex. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix.

120-128.
Elliot (G. F. Scott, M.A., F.L.S.). Some notes on native West

African customs. Jour. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 80-83.
Ellis (A. S.). Yorkshire Deeds. Yorhs. Arch. Jour. xii. 289-308.
Elworthy (F. T.). Witham Priory. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist.

Soc. N.S. xix. 1-30.
Thirteenth report of the committee on Devonshire verbal

provincialisms. Devon Assoc, xxv. 181-211.
Evans (Arthur J., M. A., F.S.A.). On the prehistoric interments of

the Balzi Rossi Caves near Mentone, and their relation to the

Neolithic Cave-burials of the Finalese. Jour. Anthrop. Inst. xxii.

287-307.
Evans (Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.). Find of coins at

Ncsb, Norway. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 36-39.
A new Saxon mint, Weardbyrig. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii.

220-227.
. Hertfordshire tokens. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 282-

285.
Fairiunk (F. R., M.D., F.S.A.). The House of Grey Friars, Don-
caster. Yorks. Arch. Jour. xii. 481-486.

INDKX Ul' AKOiLKULoOlCAL TATEUS. 1 ."i

Ferguson' (Chancellor, M.A., LL.M., F.S.A.). On two Roman

inscriptions found at Cai-lisle. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2ncl S. xv. 118-

119.
— An arcliisologieal survey of Cum])erland and Westmorland,

and of Lancashire North-of-tlie-Sands, by If. Swainson Cowper,

F.S.A. Arclwologla, liii. 485-588.

The Denton manuscripts. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant.

and Arch. Soc. xiii. 218-223.
■ On a bronze vessel of Roman date found at Clifton, near

Penrith.. Trans. Ctimb. and Wcstvi. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 1G4.
A survey of the city of Carlisle in 1681-5 from the col-

lection of Lord Dartmouth, Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant. and
Arch. Soc. xiii. 172-193.

On a massive timber platfoi-m of early date at Carlisle, and

on sundi-y relics found in connection therewith. Arch. Jour. 1,

20-36.
Field (John Edward, M.A.), The antiquities of Wallingford. Joar.

Berks. A. and A. Soc. iii. 18-23, 49-54, 75-79.
FiKLDER (W.). Stone coffins found under the pavement in south

transept and under tower, Wells Cathedral. Somerset Arch.

and Nat. Hist. Soc. N.S. xix. 100-101.
Fisher (Rev. G. W.). Thomas Brovv^ne, of Shrewsbur}-, draper.

Trans. Shropshire A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd S. v. 49-60.
Fitzgerald (Lord Walter). " The Geraldines Throw " ; identifi-
cation of the spot referred to in a sixteenth centu2y It-o-end

related by Holinshead, Eoi/. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. ; ii. 202-

206.
Fletcher (Rev. Wm. Geo. Dimock, M.A,, F.S.A. ). Will of Sii- Edward

Bromley, Knt., of Shifual Grange, 1626, Trans. Shropshire A.

and N. H. Soc. 2nd S, v. 225-228.
History of Pontesbury. Trans. Shropshire A. andX. H. Soc.

2nd S. V. 229-252.
The Shropshire lay subsidy roll of 1327, Trans. Shropshire

A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd S. t. 343-362.
The family of Story "of Lockington. Trans. Leicest. Archil.

and Arch. Soc. vii. 337-356.
FouLKES (Isaac). Dyffryn chvyd : ei ramantau a'i Lafar Gwlad.

Trans. Cymmrodorion Soc. Sess. 1892-3. 88-103.
Fowler (Rev. H., M.A.). Ivinghoe Church. Traus. St. Allans

Archit. and Arch. Soc. for 1892, 24-33.
Fox (George E., F.S.A.) and W. H. St. John Hope. M.A. E.\-<ava-

14 INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPKRS.

tions on the site of the Roman city of Silchester, Hants, in 1802.

ArchceoJogia, liii. 539-573.
Fox (George E., F.S.A.). A note on the discovery of painted beams

at the Deanery, Norwich. Norfolk Arch. 8oc. xi. 179-181.
Franks (A. W., C.B., Litt.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.). President's Address

to the Society of Antiquaries. Proc. Soc. Anfiq. 2nd S. xiv.

331-351.
Feampton (Rev. Thomas Shipdem, M.A., F.S.A.). List of forty-five

vicars of Tilmanstone. Arch. Cant. xx. 104-118.

Fifty-eight Rectors of Trottescliffe. Arch. Cant. xx. 187-194.

List of incumbents of St. Peter's, Seal. (Held with

St. Mary's, Kemsing, until 1874.) Arch. Cant. xx. 258-275.

Early presentations to Kentish Benefices. Arch. Cant. xx.

64-70.
Frazer (William, F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A., Hon. F.S.A. Scot.). Recent

unrecorded finds ' of James II.'s brass money near Dublin;

with notes on this coinage. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland., 5th S. iii.

164-167.
. The ^ledallists of Ireland and their work. Roy. Soc. Antiq.

Ireland, 5th S. iii. 7-26.
On a skull from Lincoln, and on Irish Crania. Proc. Poy.

Irish Acad. 3rd S. ii. 643-647.
Freshfield (Edwin, LL.D., F.S.A.). Opening Address of tho

Architectural Section at the London meeting. Arch. Jour. 1.

232-246.
Fretton (W. G., F.S.A.). Southam and its historical memorials.

War7vichsh. Nat. and Arch. Field Club, 1892, 43-57.
The waters of the Arden : a sketch of its springs, wells,

rivers, lakes, pools, and marshes, within the basin of the Avon.

Waru-icksh. Nat. and Arch. Field Club, 1893, 19-36.

The Wrolh-silver ceremony at Knightlow. Waru-irLs/i.

Nat. and Arch. Field Club, 1893, 58-60.
Fuller (Rev. E. A., M.A.). The pai-ish church of St. John the

Baptist, Cirencester. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xvii. 34-44.
Cirencester Abbey Church. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Sue.

xvii. 45-52.
Cirencester Hospitals. Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xvii.

53-62.
Galpin (Rev. F. W., M.A., F.L S.). Notes on the tombs and
memorial tablets of the parish church, Hatfield Broad Oak.
Essex Arch Soc. N.S. iv. 235-243.

IXr»EX OF AKCILi:OLO(;lCAL r.VPEUS. 15

Gardiner (Rkv. R. B., M.A., F.S.A.). Account of an etfig-y of a lady

in Ilton Church, Somerset. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2u(l S. xv. 69-71.
Gahnett (Fred Bkooksbank, C.B.). Queen Katherine Parr and

Sudeley Castle. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc.

xiii. 9-19.
Gave (Miss P.). Szekely Tales. Folklore, iv. 328-344-.
GiRAUD (F. F.). Faversham ; regulations for the town porters,

1448. Arch. Ciuit. XX. 219-221.
■ On the pnrisli clerks and sexton of Faversham, a.d. loOO-

1593. Arch. Cant. xx. 203-210.
Glynne (Sir Stephen, Bart.). Notes on Yorkshire churclies. Yorks.

Arch. Jour. xii. 317-343, 433-463.
GoDDEN (Gertrude M.). The False Bride. Folklore, iv. 142-148.

The Sanctuary of Mourie. Folklore, iv. 498-508.

GoMME (G. L., F.S.A.). Annual Address by the President to the

Folklore Society. Folklore, iv. 1-26.
GouGH (F. H.) and (A, V. Gough). The Goughs of Myddle and

their descendants. Trans. Shropshire A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd

S. v. 261-292.
Grantley (Lord, F.S.A.). On a unique styca of Alchred of

Northurabria and Archbishop Ecgbei-ht. Nam. CJiron. 3rd S.

xiii. 267-272.
Gray (William, M.R.I.A.). Our holy wells: a folklore chapter.

Belfast Nat. Field Club, 2nd S. iv. 86-95.
Green (Eyerard, F.S.A.). A German ]\IS. Biblia in rebus of the

second half of the fifteenth century. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv.

13-16.
Greenstreet (James). Kent Fines, 4-7 Edward III. (a.d. 1327-

1334). Arch. Cant. xx. 161-186.
Greenwell (Rev. Canox W, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A.). Rare Greek

coins. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 81-92.
Gregson (W., F.G.S.). William Collings Lukis, M.A., F.S.A. York^.

Arch. Jour. xii. 285-288.
Griffith (R. W. S.). The Gipsies of the New Forest. Hampshiie

Field Cluh, ii. 277-294.
Grover (J. W., F.S.A.). Have I found the Roman station of

Bibracte ? Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix. 173-177.
Groves (Dr., F.G.S.). Osborae, Isle of Wight, and the families who

have held it. Hampshire Field Club, ii. 317-330.
Haddon (Prof. A. C). A batch of Irish folklore. Folklore, iv. 349-

364.

]G INDKX OF AECH.EOLOCilCAL I'ArEUS.

Haddon (Pkof. a. C.)- Studies in Irish Craniology : The Aran

Islands, co. Gahvay. Froc. Boy. Irish Acad. 3rd S. ii. 759-767.
. and C. R. Browne, B.A., M.D., M.R.I. A. The ethnography

of the Aran Islands, county Gal way. Froc. Boy. Irish Acad. 3rd

S. ii. 768-830.
Hancock (Rev. F.). The ancient chapels in the valley of Holnicoto.

Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. N.S. xix. 55-60.
Haudt (W. J., F.S.A.). Some old lawsuits connected with St.

Albans. Tra7is. St. Albans Archit. and Arch. Soc. for 1892, 10-24.
lIxKPLEY (Rev. W., M.A.). Obituary notices. Devoii Assoc. :s.xv. 159-

170.
IJauris (Rev. S. G., ]\r.A.). John Tucker: parish clerk of Corn-
worthy and antiquary. Devon Assoc, xxv. 470-481.
Haurisox (J. Park, M.A.). On a Saxon picture in an early MS.

at Cambridge. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix. 268-273.
Hart (Charles J.). The old ironwork of Warwickshire. Trans.

Birm. and Midland hist. xix. 22-45.
Hartland (E. Sidxev, P.S.A.), Pin-wells and rag-bushes. Folklore,

iv. 451-470.
Hartshorne (Albert, F.S.A.). On a St. John's head in a charger

carved in alabaster from Ratisbon. Froc. Soc. Anfiq. 2nd S. xr.

23-26.
Haslewood (Rev. Francis, F.S.A.). The ancient families of Suffolk.

Suffolk Ins. ArcJi. and Nat. Hist. viii. Pi 1-214.
Hastie (G.). First footing in Scotland. Folklore, iv. 309-314.
Haverfield (F. J., M.A., F.S.A.). On the Roman altar to the goddess

Garmangabis found at Lanchester (co. Durham) on the 15tli

July, 1893. Arch. Juliana, N.S. xvi. 321-3-27.
A fourth century tombstone from Carlisle, Tram. Cnmh.

and Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 165-171.

On two Roman inscriptions recently found at Carli.sk-.

Trans. Cumh. and Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 224-226.

On two Roman inscriptions found at Carlisle, and on a

third in the Cardiff Museum. Froc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 119-

P22.
Romano-British inscriptions, 1892-1893. Arch. .Tour. 1.

279-307.

Three notable inscriptions. Arch. Jour. 1. 3' 8-321.

Hayward (Rev. Douglas L.). Notes on Somcrton churcuwardens'
accounts, 1641-1747. Somerset Arch, and Nat. U'-l. »SV. N.S. xix.
67-86.

INDEX OF ARCH.EOLOGICAL PAPKflS. 17

Hayvvard (Chas. Forster, F.S.A., F R.T.B.A.). Notes on Hediiigham
castle and church, and of a sculptured pillar of stone (presumed
to be the stem of the village or churchyard cross). Essex Arch.
Soc. N.S. iv. 278-283.

Head (Barclay V., D.C.L., Ph.D.). On coins recently attributed to
Eretria. Num. Ghron. 3rd S. xiii. 158-165.

The initial coinage of Athens, &c. Num. Chrnn. 3rd S. xiii.

247-254.

Healy (Rev. J., LL.D.) " The baptism of our Lord," as represented

at Kells and Monasterboice. Boy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, olh S. iii.

1-6.
Hebb (John). The lion of St. Mark. Trans. B.I.B.A. ix. 182-183.
HiCKSON (Miss). Old place-names and surnames. Eoi/. Soc. Aiifiq.

Ireland, 5th S. iii. 261-267.
Hill (G. F., B.A.). Neapolis Datenon. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii.

255-258.
HoBHOUSE (Right Rev. Bishop). In Gordano [affix to four parishes

near Bristol]. Somr-rset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. N.S. xix. 61-66.
Hodges (Charles Clement). Sedgefield Church. Arch. yEliana, N.S.

xvi. 379-396.

The architectural history of Selby Abbey. Yorks. Arch.

Jour. xii. 344-394.

Hodgson (T. H.). Cumberland and Westmorland under the Tudors.

being extracts from the register of the Privy Council in the

reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. Trans. Cumh. and

Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 69-85.
Holmes (Sheriton). The Roman bridges across the North Tync

River near Chollerford. Arch. yEliana, N.S. xvi. 328-338.
Hone (Nathaniel). Eai-ly charters and documents relating to tho

church and manor of Bisham, Berks. Jour. Berks. A. and A.

Soc. iii. 24-27, 55-59.
Inquisition " de probatione oetatis " of Elizabeth, daughter

and heiress of Jrdm de Shottesbrok, a.d. 1296-7. oour. Berks. A.

and A. Soc. ii. 186-190.
Hooppell (Rev. R. E., LL.D., D.C.L.). On the Roman altar

to the godde-:s (Jarmangabis found at Lanchester (co. Durlian:;

on the l">th July, 1893. Arch. yEliana, N.S. xvi. 313-321.
Hope (R. C, F.S.A j. English Bellfounder.s, 1150-1893. Arch. Jour.

1. 150-175.
Hope (W. H. St. John, M.A.). The insignia of the city of Chichester.

Proc. Soc. Aniiq. 2nd S. xiv. 357-359.

18 INDEX OF AKCILEOLOGICAL PArEKS.

Hope (W. H. St. Jonx, M.A.). Fourteen matrices of seals bcloiiging

to the city of Birmingham. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 16-21.
■ On the armorial ensigns of the University and Colleges cf

Cambridge, and of the five Regius Professors. Camhridge Antiq.

Soc. Proc. viii. 107-133.
The common seal of the borough of Appleby. Trans. Cumb.

and Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 5-8.
On the seals of archdeacons. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv.

26-35.
■ On a statute merchant seal for Kingston-upon-Hull. Proc.

Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 61-66.

On two carved panels of alabaster. Proc. Sue. Antiq. 2nd

S. rv. 83-86.

Hopper (Edmund C, M-A.). Church plate in Suffolk. Suffolk Ins.
Arch, and Nat. Hist. viii. 275-296.

Hose (C). The natives of Borneo. Jour. Anthrop. List, xxiii. 156-
172.

HowoRTH (Sir Henrt, K.C.I. E., F.S.A., M.P.). Documents con-
nected with the erection of a monument in Ecclesfield church,
Yorkshire, to the memory of Sir Richard Scott, Kt., who died
July 17, 1638. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xiv. 369-376.

. On coins recently attributed to Eretria. Num. Chron. 3i-d

S. xiii. 154-157.

• The initial coinage of Athens, etc. Num. Chron. 3rd S.

xiii. 241-246.

Some early gold coins struck in Britain. Num. Chron.

3rd S. xiii. 259-266.
Hudson (Rev. W., M.A.). A revised list of the bailiffs of the city

of Norwich. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 228-256.
HiJGEL (Baron Anatole von). On an ancient avcII at Mountsorrel.

Cambridge Antiq. Soc. Proc. viii. 133-144.
Hughes (Prof.), Antiquities found at or near Manea. Cambridge

Antiq. Soc. Proc. viii. 87-92.
On the Castle Hill, Cambridge. Cambiidge Antiq. Sue.

Proc. viii. 173-212.
Hughes (T. M'Kenny, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A.). On Offa's Dyke.

Archceologia, liii. 465-484.
Irvine (J. T.). Peterborough Cathedral ; an ai tempt to recover the

first design of the west front of the Abbey Church deilicated

to St. Peter, now the Cathedral. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix.

138-150.

INDEX OF AUCII.EOLOGICAL PAPEIiS. 19

Jacobs (Joseph). The Folk. FolUore, iv. 233-238.

Cinderella in Britain. Folklore, iv. 269-284.

James (M. R.). On the frescoos in Eton College Chapel. CamlriJje

Anfiq. Soc. Proc. viii. 92-lUt">.
On the glass in the windows of the Library at St. Albau.s

Abbey ; on a manuscript of the New Testament in Latin in the

Library of Pembroke College. CamlrUhje Antlq. Soc. Proc. viii.

213-228.
On a MS. Psalter in the University Library ; on a Greek

Psalter in the Library of Emmanuel College. CainhriJcje Antiq.

Soc. Proc. viii. 146-173.
Jarvis (Rev. Henry. M.A.). Pcslingford Church, Suffolk Ins. Arch.

and Nat. Hist. y\v. 241-2^^6.
Johnson (Rev. Anthony). Biaiichlaud. Arch. JEliana, N.S. ivi.

295-312.

Staley. Arch. .TJUana, N.S. xvi. 339-350.

Jones (Llewellyn). Chui'ch wardens' accounts of the town of

LudloAV. Trans. Shropshire A. and N. II. Soc. 2nd S. v. 87-112.
Jones (W. Lewis, M.A.). The Celt and the poetry of Nature. Trans.

Cymmrodorinn Soc. Sess. 1892-3, 46-70.
Jones (WiNSLOw). The authors of "The Worthies of Devon," and

the Prince family. Devon Assoc, xxv. 416-430.
Kaekeek (Paul Q., M.R.C.S.). The story of Torbay. Devon Assoc-

xxv. 249-260.
Kemp (Thomas). Extracts from the brief book of St. Mary's, War-
wick. Warwicksh. Nat. and Arch. Field Club, 1892, 17-20.
Churchwardens and overseers and national defence. War-

wicksh. Nat. and Arch. Field Chch, 1893, 38-42.
Kenwokthy (Rev. J. W., Vicar). St. Michael's Church, Braintrct-,

Essex. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. iv. 254-277.
Kerry (Rev. Charles). Early charters of Breadsall, with some

notes on the condition of the Villain in the thirteenth centuiv.

Jour. Dtrhysh. Arch, and N. H. Soc. xvi. 157-182.
Derby Abbey charters preserved at Bel voir. Jour. Dcrby.-^h.

Arch, and N. H. Soc. xvi. 14-43.

Derbyshire Tapesti-y. Jotir. Derhysh. Arch, and X. IT. Soc.

xvi. 86-139.
Kingsbury (Rev. Canon, M.A.). A tituhir bi.shop of Salisbuiy in the

sixteenth century. Salisbury Field Club, i. 25-33.
KiNGSFORJ) (Rev. Hamilton, M.A. ). Notes on Hermitages. Worceslir

Archit. and Arch. Soc. 1892, 270-273.

B 2

20 INDEX OF ARCILEOLOGICAL PAPERS.

Knowles (W. H., F.R.I. B.A.)- The old "Fox and Lamb" public

house, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. Arch. JEliana, N.S. xvi. 373-

378.
Knowles (W. J., M.R.I.A.). Irish stone axes and chisels. Boy.

Sac. Antiq. Ireland, oth S. iii. 140-163.
Lambert (George, F.S.A.). Notes on occasion of a visit to Isca

Silurum (Caerleon), August 2.5th, 1892. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc.

xlix. 206-215.
La\g (Andrew, M.A.). Cinderella and the diffusion of tales. Folk-
lore, iv. 413-433.
Langdox (Arthcr G.). An ogam stone at Lewannick, Cornwall.

Boij. Inst. Corn. xi. 285-288.
Coped stones in Cornwall. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix.

274-284.
Langlet (A. F. C. C). The family of Langlej of Shropshire. Tracts.

Shropshire A. and N. H Soc. 2nd S. v. 113-150.
Lasham (Frank). Neolithic and bronze age man in West Surrey.

Surrey Arch. Soc. xi. 244-251.
Lavkr (Henry, F.S.A.). On some Roman lamps of unusual form

found at Colchester. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 52-55.
Lawrence (L. A.). Coinage of ^thelbald. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii.

40-45.

Silver coins of Edward III. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 46-59.

Layaru (Florence L.). Henri Due de Rohan. Ptchlu$. Huguenot

Soc. iv. 275-308.
Layard (Rt. Hon. Sir Henry A., G.C.B.). Address to the ninth

annual general meeting of the Huguenot Society of London.

Puhlus. Huguenot Soc. iv. xxxiii.-xliii.
The Due de Rohan's relations with the Republic of Venice

1630-1637. Ptihlns. Huguenot Soc. iv. 218-274.
Leach (A. F., M.A., F.S.A.). On tbe foundation deed of a chantry

in Beverley Minster, dated 1352, with the seal of the Beverley

Corpus Christi Guild attached. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd. S. xv.

102-118.
Leach (R. E., M.A., F.G.S.). Benefactors to the Library, Appleby

Grammar School. Trans. Cumb. and Wcstm. Ant. and Arch. Sue.

xiii. 20-36.
Lkadman (Alex. D. H., F.S.A.). A survey of Isui-ium. Yorks. Arch.

Jour. xii. 413-428.
Le Fanu (T. p., B.A.). The Royal Forest of Glencrce. B-y. Soc.

Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 26H-280.

INDEX OF AliCILi:OLOGICAL I'Al'ERS. 21

Levett (Rev. Grevh.le M.). Early-Norman churches in and near

the Medway Valley. A)-ch. Cant. xx. 137-154.
Lewis (A. L., F.S.A.). On the connection between stone circles
and adjacent hills. Tnois. Shropshire A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd S.
V. 78-86.
Lewis (Bunnell, M.A., F.S.A.). Antiquities at Buda-Pest. Arch.

Jour. 1. 210-231, 322-352.
LOCKWOOD (F. W., C.E.). Anglo-Norman castles of county Down.

Roy. Soc. Anfiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 168-178.
Ltte (H. C. Maxwell, C.B., F.S.A.). Opening Address of the
Historical Section at the London meeting. Arch. Jour. 1. 353-363.
Macalister (A., LL.D., D.Sc, M.D., F.R.S.). Notes on Egyptian
mummies. Jour. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 101-121.

On two unpublished Egyptian stelse. Cambridge Anliq.

Soc. Proc. viii. 143-J46.
Maclean (Sir John, F.S.A., etc.). Historical notes on the parish
manor and advowson of Otterham, Cornwall. lini/. Inst. Corn.
xi. 251-279.

• Pedes Finium or excerpts from the feet of fines, in the

county of Gloucester, from the 30th Elizabeth to 20th James I.
Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. xvii. 126-144.
Macmichael (J. H.). The Bellarmine or Greybeard. Jour. Brit.

Arch. Assoc, xlix. 257-267.
Maguire (T. Miller, LL.D.). Huguenot Commanders. Puhlus.

Huguenot Soc. iv. 309-329.
Malden (A. R.). Survey of the close of Salisbury in 1649.

Salisbury Field Clvb, i. 95-99, 132-138, 167-171.
Man (E. H.). Nicobar pottery. Jour. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii.

21-27.
Manning (Rev. C. R., M.A., F.S.A.). Monumental brass inscriptions,
etc., in Norfolk, omitted in Blomefield's History of the County.
Norfolli Arch. Soc.^\. 72-104, 182-207.

■ Buckenham Castle. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 137-142.

The will and codicil of Peter Peterson, citizen and gold-
smith of Norwich, 1603. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 259-302.

Three old halls in Norfolk. Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 323-331.

March (H. Colley, M.D., F.S.A.). Polynesian ornament a mytho-
graphy; or, a symbolism of origin and descent. Jonr. Anthrop.
Inst. xxii. 307-333.

Markham (Christopher, A., F.S.A.). On a silver gilt paten of Pari.s
make, and a York apostle spoon with perforated bowl, belonging

22 INDEX OF ARCH^OLOGICAL PAPEI?3.

to Dallington cliiircli, Noi'tliainptonshire. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd

S. XV. 135-136.
Markland (Capt. James). Carisbrooke Castle. Hampshire Field

Club, ii. 257-270.
Martin (J. M., C.E,, etc.). Some farther notes on Exmouth Warren,

Devon Assoc, xxr. 406-415.
Broadbury and its ancient earthworks. Devon Assoc, xxv.

547-551.
Martin (Rev. W.) Some fragments of sculptured stone found in a

barn at East Barsliam, Norfolk. Norfolk ArcJi. Soc. xi. 257-258,
Mathew (Rev. John, M.A,, B.D.), The cave paintings of Australia,

their authorshij) and significance. Jour. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii.

42-52.
MiCKLETHWAlTE (J, T., F.S. A.). On some pottery and other antiquities

found in Kirkstall and Fountains Abbeys. Proc. Soc. A^itiq. 2nd

S. XV. 5-12.
MiLFORD (Rev. R. N.). East Knoyle. Salisinry Field Club, i. 84-87,

127-131, 175-178.
MiKET (William, M.A., F.S.A.). The fourth foreign church at Dover

Publics. Huguenot Soc. iv. 9.3-217.
Minns (Rev. G. W., LL.B., F.S. A.). The Slavonian tombstone at

North Stoneham. Hampshire Field Club, ii. 357-364.
Monday (A. J.). The last will and testament of Dame Elizabeth

Biconyll, widow of Sir John Biconyll [or Bickneil], Knight.

Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. N.S. xix. 35-42.
Monet (Walter, F.S. A.). On a Roman sculptured figure fonnd at

Froxfield, Wilts, and other antiquities. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S.

XV. 87-90,
On a pair of gaufreing or wafering irons. Proc. Soc. Antiq.

2nd S. XV. 22-23.
The battle of Ethandune. Wilts Arch. andN.H. Mag. xxvii.

109-113.
Montague (H., F.S. A.). On a find of coins at Fischenich, near

Cologne, -with observations on Flemish imitations of English

nobles. Nuvi. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 26-35.
Moore (Joseph H., C.E.). Notices of the town of Navan. Roi/. Soc.

Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 55-63.
Morris (Rkv. M. C. F., B.C.L., M.A.). East Riding field-names.

Tra^s. East Biding Antiq. Soc. i. 59-65.
Morris (T. E). Sacred wells in Wales. Folldnre, iv. 55-79.
MuRPUT (Rev. Dbnis, S.J., M.R.I. A.). The college of the Irish

INDEX OF AKCILKOLOUICAL TAPEUS. -O

Franciscans at Louvain. lioi/. Soc. Aniiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii.
237-49.
Murray (A. S., LL.D., F.S.A.). On some Greek inscriptions fi-oia
Ilalicarnassus. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xiv. 380-381.

, Note upon a bronze bell from the Cabeirion, near Thebes,

in Boeotia. Froc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 74-76.
Mtees (John L., B.A.). History and antiquities of Water Stratford,

Bucks. Bucks Archit. and Arch. Soc. vii. 115-136.
NiSBETT (N. C. H., A.R.I.B.A.). Notes on some examples of Saxon
architecture in Hampshire. Hampshire Field Club, ii. 309-316.
NORCLIFFE (Rev. C. B., M.A.). Paver's marriage licenses. Yorks.

Arch. Jour. xii. 269-284, 429-432.
NORRIS (Hugh). The place-name " Fro me." Somerset Arch, and

Nat. Hist. Soc. I^.S. xix. 31-34.
NuTT (Alfred). Cinderella ond Britain. Folklore, iv. 133-141.

Celtic mytli and saga. Folklore, iv. 365-387.

Olden (Rev. T.). On the burial-place of St. Patrick. Proc. Eoy.

Irish Acad. 3rd S. ii. 655-666.
Oliver (Andrew, A.R.T.B.A.). Notes on English monumental

brasses. Salishury Fidd Ghib, i. 57-76.
Oliver (George). Evesham and its churches- Worcrsfer Archil.

and Arch. Soc. 1892, 273-276.
O'LooNEY (Brian). On an old Irish MS. found in co. Clare. Proc.

lioij. Irish Acad. 3rd S. iii. 218-222.
O'Meagher (J. Casimir, M.R.I.A., Fellow). Diary of Dr. Jonee,
Scout-Master-General to the Army of the Commonwealth, from
13tli March, 1649-50, to July, 1650. Poy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th
S. iii. 44-54.
Ordish (T. Fairman, F.S.A.). English Folk-Drama. Folklore, iv.

149-175. .

O'Reilly (Prof. J. P.) Remarks on certain passages in Capt.
Cuellar'.s narrative of his adventures in Ii-eland alter the wreck
of the Spanish Armada in 1588-89, followed by a literal trains-
lation of that narrative. Proc. Ihnj. Irish Acad. 3rd S. ui. l.o-

Packe (A. E., M.A., B.C.L., F.S.A.). The coinage of the ^urn.nn

Kings. Nu7n. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 129-145.
Papworth (Wyatt). Somerset House. Trans. E.I.B.A. ix. 106-110.
Somerset House; how an architect at the end of the

eighteenth century was assisted by the first sculptors of the time.

Trans. E.I.B.A. ix. 119-122.

24 INDEX OF ARCH.EOLOGICAL TAPEKS.

Papworth, Sir William CLambers ; concerning some of his works.

Trans. B.LB.A. ix. 481-486.
Parker (John, F.S.A.). Serfdom in England and the transfer of

serfs in Buckinghamshire. Bucks Arcliit. and Arch. Soc. vii. 137-

152.
Passmore (A. D.). Notes on an undescribed stone circle at Coate

near Swindon. Wilts Arch, and N. H. Mag. xxvii. 171-174.
Patterson (Clara M.). A few children's games. Belfast Nat.

Field Club, 2ud S. iv. 48-52.
Payne (GEOErxE, F.S.A.). On Anglo-Saxon remains discovered in

King's Field, Faversham. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 122-124.
Peacock (Edward, F.S.A.). The Cow^-mass. FolJdore, iv. 303-308.
Peacock (Mabel). The Glass Mountain ; a note on folk lore gleanings

from county Leitrim. Folklore, iv. 322-327.
Peal (S. E.). On the " Morong " as possibly a relic of pre-marriage

communism. Jour. A7ithrop. Inst. xxii. 244-261.
Pearman (Rev. A. J., M.A.). The Kentish family of Lovelace.

Arch. Cant. xx. 54-63.
Pearman (M. T.). The Hundreds of Chiltern. Oxfordshire Arch.
Soc. 890, 1-20.

The Descent of the Manors of Pirton and Haseley,

Oxfordsldre Arch. Soc. 1892, 1-24.

Notices manorial and ecclesiastical of the parish of

Checkendon. Oxfordshire Arch. Soc. 1893, 1-47.

Peter (Otho B.). Note on further excavations on the site of Laun-

ceston Priory. Roy. Inst. Corn. xi. 249-250.
Phear (Sir John B., M.A., F.G.S.). On the Association's English

version of the Devonshire Domesday. Devon Assoc, xxv. 299-308.
Phillips (J.). Arts and crafts on Dartmoor in the year when Queen

Victoria was crowned. Devon Assoc, xxv. 535-540.
Phillips (Maberly). Forgotten burying-grounds of the Society of

Friends. Arch. Juliana, N.S. xvi. 274-294.
Phillips (W., F.L.S.). A letter of Kobort Powell, Sheriff of Shrop-
shire in 1594. Trans. Shrojyshire A. and N. II. Soc. 2ud S. v.

293-295.
PiCKANCE (Rev. J. W.). Reigate Chuixh and Monuments. Surrey

Arch. Soc. xi. 185-203.
Pollock (Sir Frederick). The Devonshire Domesday. Devon

Assoc, xxv. 286-298.
PONTING (C. E,, F.S.A.). The Church of All Saints, the Leigh, near

Cricklade. Wilts Arch, and N. II. Mag. xxvii. 121-123.

INDEX OF ARCII/EOLOOICAL rAPERS, 25

Prendergast (Col. Lenox). The Cathedral of Palma Majorca. Trans.

B.I.B.A. ix. 188-191, 387-408.
Prentice (A. N.). Tours in Spain and Majorca. Trans. B.I.B.A. ix.

147-150.
Prideaux-Brune (Rev. E. S., M.A.). Notes concerning Rowner.

Hampshire Field Club, ii. 341-352.
Pritchett (Gt. E., F.S.A.). Eai^ly consecration crosses in St. Leonard'.s

Church, Southminster. Essex Arch. Soc. N.S. iv. 284-285.
Puckle (Rev. Canon). The ancient fabric of the Church of St.

Mary the Virgin, Dover. Arch. Cant. xx. 119-127.

Ve.stiges of Roman Dover. Arch. Cant. xx. 128-136.

PuNCHARD (E. G., D.D., Oxon). Punchai^d of Heanton-Punchardon,

county Devon. Devon Assoc, xxv. 382-388.
PuRTON (Ralph C). Letter from Francis Taylor to Thomas Pardon,

London, Aug. 8th, 17G1. Trans. Shroiishire A.and N. II. ;S'oc. 2nd

S. V. 61-62.

Some account of the Manor of Faintree. Trans. Shrop-
shire A. and N. H. Soc. 2nd S. v. 211-224.

Rapson (E. J.,M.A.). MarkoflP's unpublished coins of the Arsacidae.

Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 203-219.
Raven (Rev. John James, D.D., F.S.A.). On a bronze strigil found

at Covehithe. Si(ffolk Ins. Arch, and Nat. Hist. viii. 215-218.

Grant of admission of a lame child into the Hospital

(formerly the Leper House) outside St, Stephen's Gates, Norwich.
Norfolk Arch. Soc. xi. 320-322.

Rat (Sidney H.). Sketch of the Aulua grammar, w^ith vocabularies
of Aulua and Laraangkau, Malekula, New Hebrides. Jour.
Anthrop. Inst. xxii. 386-397.

Ray (Sidney H.) and Alfred C. Haddon, M.A. A study of the
languages of Torres Straits, with vocabularies and grammatical
notes. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 3rd S. ii. 463-616.

Read (C. H.). On a planispheric astrolabe, given to the Society by the
Rev. J. G. Lloyd, F.S.A. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xiv. 361-364.

On an English astrolabe, dated 1631, and a German ring

dial. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 78-83.

Rhys (Ernest). Welsh bards and English reviewers. Tran.'>.

Cymmrodorion Soc. Sess. 1892-3, 29-45.
Rhys (John, M.A., LL.D.). Sacred wells in Wales. Trans.

Cymmrodorion Soc. Sess. 1892-3, 1-28.
Ridgeway (Professor W.). Are the Cambridgeshire ditches referred

to bv Tiicitus r Arch. Jour. 1. 62-72.

26 INDEX OF Alien .-EOLOGICAL PAPERS.

Robertson (Canox Scott). Trottescliffe Church. Arrh. Cant. xx.

211-218.
Burial-places of the Archbishops of Canterbury. Arch.

Cant. XX. 276-294.
■ The Old Church of St. Martin, at Dover. Arch. Cant. xx.

295-304.
Robinson (Sir J. C, F.S.A.). Flint implements found at Lee-on-the-

Solent, Hants. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 72-74.
Robinson (John L., R.H.A., M.R.I. A.). Notes on the Photographic

Survey. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 295-297.
Robinson (Mat) and IM. J. Walhouse. Obeah worship in East and

West Indies. Folklore, iv. 207-218.
Roth (H. Ling). On the signification of Couvade. Jour. Antlirop.

List. xxii. 204-243.
Round (J. H., M.A.). The origin of the mayoralty of London. Arch.

Jour. 1. 247-263.
Rouse (W. H. D.). May -Day in Cheltenham. Folklore, iv. 50-54.
RowE (J. Brooking, F.S.A.) and R. W. Cotton. Fifth Report of

the Committee on Devonshire Records. Devon Assoc, xxv. 218-

248.
Russell (Lady). S\vallowfield and its owners. Jour. Berks. A. and

A. Soc. ii. 179-185 ; iii. 11-17, 41-47, 69-74.
Russell (Miss). The English claims to the overlord.ship of Scotland

in connection with the death of Thomas a, Becket. Juur. Brit.

Arch. Assoc, xlix. 223-239.
Rutton (W. L., F.S.A.). St. Martin's Church, New Romney ;

records relating to its removal in a.d. 1550; transcribed by

Henry Bacheler Walker, J.P. Arch. Cant. xx. 155-160.

Sandgate Castle, a.d. 1539-40. Arch. Cant. xx. 228-257.

Rye (Walter). Some Norfolk Guild Certificates. Norfolk Arcli. Soc.

xi. 105-136.
Sankey (Rev. E. H., M.A.). Wragby Registers, Book No. 1. Yorks.

Arch. Jour. xii. 309-316.
SciiARF (George, C.B., F.S.A.). Portraits of Judges in the Guildhall.

Arch. Jour. 1. 264-275.
Scott (W. R., M.A.). Members for Ireland in the Parliaments of

the Protectorate. lioij. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, oth S. iii. 73-77.
Short (W. F., M.A.). Stone axes, etc., from Donhead St. Mary.

Salisbury Field Club, i. 34-35.
Simpson (W.). Mud architecture. Trans. B.I.B.A. ix. 126-130.
SiNCOCK (William). Corni.sh landowners who held fifteen librate.s of

INDEX OF AUCH.MOLOGICAL PAPERS. 27

land or more bj military service, and were not knights, Henry

III., 1256. Roy. Inst. Corn. xi. 291-303.
Smith (Rev. W. S.). Antrim, its antiquities and liistory. Belfast

Nat. Field Club, 2nd S. iv. 13-19.
SoMEEViLLE (LiEUT. BoYLE T., R.N.). Note3 on some islands of the

New Hebrides. Jotcr. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 2-21.
Spiers (R. Phene, F.S.A.). History and early development of St.

Mark's, Venice. Trans. St. PauVs Eccl. Soc. iii. 113-123.
Tlie dome of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople.

Trans. R.I.B.A. ix. 244-246.
Stanley (S. S.). Description of the effigy of a bishop found at

Leamington, and of a chalice used at the parish church of

All Saints, Leamington Priors. Warwicksh. Nat. and Arch.

Field Clnh, 1892, 39-42.
A leper's house in Warwickshire. Warwicksh. Nat. and

Arch. Field Club, 1893, 61-65.
Stocker (John J.). Pedigree of Smythe of Ostenhanger, Kent; of

Smythe of Bidborough and Sutton-at-Hone, Kent ; and of the

Sraythes, Viscounts Strangford, of Dromore, Ireland. Arch.

Cant. XX. 76-81.
Stokes (Rev. G. T., D.D., M.R.T.A.). Calendar of the "Liber

Niger Alani." Boi/. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 303-320.
Stokes (Whitley, LL.D.). The Edinburgh Dinnshenchas. Folklore,

iv. 471-497.
Summers (W. H ). Some documents in the State papers relating to

Beaconsfield. Bucks Archit. and Arch. Soc. vii. 97-114.
Sykes (John, M.D., F.S.A.). St. :Mary's, Hull. Yorks. Arch. Jour.

xii. 464-480.
Sykes (John, M.D.) and G. W. Tomlinson, F.S.A. Pedigree of

the family of Brooke of Newhouse in the parish of Silkstone,

in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Yorks. Arch. Jotcr. xii. 405-412.
Taylor (Rev. C. S.). The Dunes in Gloucestershire. Bristol and

Glouc. Arch. Soc. xvii. 68-95.
Tylor (Edward B., D.C.L., F.R.S.). On the Tasmanians as repre-

.'^entatives of Palaeolithic Man. Jour. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 141-

151.
Vane (Hon. and Rev. Gilbert H. F., M.A.). The parish rogi.sters

of High El-call. Trans. Shropshire A. aiid N. H. Soc. 2iid S. v.

296-:?00.
Venables (Rev. Precentor). The shrine and head of St. Hugh of

Lincoln. Arch. Jour. 1. 37-61.

28 INDEX OF AIJCIL-T'OLOGICAL PAPKRS.

Vigors (Col. Philip D.). The antiquities of Ullard, county

Kilkenny, 1892. Rorj. Soc. Aritiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 251-260.
Wadmore (J. F., A.R.I. B.A.). Sir Thomas Smythe, Knt. (a.d. 1558-

1625). Arch. Cant. xx. 82-103.
Waller (J. G., F.S.A.). On tracings made pi-evions to "restoration"

of some figures in painted glass in West Wickham Church, Kent.

Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 92-96.
Ward (John, F.S.A.). Romano-British objects from Deepdale.

Jour. Berhysh. Arch, and N. H. Soc. xvi. 185-189.
Ward (Mrs. Ogier). N'otes on Hackney Churchyard and some of its

refugee monuments. Publus. Huguenot Soc. iv. 467-471.
Watkins (Alfred). Ancient dovecots. Trans. Birm. and Midland

Inst. xix. 8-21.
Watnet (John, F.S.A.). Some account of Leigh Place, Sun-ey, and

of its owners. Surrey Arch. Soc. xi. 141-184.
Watlen (James). The Wilts County Court : Devizes fe?-si<s Wilton.

Wilts Arch, and N. H. Mag. xxvii. 113-120.
Weaver (Rev. F. W., M.A.). On a painting of St. Barbara in the

church of St. Lawrence, Cucklington, Somerset. Somerset Arch.

and Nat. Hist. Soc. N.S. xix. 43-54.
Webb (E. Doran, F.S.A.). Conventicles in Sarum diocese a.d. 1609.

Salisbury Field Cluh, i. 36-44.
and H. P. Blackmore, M.D. Notes on some recent dis-
coveries at Ramsbury. Salisbury Field Club, i. 90-93.
Weber (F. Parkes, M.D., F.S.A.). Indian eye-agates or eye-onyx

stones, and a point of antiquarian interest concerning them.

Proc. Soc. Antiq. 2nd S. xv. 124-130.
A portrait medal of Paracelsus on his death in 1541.

Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 60-71.

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and his coins as King of tlie

Romans (L257-1271). Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 273-281.

Medals and medallions of the nineteenth century relating to

England by foreign artists. Num. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 286-

333.
Westropp (Thomas Johnson, M.A.). Killaloe: its ancient palaces

and cathedral. Part II. Eoy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii. 187-

201.
Prehistoric stone forts of Central Clare ; Moghane and

Langough, near Dromoland. Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 5th S. iii.

281-291.
Whale (Rev. T. W., M.A.). Some remaiks on the bounds of the

IXDEX OF AUCILEOLOGICAL I'AI'KItS. 2D

Forest of Dartmoor, with special reference to the parishes
of Throwleigh, Chagford, and Gidleigh. Devon Assoc, xxv.
510-534.
Whitehead (Rrv. H., M.A.). Chnrch b -lis in Leath Ward,
No. III. Trans. Ctt,mh. and Westm. A"t. and Arch. Soc. xiii.
194-217.

■ Westmorland parish registers. Trans. Cuinh. and W<stm.

Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 125-141.
Wkq-let (H. MicHEM,, F.G.S.) and Talfourd Joxks, M.D. Note on
a cranium from a grave at Birling, near Eastbourne, Sussex.
Jo7ir. Anthrop. Inst, xxiii. 98-101.
WiLDRiDGE (T. Tindall). The British Barrow at Marton. Trans.

East Riding Antiq. Soc. i. 46-52.
Williams (Frank H.). Discovery of a Roman hypocaust at Che.ster.

Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix. 298-303.
Williams (Stephen W., F.S.A.). Excavations at Talley Abbey

Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix. 34-44.
WiLLis-BuND (J. W., F.S.A.). Doomsday Book as far as it 7-elates
to Worcestershire. Worcester Archit. and Arch. Soc. 1892, 253-
270.
Wilson (Rev. James, M.A.). The early registers of the parish of
Westward. Trans. Cumb. and Westyn. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii.
103-117.

. Some signatures of Carlisle notaries. Trans. Gumh. and

Westm. Ant. and Arch. Soc. xiii. 152-163.
Wilson (Rev. James, M.A.) and J. Holme Nicholson, M.A. Notes
on John Penny, Bishop of Carlisle, 1505-20. Trans. Cumh. and
Westm. Ant. and Arch. Sor. xiii. 59-63.
Windeatt (T. W.). Wills, the Australian explorer. Bevon Assoc.

xxv. 389-405.
Worth (R. N., F.G.S.). Side-lights on the early history of Tonjuay.
Bevon Assoc xxv. 261-270.

The identifications of the Domesday ]\Ianors of Devon.

Bevon Assoc, xxv. 309-342.
The stone rows of Dartmoor. Part II. Bevon Assoc, xxv.

541-546.
Wroth (Warwick, F.S.A.). Greek coins acquired by the British

Museum in 1892. Ntini. Chron. 3rd S. xiii. 1-20.
Wton (Allan, F.S.A., F.R.G.S.). The Royal judicial seals of the

King's great sessions in Wale.^. Jour. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xlix.

1-14.

30 INDEX OF ARCHiKOLOGICAL PAl'EES.

Yeatman (J. Ptm). Bassano's cburcli notes; a forgotten fact of

Derbyshire history. Jour. Dtrlijuh. Arch, and N. H. Soc. XTi.

52-60.
Yeats (W. B.). Irish Folklore. Belfast Nat. Field Club, 2nd S.

iv. 4G-48.
Young (Robert M., B.A., C.E., M.R.I.A.). Notes on the ancient

records of Carrickfergus. ii'oy. Soc. Antiq^. Ireland, 5th S.

iii. 64-72.

INDEX.

Aberdeenshire : Cromlie.

Accounts: Dorwan, see" Churchwardens,

Stewai'ds."
Adrian IV. : Grossman.
jEthelbald : Laiorence.
Africa: Elliot.
Almshouses : Currey.
Anglo-Saxon remains : Payne.
Antrim : Smith.
Appleby : Hope, Leach.
Aran Islands : Raddoii.
Architectural antiquities :

Ecclesiastical : Bell, Browne, Fowler,
Hodget, Irvine, Prenderjast, Puckle,
Spiers. SyJces, Westropip, Williams.
Irish : BecJiley.
Saxon : Nisbett.
Coped Stones : Lanqdo)i.
Irish mud : Beckley.
Ai'den : Tviton.
Armada, Spanish : O'Reilly.
Armour : Cosson, Dillon.
Art : Andre, Hartshorne, Healy,
Phillips, see Frescoes, Ironwork,
Panels, Pictures, Portraits, Tapes-
try.
Astley : Bird.
Astrolabes : Read.
Athens : Head.
Australia : Cooper.

Balochi Tales : Dames.

Earrows : Blackmore, Wildridge.

Barton : Davis.

Beaconsfield : Summers.

Beardsall : Kerry.

Becket (Thomas k) : Russell.

Bedfordshire, see Eaton Bray.

Bedfont : Ebhlewhite.

Belfast : Bigger. •

Bellfoiinders : Hope

Bells : Whitehead.

Berkeleys : Barkly.

Berkshire: Berks, Birch, see Bisham,
Eton, Reading, SwallowCeld, WaU
liugford.

Beverley : Leach.

Bibliography: Atkinson, Birch, Blake,
way, Brushfield, Church, Dredge,
Ellis, Oreen, James, Leach,
O'Looney, O'Reilly, Phear, Pollock,
Raven, Ray, Roice, Rye, Stokes,
Young.

Bibraete ; Grover.

Birling: Whitley.

Birmingham : Hope.

Bisham : Hone.

Blanchland : Johnson.

Borneo : Hose.

Braintree : Kenworthy.

Uronze strigil : Raven.

Brooke family : Sykes.

Buckinghamshire ': Parker, see Bearons-
fiold, Edlesborough.

Buda-Pcst : Lewis.

Burton : Chalmers.

Caerleon : Brock.

Cacrwent : Brock.

Calais : Dillon.

Cambridge : Harrison, Hughes.

Cambridgesiiire: Ridgewai/. .ice Cam-
bridge, Elj. Swalihiim" Prior.

Candleliolders: Buick.

Canterbui-y : Robert.son.

Cardiff : Brock.

L'arlisie : Boirer, Ferguson, HarerfiAd,
Russell. Wilson.

Carrickiergus : Young.

Castle Bromwicli : Bateman.

Chambers (Sir Wiiham) : Papworth.

Cliarters : A'erri/-

Checkendon : Pearman.

Cheltenham: Rouse.

Chester : Williams.

Chic-hester : Hove.

INDEX.

Chiltern : Pearman.

Chinese : Douglas.

Chollerford : Holmes.

Churchwardens' accounts : Hayioard,

Jones.
Cirencester : Soicli/, Fuller.
Clare : O'Loonei/, IVestropp, see Killaloe.
Clifton : Ferguson.
Coate : Passmore.
Cobberley : Barkli/.
Colchester: Laver.
Constantinople: Cvrtis, Spiers.
CDnrenticles : Webb.
Coptic texts, etc. : Atkinson, Budge.
Cornwall : Bell Langdon, Sincock

see Launceston, Lewannick, Otter-

liam, Trewoitlia.
Corn worthy: Harris.
Costume : C ark.
Covehithe : Eaven.
Crabliouse Nunnei'y : Bateson.
Craniology: Browne, Cooper, Dnckworch,

Frazer, Haddon, Whitley.
Crich Hill : Arnold-Bemrose.
Cricklade : Ponting.
Crosses : Beloe, Calverley, Hayioard,

Pritchett.
Cucklington : Wearer.
Cucllar (Capt.) : (V ReiUy.
Cumberland : Ferguson, see Carlisle,

Westward.

D;uios : Taylor.

J)artmoor: PhilJips, Whale, Worth.

Dcoiidalc : Ward.

Derby Abbey : Kerry.

Derbyshire : Carringfon, see Beardsall,
Crich Hill, Deepdale, Norbury,
Peak, Staveley.

Detling : Cave Brown.

Devizes : Waylen.

Devonshire : Collier, Dredge, Ehvor-
thy, Jones, Rowe, Worth, see Corn-
worthy, Dartmoor, Exeter, Mar-
wood, Syon Abbey, Torbay, Torquay.

Di.ilect : Armjield, Collier, Dartnell,
Elicorthy.

Domesday : Phear, Pollock, Willis-
Bund.

Domestic appliances : Cowper.

Doncaster : Fairbank.

Doiihead St. Mary : Short.

Dovecots : Watkins.

Dover : Puckle, Robertson.

Down : Lockivood, see Dromore.

Drama : Bolingbroke, Ordish.

Dromore : Dickson.

Dublin : Frazer.

Durham, -^ee Lanchester, Xeasham.

Earthworks : Bigger, Cole, Cowper,
Hughes, Martin, Ridgeioay, Wild-
ridge.

Eastbourne : Atkitison.

Eaton Bray : Davys.

Ecclesiastical antiquities : Allen, Andre,
Arnold, Atkinson, Bell, Beloe,
Bateman, Boyes, Brassingfon,
Brock, Browne, Brouuilow, Burns,
Cheale^, Church, Compton, Cooper,
Cox, Crossman, Donnelly, Dorling,
Fox, Frampton, Fidler, Olynne,
Grantley, Hancock, Healy, Hodges,
Hopper, Leach, Levett, Oliver,
Button, Yenables, Waller, Webb,
Yeatman.

Ecclesfield : Howorth.

Edlesborotigh : Davys.

Edward III. : Green-ftreet, Lawrence.

Edward VI. : Hodgson.

Egyptian antiquities : Macalister, see
'■ Coptic."

Elizabeth (Queen) : Maclean.

Ely : Atkinson.

Essex : Armjield. see Braintree, Col-
chester, Hatfield Broad Oak,
Hedingham, Layer Marney, Soutii-
minster.

Eton : James.

Evesham : Oliver.

Exeter : BrushJieJd.

Faiutree : Purton.

Faversham : Giraud, Payne.

Finns : Abercromby.

P'lodden Field : Bates.

Folklore : Abercromby, Andre, Ball,
Buckland, Codrington, Craigie,
Crombie, Dames, Douglas, Duncan,
Dyer, Elliot, Fitzgerald, Fretton,
Gaye, Godden, Gomme, Gray,
Haddon, Hartland, Hastie, Jacobs,
Lang, Lewis, Ordish, Patter-ton,
Peacock, Peal, Rhys, Robinson,
Both, Rouse, Stokes, Yeats,

Frescoes : James.

Friends, Society of: Phillips.

Friskney : Ch'alts.

Frox field: Money.

Furness : Cowper.

Galway, see Aran Islands.
Garmangabis : Haverjreld, Hooppell.

INDEX.

Genealogy and family history : Barkli/,
Burtchaell, Clark, Fletcher, Gough,
Groves, Harpley, Hasleivood, Hone,
Jones, Langley, Layard, Pearman,
Punchard, Stocker, Sykes, Wad-
more, Watney, Windeatt.

Gemldines, the : Burtchaell.

Gipsies : Griffiths.

Glamorganshire : Allen, see Cardiff, St.
Fagans.

Glass, Church : Waller.

Gleaston Castle : Cowper.

Glencree: Le Fanu.

Glendalough : Donnelly.

Gloucestershire : Taylor, see Cirencester,
Cheltenham, Clifton, Cobberley,
Winchcombe.

Goughs of Myddle : Oough.

Greece : Dyer, Head.

Hackney : Ward.
Haddon Hall : Carrington.
Hampshire : Attree, see Barton, Lee-on-

the-Solent, New Forest, Eowner,

Silchester.
Haseley : Pearman.
Hatfield Broad Oak : Galpin.
Hedingham : Hayward.
Henry III. : Sincock.
Henry Till. : Hodgson.
Heraldry : Bradley, Hope.
Hermitages : Kingsford.
Hertfordshire : Evans, see Ivinghoe, St.

Albans.
Heversham : Calverley.
High Ercall : Vane.
Holnicote : Hancock.
Huguenots : Beaufort, Layard, Maguire.
Hull : Hope, Sykes.

Icelandic Folklore : Craigie.

Ilton : Gardiner.

India : Ball.

Indo-Scythians : Cunningham.

Inscriptions : Blair, Botvly, Ferguson,

Haverfield, Hooppell, Langdon,

Murray.
Ironwork : Hart.
Isle of Wight, see Osborne.
Isurium : Leadman.
Ivinghce : Fotvler.

James I. : Maclean.
James II. : Frazer.
Japanese : Chamberlain.
Jersey : Dunlop.

Kathcrine, Queen : Garnett.

Kells : Healy.

Kent : Duncan, Greenstreet, see Canter-
bury, Detling, Dover, Faversliani,
Leeds, Medway, New Eomuey,
Northtleet, Preston, Sandgate, Sand-
wich, Seal, Shorne, Tilmanatone,

^ Trottescliffe, West Wickham.

Kerry : Deane.

Kilkenny : Burtchaell, see Ullard.

Killadreenan : Donnelly.

Killaloe : Westropp.

Kingston-upon-Hidl : Hope, Sykes.

Lancashire : Ferguson.

Lanchester : Blair, Haverfield, Hoop-
pell.

Langley family : Langley.

Language : Boyd, Bridges, Say, see
Dialect, Place names.

Launceston : Peter.

Lawsuits : Hardy.

Layer Marney : Boys.

Leamington : Stanley.

Lee-on-the-Solent : Robinson.

Leeds (Kent) ; Cave- Browne.

Leicestershire : Bellairs, see Lockington,
Mountsorrel.

Leigh, the : Ponting.

Leigh Place : Watney.

Leitrim : Duncan, Peacock.

Lepers House : Stanley.

Lewannick, Lang don.

Lichfield : Cox.

Lincoln : Frazer, Venables.

Lincolnshire, see Friskney, Lincoln.

Lisnagarrie : Cardwell.

Lockington : Fletcher.

London : Cuming, Papworth, Sound.

LoTelace family : Pearman.

Ludlow : Jones.

Manorial customs : Fretton, Hone,
Kerry, Maclean, Parker, Pearman,
Purton, Watney, Worth.

IMarriage licences : Bax, Norcliffe.

IMarton : Wildridge.

Marwood : Dredge.

Meath, see Kells.

Meaux : Cox.

Medway : Levett.

Melanesian Folk-Tales : Codrington.

Mentone : Evans.

Merchants' Marks : Davis.

Middlesex, see Bedfont, Hackney.

Mouasterboice : Healy.

Monmouth, see Caerleon.

INDEX.

Momimcuts, effigies, touibs : Allen,
Sower, Clarke, Deane, Galpin,
Gardiner, Maverjield, Hoivorth,
Manning, Oliver, Pickance, Robert-
son, Stayiley, Ward.

Moore, Sir John : Baildon.

Mountsorrell : Hiigel.

Moylai'g : Biiick.

Municipal insignia : Hope.

Mjcldle : Gouffh.

j^agyr : Duckworth.
Nar : Co lilt on.
Js'easham Priorv : Crossman.
Newcastle : Botfle, Knowles.
New Forest : Griffiths.
New Hebrides : Rat/.
New Romney : Rutton.
Norbury : Clarke.

Norfolk : Bolinghroke, Rye, see Crab-
house, Nar, Norwich.
Northflcet : Arnold.
Northamptonshire, see Petcrborougli.
Northumberland, see Blancliland, New-
castle, Wallsend.
Northumbria : Grantley.
Norwich : Fox, Hudson, Raven.
Numismatics :

^thelbald -. Lawrence.

Arsacidffi : Rapsoti.

Britain : Howorth.

Edward III. : Lawrence.

Flemish : Montague.

Greek : Baker, Greenvell, Head,
Hill, Howorth, Wroth.

James II. : Frazer.

Medals and tokens : Scans, Frazer,
Weber.

Norman Kings : Packe.

Norway : Evans.

Romans, King of the : Weber.

Saxon : Evans, Grantley.

Olfa'e Dyke : Hughes.
Ogam stone : Langdon.
Old Sarum : Blackmore.
Osborne : Groves.
Otterham : Maclean.
Oxford, see Checkendon, Chiltern,
Ilaseley, Pirton.

Paracelsus : Weber.

Paintings : Weaver, see " Frescoes."

Palma : Prendergast.

Panels : Benstey, Hope.

Pardon : Baildon.

Pardon (Thomas) : Purton.

Parish clerks : Giraud.

Parish registers : Bickleg, Sankey, Vane,

Whitehead, Wilson.
Parliament : Scott.
Peak : Carrington.
Penny (John) Bishop of Carlisle : Wil-

son.
Peterborough : Irvine.
Picture, old Saxon : Harrison.
Pirton : Pearman.

Place names : Burnard, Candler,
Coleman, Coulton, Hickson, Morrit
Norris.
Pontesbury : Fletcher.
Portraits : Si-harf, Weber.
Poslingford : Jarvis.
Powell (Rob.) : Phillips.
Prehistoric antiquities : Dickson.

Burials : Dickson, Evans.

Crannogs : Buick.

Mud architecture : Simpson.

Neolithic and bronze age : Lashani.

Palaeolitliic : Tylor.

Stone circles : Barclay, Lewis, Pass-
more.

Stone forts : Westropp.

Stone implements : Knowles, Robin-
son, Short.

Stone rows : Worth.

Timber platform : Ferguson.
Preston : Dowker.
Prince family : Jones.
Privy Council : Hodgson.
Protectorate : Scott.
Punchard family : Punchard.

Ramsbury : Webb.
Ratisbon : Hartshorne.
Reading : Crawfurd .
Registers : Bateson.
Reigate : Pickance.
Ring-dial : Read.
Rohan (Dae de) : Layard.
Roman antiquities : Brown, Ferguson,
Haver field, Lambert, Leadman
Money, Ward.
Roman remains : Atkinson, Bellairs,
Blair, Botvly, Brock, Dowker.

Bibracte: Graver.

Chester : Williams.

ChoUerford : Holmes.

Colchester : Laver.

Dover : Puckle.

Lanchester : Blair, Haverfield, Hoop-
pell.

Silcliester : Fox.
Romans, King of the : Weber.
Rowner : Prideaux-Brune.

INDEX.

St. Albans : Hard//, Jamet.

St. Fagans : David.

St. John the Baptist : Andre, Ilarts-
horne.

St. Mary Church : Brownlow.

Salisbury : Kim/shurif.

Sandgate Castle : Rutton.

Sandwich : Dorman.

Sarum : Clutterbuck, Darling, Webb.

Scotland : Cooper, Russell.

Scott (Sir Richai-d) : Hoivorth.

Sculpture :

St. John's Head : Hartshorne.

Seal (Kent) : Frampfon.

Seals : BrassingtoH, Hope, Wgon.

Sedgefield Church : Bodges.

Selattyn : Bulkeley-Owen.

Selby Abbey : Hodges.

Sharington : Clark.

Shorne : Arnold.

Shottesbrok (John de) : Hone.

Shrewsbury : Blakeicay, Fisher.

Shropshire : Fletcher, Phillips, see
Astley, Faintree, High Ercall, Lang-
ley, Lichfield, Ludlow, Myddle,
Pontesbury, Selattyn, Shrewsbury.

Silchester : Fox.

Silkstone: Sykes.

Smythe family : Stacker.

Smytlie (Sir Thomas) : Wadmore.

Somerset, see Cucklington, Holnicote,
Iltou, Somerton, Wells, Witham.

Somerton : Hagioard.

Southam : Fretton.

Southminster : Pritchett.

Staley : Johnson.

Staveley : Coleman.

Stewards accounts : Carrington.

Stone coffins : Fielder.

Stonehenge : Barclay.

Sudeley Castle : Oarnett.

Suffolk : Haslewood, Hopper, see Cove-
hitlie, Poslingford.

Surnames : Hickson.

Surrey : Bax, Cooper, Crisp, Lasham,
see Leigh Place, Reigate.

Sussex, see JSirling, Chichester, East-
bourne.

S waff ham : Atkinson.

Swallowfield : Russell.

Syon Abbey : Burns.

Szekely Tales : Oaye.

Talley Abbey : Williams.
Tapestry : Kerry.

Tasmanians : Tylor.
Taylor (Francis) : Purl on.
Tilmanstone : Framplon.
Tipperary : Browne.
Torbay : Karkeek.
Torquay : Worth.
Torres Straits : Ray.
Traders' signs : Cuming.
Trewortha : Baring- Oould.
Trottescliffe : Framplon, Robertson.
Tucker (John) : Harris.

UUard : Vigors.

Venice : Hebb, Layard, Spier*.
Vitruvius : Brawn.

Vyne : Chute.

Wales : Campion, Faulkes, Rhys.

Wallingford : Field.

Wallsend : Blair.

AVarwick : Kemp.

Warwickshire : Bickley, see Ardcn,
Birmingham, Castle Bronnvich,
Leamington, Southam, Warwick.

Wells : Church, Crisp, Fielder, Gray,
Hartland, Hiigel, Morris, Rhy-f.

Westmorland : Ferguson, Whitehead,
see Appleby.

West Wickham : Waller.

Westward : Wilson.

Wicklow, see Glendalough.

Wills (the Australian explorer) : Win-
dealt.

Wills : Attree, Baker, Berks, Crisp,
Fletcher, Manning, Mondxy.

Wilton : Way I en.

Wiltshire : Dartnell, Duncan, Waylen,see
Coate, Cricklade, Devizes, Donhead
St. Mary, Froxfield, Old Saruni,
Ramsbury, Salisbury, Saruni,
Sharington, Stonehouse, Wilton.

Winchconibe : Brack.

Witham Priory : Elworthy.

Worcestershire, see Evesham.

Wragby : Sankey.

Wurtemburg : Cosson.

Yahgan : Bridges.

Yorkshire : Fllis, Glynw, see Beverley,
Doncaster,Ecclesfield,Hull,l8urium,
Marton, Selby, Silkstone, Wragby.

HAEEI30N AND SONS,
PEINTFES IN OEDINAEY TO HER MAJESTY,

SI. martin's lane.

3125 00098 9299

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